More than 90% of rape and sexual assault victims know their attacker, a new study of almost 1,000 victims says.
Researchers from Glasgow University said it was a popular misconception that most attackers were strangers.
The study looked at the 991 women in Scotland who went through an advocacy programme, which ran for 18 months.
It found that despite many reforms to rape laws, women still suffered as a result of delays and the impersonal nature of the justice system.
The study also found:
Just 9% of perpetrators were strangers to the victim
23% of women were assaulted by a partner or ex-partner
24% were assaulted a family member
44% were assaulted by "another known person"
32% were reported to the police more than two years after the incident
More than 20% of the women took more than 10 years to report their ordeal to the police
22% had not reported their assaults to the police at all.