Egalitarianism?
Anyway, maybe Middle English? It has a ring of familiarity:
Council Members: Duk or Duc or Duyk or Douc (Duke)
Senior Staff Member: Erl or Yerle or Ćorle or Ȝorle (Earl)
Staff Member: Baroun or Lauerd or Louerd or Laford or Laferrd or Lowerd or Lauerđ or Hćrre or Herre (Baron/Lord)
Divus: Halege or Sant or Seint (Saint . . . you can't object to religious themes when now it's "God")
Patrician: Chiualer or Cheualere or Cniht or KniȜt or Knict or Knyht or Knyght (Knight)
Peregrinus: Bonde, Cherl, ??? (serf, peasant; need a snappier-sounding one than this)
Two options for these, I guess:
Citizen: Burgeis or Burgeys (Burgess)
Civitates: Chapman or Chapmon or Chepmon or Marchaunt or Marchans (Merchant)
Artifex: Crafti-man (Craftsman . . . okay, maybe this one is off)
Alternatively:
Citizen: Athel, Hathel, Hathill, Hatell, Ađeling, Eđelyng, Ethelyng, [stretching it a bit, these are adjectives: Noble, Nobylle] (Noble)
Civitates,
Artifex: ?????
Anyway, I like Middle English because 1) it's recognizable, mostly but 2) it's just as authentic and can sound pretty neat. Consider a partial lineup like
Council Member: Duyk
Senior Staff: Ćorle
Staff Member: Lauerd
Divus: Seint
Patrician: KniȜt
Note that in Middle English spelling was totally unstandardized, so people are encouraged to ignore the bizarre letters in favor of typable stuff. All the better, let's vary the names used in the Constitution itself.

But it looks cooler if we have some funky letters on the badges, IMO, if we're going this route (also makes it clearer that we aren't just styckyng randome letters one wyrds to make it sound old-fashioned).