Coronavirus outbreak - From China to the World.

[PointOfViewGun]

I really wish that were the case, i honestly do; i'd love to see new zealand again but unfortunately, thanks to two stupid UK women, the entire country is now getting its second wave:
Source: https://www.9news.com.au/world/coron...2-4ae3487ee927
This was also after almost 3 weeks of no new cases, another week and they could have opened up the country. Who knows wtf these women went and who they infected.
Secondly, NZ also had BLM protests last week, we won't know if there was community transmission from that until next week or the week after. In Australia we've already got BLM protestors who have tested positive for coronavirus and who knows how many ppl were infected.

That's not what a new wave means. Two women from UK that were tested positive doesn't mean there is community transmission in New Zealand. Currently, New Zealand has total control over the spread. There is no second wave.

[Stario]

@Exarch,
The two women were released from quarantine early on compassion grounds to see a dying relative. Which I totally agree with.
Unless you're over the age 70 and have other comorbidities you will be quite safe to visit New Zealand (assuming you can even get a flight in); 90% of people are dying "with covid19" NOT "from covid19".
If you're in the high risk group- then I suggest stay at home.

A statistically non-significant result is one that can be attributed to chance. An 11 times difference in per capita between Norway's 242 deaths

Both 500 deaths per million & 50 deaths per million are statistically insignificant. Again we're dealing with millions of cases and small amount of deaths -don't get caught up with the media hype 'one is 11x greater than the other' ;purposely created to scaremonger people like Rufus & Doofus...

[Exarch]

As the US prepares to open up for business to keep the american people working and away from rioting and killing each other, COVID-19 cases in the US had their largest jump.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/natio...ve-updates-us/

To be fair, this is not Trump's fault, rather it is the fault of the BLM protestors and organiser who aggravated this disease as well as the fault of the astroturfed QAnon geniuses who were also out in force well before BLM.

[PointOfViewGun]

Both 500 deaths per million & 50 deaths per million are statistically insignificant. Again we're dealing with millions of cases and small amount of deaths -don't get caught up with the media hype 'one is 11x greater than the other' ;purposely created to scaremonger people like Rufus & Doofus...

What you're saying is simply false. There is not an ounce of intelligent thought in it. Statistical significance can not even be used that way since its about how extensive the data is. 1 death out of 10 cases is not statistically significant but hundreds of deaths in tens of thousands of deaths is. You simply do not know what you're talking about.

[Stario]

What you're saying is simply false. There is not an ounce of intelligent thought in it. Statistical significance can not even be used that way since its about how extensive the data is. 1 death out of 10 cases is not statistically significant but hundreds of deaths in tens of thousands of deaths is. You simply do not know what you're talking about.

We are not talking about "hundreds of deaths in tens of thousands" were are talking "500 deaths per million" IE. were talking in "millions" NOT "tens of thousands"; this is statistically insignificant.
You clearly don't know what you're talking about.

[PointOfViewGun]

We are not talking about "hundreds of deaths in tens of thousands" were are talking "500 deaths per million" IE. were talking in "millions" NOT "tens of thousands"; this is statistically insignificant.
You clearly don't know what you're talking about.

We're using "per million" criteria to accommodate for population differences between countries. We're talking about 5,053 deaths in 56,043 cases in Sweden and 244 deaths in 8,707 cases in Norway. Thousands of deaths in tens of thousands of cases. These are not statistically non-significant numbers. By your logic, that no statistician uses, any number is insignificant if we compare them based on the number of atoms in the universe...

[Stario]

We're using "per million" criteria to accommodate for population differences between countries. We're talking about 5,053 deaths in 56,043 cases in Sweden and 244 deaths in 8,707 cases in Norway. Thousands of deaths in tens of thousands of cases. These are not statistically non-significant numbers. By your logic, that no statistician uses, any number is insignificant if we compare them based on the number of atoms in the universe...

Sweden has 10+ million population.

Sweden has 495.03 deaths per million ;look at the table here. We are talking 495 deaths per million (again not tens of thousands); your chances of dying in Sweden with covid19 is 0.0495% vs Norway 0.0046%; in both cases these small amount of deaths is statistically insignificant.
I don't think you're grasping how small/negligible both 0.0495% & 0.0046% are...

[Exarch]

Thus far, the second wave in Beijing has been contained; inshallah it will be defeated!

In the meantime, the Chinese have sequenced the virus genome of the second wave and discovered it originated from Europe, not to mention discovering that the European strains are far, far older:

China released the gene sequence data of the COVID-19 from Beijing's Xinfadi market infection cluster on Thursday, according to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Chinese CDC also submitted the genome sequencing data for the virus to the World Health Organization (WHO)

Source: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-06-1...a7S/index.html

The study examined 40 samples of waste water collected from October 2019 to February 2020, and 24 control samples for which the withdrawal date (September 2018 - June 2019) allowed to safely exclude the presence of the virus. The results, confirmed in the two different laboratories with two different methods, showed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the samples taken in Milan and Turin on 12/18/2019 and in Bologna on 01/29/2020

Source: https://www.iss.it/en/primo-piano/-/...ent/id/5422725

[caratacus]

China has for weeks now been trying to attribute blame for the virus outbreak to foreigners. The recent outbreak in Beijing was almost immediately linked to what was described as exposure of a trader to "foreign salmon". As a consequence, suppliers of the fish from outside China have been hit badly as Chinese stopped buying it.

Coronavirus Fears in China Find a New Target: Salmon
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/18/w...na-salmon.html
Suppliers and restaurants are scrambling after an outbreak in Beijing triggered fears that salmon may have spread it. Officials later absolved the fish of blame, but consumers are avoiding it anyway.

Coronavirus Beijing: Why an outbreak sparked a salmon panic in China.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-53089137
Beijing has in the past week seen a spike of Covid-19 cases - almost all of which have been linked to a huge wholesale food market.
State media said the virus was discovered on chopping boards used for imported salmon at the Xinfadi market - sparking fears across the country.

Supermarkets and restaurants across Beijing hurried to pull salmon from their shelves, and imports from Europe were halted. On Wednesday it was announced that a 22-year-old man known to have occasionally cleaned frozen seafood - had tested positive for the virus in Tianjin, near Beijing.

Now, this could either be part of that diversion of attention away from the events in Wuhan, which cast the Chinese authorities in a particular bad light. Or there might be some truth in these findings. I genuinely hope it's the former, because the other would present an extremely worrying possibility if fish meat itself were responsible. There have alreday been far too many outbreaks associated with slaughterhouses and meat processing plants for my liking. Are they testing livestock? They certainly seem to be testing salmon now!

Salmon farmers fund Covid test machine in Chile
https://www.fishfarmingexpert.com/ar...hine-in-chile/
Salmon farmers in Chile have contributed 200 million pesos (£198,000) to buy a machine that will strengthen the system for detection of Covid-19 in the Magallanes region in the far south of the country.

AquaChile lab to conduct coronavirus testing in southern Chile
https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/s...southern-chile
Chilean salmon and trout farmer AquaChile has converted its state-of-the-art Alab Molecular Biology Laboratory to conduct coronavirus testing in southern Chile

Given that there is as yet no proof that this outbreak is attributed to salmon, why on earth is one of the biggest producers spending substantial sums of money on something which gives credence to the claim?

[Exarch]

The West- as in the society and government- has been anti science for such a long time that they disregard scientific evidence that contradicts the political 2 minute hate of the day.

And nowhere is this most apparent than in the dismissal of evidence when it contradicts the desire to blame all of one's problems on China.

China has for weeks now been trying to attribute blame for the virus outbreak to foreigners. The recent outbreak in Beijing was almost immediately linked to what was described as exposure of a trader to "foreign salmon". As a consequence, suppliers of the fish from outside China have been hit badly as Chinese stopped buying it.

Why now, is the British also blaming the inception of the current pandemic from occurring outside of China then?

Coronavirus was already in Italy by December, waste water study finds

Italian scientists say sewage water from two cities contained coronavirus traces in December, long before the country's first confirmed cases. The National Institute of Health (ISS) said water from Milan and Turin showed genetic virus traces on 18 December.
It adds to evidence from other countries that the virus may have been circulating much earlier than thought.
Chinese officials confirmed the first cases at the end of December. Italy's first case was in mid-February.
In May French scientists said tests on samples showed a patient treated for suspected pneumonia near Paris on 27 December actually had the coronaviru

Source: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53106444

The European strains are older than the strains found in Wuhan. Now, i know that this is going to go against the 2 minute hate that white anglo society indulges in but when something is found to be older, it stands to reason that it was occurring before the newer strain, even the one in Wuhan. We have this wonderful technology called genetics to be able to verify this.

Now, this could either be part of that diversion of attention away from the events in Wuhan, which cast the Chinese authorities in a particular bad light. Or there might be some truth in these findings. I genuinely hope it's the former, because the other would present an extremely worrying possibility if fish meat itself were responsible. There have alreday been far too many outbreaks associated with slaughterhouses and meat processing plants for my liking. Are they testing livestock? They certainly seem to be testing salmon now!

"deflect attention away from Wuhan" shows how committed you are to the propaganda of "china done it". Sorry pal, but QAnon is not a real source no matter how many you tubers claim it to be so.


Whilst it is unfortunate that european farming is going to suffer from this, at least we now know that wildlife markets in Wuhan was not the progenitor of SARS-Cov-2, and that the virus can survive in sub zero temperatures for a lengthy period of time.

[caratacus]

The West- as in the society and government- has been anti science for such a long time that they disregard scientific evidence that contradicts the political 2 minute hate of the day. And nowhere is this most apparent than in the dismissal of evidence when it contradicts the desire to blame all of one's problems on China.

I don't believe there is any anti-science feeling. However there is a great deal of scepticism about the way science research is carried out, because so much is funded by large influential pharmaceutical companies for making large amounts of money. For which I should add, China is very much involved.

Why now, is the British also blaming the inception of the current pandemic from occurring outside of China then?
Source: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53106444

The European strains are older than the strains found in Wuhan. Now, i know that this is going to go against the 2 minute hate that white anglo society indulges in but when something is found to be older, it stands to reason that it was occurring before the newer strain, even the one in Wuhan. We have this wonderful technology called genetics to be able to verify this.

The fact that the virus was present in Italy in December, doesn't mean that it wasn't present in China prior to then. In fact given the numerous cases that began in Wuhan and the secrecy of the Chinese government, there is strong likelihood that the virus was circulating in Wuhan many weeks before. I believe, the older strain of the virus was also recorded in Wuhan. What it does confirm however, is that the origin of Covid 19 within that market in Wuhan at the time it was alleged to have begun spreading, can now be ruled out.

"deflect attention away from Wuhan" shows how committed you are to the propaganda of "china done it". Sorry pal, but QAnon is not a real source no matter how many you tubers claim it to be so.
Whilst it is unfortunate that european farming is going to suffer from this, at least we now know that wildlife markets in Wuhan was not the progenitor of SARS-Cov-2, and that the virus can survive in sub zero temperatures for a lengthy period of time.

It is quite obvious the narrative that the Chinese government are pushing to cover what really went on in Wuhan. However, as scientific study and even the laboratory where it may have originated from, was not entirely a Chinese operation, spinning the anti-China, anti West rhetoric that politicians spin won't wash. Five months into this Pandemic, we haven't really got a clue where this virus came from. What we do know is that it's nature is exceptionary unusual as demonstrated by the reports you are referring to.

[Exarch]

waffle

You haven't answered the key question: for your argument to be correct ie that the virus originated in Wuhan, why are there older strains of SARS-Cov-2 in Europe and were discovered to be circulating in Europe prior to the outbreak in China?

Answer that, and you may just recover your credibility, but yeah i guess it's fun being part of QAnon much like it was fun being part of "9/11 was an inside job" back in the 2000s.

@topic

As coronavirus cases surge in the U.S. South and West, health experts in countries with falling case numbers are watching with a growing sense of alarm and disbelief, with many wondering why virus-stricken U.S. states continue to reopen and why the advice of scientists is often ignored.
“It really does feel like the U.S. has given up,” said Siouxsie Wiles, an infectious-diseases specialist at the University of Auckland in New Zealand — a country that has confirmed only three new cases over the past three weeks and where citizens have now largely returned to their pre-coronavirus routines.

Source: http://archive.is/T2q8l#selection-2055.0-2079.307

[caratacus]

You haven't answered the key question: for your argument to be correct ie that the virus originated in Wuhan, why are there older strains of SARS-Cov-2 in Europe and were discovered to be circulating in Europe prior to the outbreak in China?

Answer that, and you may just recover your credibility, but yeah i guess it's fun being part of QAnon much like it was fun being part of "9/11 was an inside job" back in the 2000s.

Before you continue with the usual China good, West bad or inverse rhetoric. You should be made aware that the Wuhan Institute of Virology, which is the focus of a possible source for this disease, had close connections with Western scientific research community in countries like France, Australia and the US. Any breach of bio-security within that research building, may well have contaminated visiting scientists, who inadvertently transported it back to Europe in late 2019.

France says no evidence COVID-19 linked to Wuhan research lab
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-h...-idUSKBN21Z2ME
In 2004, France signed an agreement with China to establish a research lab on infectious diseases of biosafety level 4, the highest level, in Wuhan, according to a French decree signed by then-foreign minister Michel Barnier.

Expert reaction to report of a COVID-19 case in France in December 2019
https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/e...december-2019/
A report, published in the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, looked at COVID-19 in France in Late December 2019.
Dr Simon Clarke, Associate Professor in Cellular Microbiology, University of Reading, said:

[Ludicus]

Sweden has 10+ million population.Sweden has 495.03 deaths per million...your chances of dying in Sweden with covid19 is 0.0495%

Keep trolling, you are good at it.
1-The fatality rate of Covid-19 in Sweden has been around 0.6 percent, but with sharp variations between age groups.Mortality rate varies dramatically for different age groups.. Approximately 12% of people officially given a COVID-19 diagnosis in the country have died.
2-Covid 19 is not the flu, is more deadly than flue, it's much worse than flu.
----
Coronavirus: Sweden's Tegnell admits too many died - BBC.com

Now he has told Swedish public radio: "If we were to encounter the same disease again, knowing exactly what we know about it today, I think we would settle on doing something in between what Sweden did and what the rest of the world has done."

---
In France, two months ago, more than 50 percent of people in intensive care were under 60.Nearly 44 % were under 55. In Lisbon, last Friday, 34% of patients of hospitalized patients were under 35 years old.

---

. Any breach of bio-security within that research building, may well have contaminated visiting scientists, who inadvertently transported it back to Europe in late 2019.

Until now, nobody in Europe has raised a hand, so, this idea requires a tortuous thinking.
What they say, " but is older than the viruses currently circulating in Europe". A comparison with other viral mutations approximates these sequences with those identified in Portugal, Greece and the Czech Republic.Simply put, this his genetic research is very important for identifying the strategies of fighting back the virus, they don't blame Europe. WHO's judgement on the virus strain is basically consistent with that of Chinese scientists, which indicates that the WHO became China's coronavirus accomplice.Trump, in his "great and unmatched vision" (sic) has already announced the end of the US relationship with the WHO.

[caratacus]

Until now, nobody in Europe has raised a hand, so, this idea requires a tortuous thinking.
What they say, " but is older than the viruses currently circulating in Europe". A comparison with other viral mutations approximates these sequences with those identified in Portugal, Greece and the Czech Republic.Simply put, this his genetic research is very important for identifying the strategies of fighting back the virus, they don't blame Europe. WHO's judgement on the virus strain is basically consistent with that of Chinese scientists, which indicates that the WHO became China's coronavirus accomplice.Trump, in his "great and unmatched vision" (sic) has already announced the end of the US relationship with the WHO.

There is a difficulty in trying to trace the origin of this virus using current genetic material alone. All viruses mutate, especially a coronavirus. Using gene sequences from infectious virus, you can identify a pattern of spread, but being able to tie this done to a precise geographical chronology is very difficult without also analysing past records/blood samples.

From research, we now know the virus was probably present in Europe as far back as October/November 2019 and that it shared the same gene pattern as that seen in Wuhan. But given there was a cover up by the Chinese authorities at the start of the pandemic, and a reluctance to examine past records, there is no way of knowing for sure where it began to spread first, China or Europe. Although there is a very strong likelihood it was the former. Remember at the very start of the outbreak, China provided the genetic code of the the virus to research laboratories around the world not actual virus samples.

Is there more than one strain of the new coronavirus
Since the emergence of the new coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2, several researchers have proposed that there is more than one strain, and that mutations have led to changes in how infectious and deadly it is. However, opinions are divided.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/art...ew-coronavirus
Another study, which has not yet been through the peer review process, suggests that SARS-CoV-2 mutations have made the virus more transmissible in some cases. “In the paper, Bette Korber — from the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico — and collaborators describe 13 mutations in the region of the viral genome that encodes the spike protein. This protein is crucial for infection, as it helps the virus bind to the host cell. The researchers note that one particular mutation, which changes an amino acid in the spike protein, “may have originated either in China or Europe, but [began] to spread rapidly first in Europe, and then in other parts of the world, and which is now the dominant pandemic form in many countries.”

As for the World Health Organisation (WHO), well they certainly have not earned any stars for their handling of this pandemic, despite having access to some excellent scientific advisers.

[Cyclops]

So a couple of things happened in Australia.

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-...cases/12376316



We've had a rise in infections due to relaxed restrictions (to be expected, most are foreign travellers and returning nationals) but there are a couple a clusters from security guards and cleaners at quarantine facilities who tested positive (ie the system worked) and were told to self isolate but they decided to attend large family gatherings, ignore social distancing and even return to one of their workplaces.

This is staggering stupidity and irresponsibility from mostly young and poorly educated workers. Mrs Cyclops has been tipping this as the voluntary nature of compliance meant we were one selfish idiot away from a second wave: this could be it. Looks like we will have to curb civil liberties and ignore the right to privacy by making health tests available to employers and imprison people who fail to self isolate. Even that may not work.

So our strong borders have kept most sources of infection out (there were some wealthy travellers from the US who slipped through because we were slow to impose restrictions on our number 1 ally, and some cruise ships that were less than honest about infections combined with truly incompetent border security at the ports) and our high levels of testing have meant we nearly bagged it, but even that may fail despite our geographic and preparatory advantages.

The other thing is suicidal political advantage seeking. So far the political compromise (no politics during the pandemic) has held at the federal level but in my home state the ruling party has been rocked by a corruption scandal, possibly leaked from another faction within the party. This is another stupid blunder as we need eyes on the health ball. I am disgusted at the corruption involved but the accused individuals have been in the party for decades as has the problem so the timing stinks. we look like the US right now and I mean that in the most insulting way possible: evil clown politicians putting self first, party second and the country nowhere.

The mood in my neighbourhood is "release the names so we can lynch them" although given the number of soy lattes made at local cafes I doubt anyone would follow through with the threats.

[Exarch]

Before you continue with the usual China good, West bad or inverse rhetoric. You should be made aware that the Wuhan Institute of Virology, which is the focus of a possible source for this disease, had close connections with Western scientific research community in countries like France, Australia and the US. Any breach of bio-security within that research building, may well have contaminated visiting scientists, who inadvertently transported it back to Europe in late 2019.

"May have"

QAnon certainly loves speculation but without proof and evidence, we can safely disregard such speculation as indulging in rumours.

Also, your sources prove my point, the strains in France are not linked to the "B" strain in Wuhan, and as mentioned in my earlier post, the strains in Europe are older than the strains in China.

So a couple of things happened in Australia.

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-...cases/12376316



We've had a rise in infections due to relaxed restrictions (to be expected, most are foreign travellers and returning nationals) but there are a couple a clusters from security guards and cleaners at quarantine facilities who tested positive (ie the system worked) and were told to self isolate but they decided to attend large family gatherings, ignore social distancing and even return to one of their workplaces.

This is staggering stupidity and irresponsibility from mostly young and poorly educated workers. Mrs Cyclops has been tipping this as the voluntary nature of compliance meant we were one selfish idiot away from a second wave: this could be it. Looks like we will have to curb civil liberties and ignore the right to privacy by making health tests available to employers and imprison people who fail to self isolate. Even that may not work.

So our strong borders have kept most sources of infection out (there were some wealthy travellers from the US who slipped through because we were slow to impose restrictions on our number 1 ally, and some cruise ships that were less than honest about infections combined with truly incompetent border security at the ports) and our high levels of testing have meant we nearly bagged it, but even that may fail despite our geographic and preparatory advantages.

The other thing is suicidal political advantage seeking. So far the political compromise (no politics during the pandemic) has held at the federal level but in my home state the ruling party has been rocked by a corruption scandal, possibly leaked from another faction within the party. This is another stupid blunder as we need eyes on the health ball. I am disgusted at the corruption involved but the accused individuals have been in the party for decades as has the problem so the timing stinks. we look like the US right now and I mean that in the most insulting way possible: evil clown politicians putting self first, party second and the country nowhere.

The mood in my neighbourhood is "release the names so we can lynch them" although given the number of soy lattes made at local cafes I doubt anyone would follow through with the threats.

I take it you're in Victoria; sucks that restrictions are now going to have to be reimposed; my condolences.

And i hate to say it but it looks like the BLM protests contributed somewhat considering that one BLM protestor who was coronavirus positive and still attended, infecting god knows who else. The Health Minister even said as much, that anyone who attended the protest should be tested.

@topic
As we feared, the Trump rally has resulted in COVID-19 infections, typical when mask wearing is not made mandatory.

Washington: Six staff members helping set up for US President Donald Trump's rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma, have tested positive for coronavirus.The Trump campaign said "quarantine procedures" were immediately initiated and no staff member who tested positive would attend the event.

Source: https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-a...21-p554mg.html

[PointOfViewGun]

Sweden has 10+ million population.

Sweden has 495.03 deaths per million ;look at the table here. We are talking 495 deaths per million (again not tens of thousands); your chances of dying in Sweden with covid19 is 0.0495% vs Norway 0.0046%; in both cases these small amount of deaths is statistically insignificant.
I don't think you're grasping how small/negligible both 0.0495% & 0.0046% are...

Sigh... Your word play is as idiotic as it gets. We are talking about thousands of deaths in tens of thousands of cases. That is a fact. Just because numbers happen to sound smaller when we frame them in per million criteria to normalize different countries on the same play field doesn't change that fact. These are not statistically negligible differences. Just because the chance of dying from the disease in these countries is very small doesn't make the data insignificant. That's not how statistics work. You really have no ground to stand on here.

[caratacus]

German authorities getting tough on those who deliberately flout quarantine laws. I don't think anything like this has been seen yet outside of China.

Germany coronavirus: Extra police enforce German tower block quarantine
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53131941
Police reinforcements have been sent to maintain a coronavirus quarantine on a tower block in the German city of Goettingen after violence on Saturday. Seven-hundred people were placed in quarantine, but 200 trying to get out clashed with police. Residents attacked police with fireworks, bottles and metal bars, officials said.

The quarantine was introduced on Thursday after two residents tested positive. By Friday, 120 were found to be infected. The vast majority of residents have been complying with the quarantine. Anyone testing negative is being required to have a further test. If that is negative, they will be allowed to leave the block, but under certain conditions, such as wearing a mask.

Local officials cited communication problems, with many of the residents not understanding the need for a second test. Translators have been used and information in German and Romanian is now being texted to those who need it, German media report.
Several police officers were injured as people tried to break through a security cordon.

Meanwhile yet another meat processing plant is found to have many staff with Covid 19. What is this association with meat and Covid 19

Meat plant infections
Meanwhile, Covid-19 cases have continued to rise at a meat plant. The number of positive tests linked to the Tonnies processing plant in north-west Germany has risen to 1,331. The authorities in the Gutersloh area told 6,500 employees and their families to go into quarantine earlier this week.

Germany: Gütersloh and Berlin Trying to Curb Local Corona Outbreaks
https://berlinspectator.com/2020/06/...ona-outbreaks/
The authorities in Güthersloh county are trying to control the largest local Coronavirus outbreak in Germany so far. Another serious situation is being worked on in Berlin’s Neukölln district, where the number of infected persons is rising as well.

The Corona outbreak at the Tönnies meat factory and slaughterhouse in Gütersloh county is not just a case for health officials, but also the prosecution in Bielefeld. The latter is investigating charges of bodily harm as well as violations against the infection protection law.

[Aexodus]

I have heard of the need for translators raised as an important issue in the UK as well. Just how bad is the language barrier within countries?