The Seleucid armies were the veterans and descendants of Alexander's forces that had remained, after 323 B.C., under his general Seleucus Nicator in Asia. In the first generation and again under Antiochus the Third, they had garrisoned the world from Antioch to Bactria, and made the traditions of their Macedonian home magnificent while keeping them basically unaltered. Their officers dyed the broad-brimmed hat crimson, and embroidered their cloaks and buskins with crimson and gold. The guardsmen's boots were studded with gold nails and the cavalry's bits were gold; the shields bronze or silver, or decorated with bronze or silver crescents. Writers of that age confirm over and over again this military glow of the Macedonians, gleaming in the pride of life with gilt armor and scarlet cloaks; 'glittering in the sun as they marched down in their order, the elephants with their castles, and the men in their purple, as their manner was when they were going to give battle....'
'As these were taking their places they were followed from the camp by the phalanx called the Brazen Shields, so that the whole plain seemed alive with the flashing of steel and the glittering of brass.'
On the wings of these armies were the cavalry, the mountaineers 'girt for running,' Cretans, Carians, Cilicians; the archers, the javelin men from Thrace with black tunics; slingers, naked Gauls from Galatia with wild hair and huge shields.
The elephants stood like towers near the front or between the sections into which the phalanx was divided; Indian for the Seleucids, African (and inferior) for the Ptolemies, their mahouts strewed red juice to break them to the sight of blood, and dressed them with red housing for a battle, and they carried four men in a turret on their backs.