"I think the roots of the problem is that corporations and elites influence politics too much to the point where system is no longer truly democratic as voice of a lobbyist far outweighs voice of anyone else. "
I 100% agree. I completely agree!
"We need some kind of caste system, that would prevent bankers and corporate CEOs from exerting too much political influence. I think finance class needs to lose some rights. Hindu caste system comes to mind, where merchants and tradesmen were forbidden from interacting with royal people."
That system exists and we don't use it. Nobody forces you to vote for the politicians that get money from the CEOs. If anything, Trump was elected WITHOUT the money from the Superpacks. Sanders nearly got the nomination WITHOUT the money of the Superpacks and he was a horrific nominee (another warning shot, this time for the democrats).
A system as you describe, would simply have
other people become elites. Like the generals in pre-Erdogan Turkey or the clerics in middle East.
The solution IMO is different:
Step 1:
Outlaw lobbying.
In Greece, it is illegal for lobbies to exist. They do exist, unofficially and they also exert too much power, but that's because the CEOs are too rich and our country is too small and not too powerful. But you can't have a representative of the banking lobby gathering money for the politician. Nope. They find other ways to do it, from legal loopholes to illegal donations, but lobbies are illegal.
Of course, branches DO NEED representation. I.e. nothing stops the bankers from having a couple of guys going on TV or on newspapers or meet with politicians and tell them "the bankers believe this".
And that is right because they need representation too. What they can't do is say "so, we will fund your campaign with XXX millions if you go on air and support us."
Step 2:
Put Upper limits on campaign donations, but personal AND total.
Simply put, pass state laws and federal laws that make it illegal for a house candidate to spend more than XXX in the district or a senate candidate or governor candidate to spend more that YYY in the state.
For example,
from here, we see the top 10 out of 33-34 most expensive senate races. Well, divide that by 3 and put that as limit for the state. A candidate (for federal, senate or governor) can spend up to say 32M$ in Michigan.
Now, if one wants to have 30 mins of TV ads and go for a board-add blitz before the elections or hire more people or something that's his decision. If you spend that limited money better, you deserve to be elected IMO.
Step 3: Do what Trump suggested: Block people in the executive government from moving to positions in the industry within 5 years. Block CEOs like Halliburton's Cheney from moving to the executive government within 5 years. If the PotUS wants consultants from the oil industry, he can hire them as consultants, not get them elected or give them actual power.
Step 4:
Educate the voters.
.