The ongoing
Special Counsel investigation is a United States law enforcement and counterintelligence investigation of any foreign government
efforts to interfere, with large focus on
Russia, in the
2016 presidential election, including an investigation of any possible links and/or coordination between
Donald Trump's
presidential campaign and the Russian government, "and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation." The scope of the investigation reportedly also includes potential
obstruction of justice by Trump and others.
[1] The investigation, since it
began May 17, 2017, has been conducted by the
United States Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel, headed by
Robert Mueller, a former
Director of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Mueller took over several existing FBI investigations, including those involving former campaign chairman
Paul Manafort and former
National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.
[2]
The investigation has resulted in dozens of indictments for federal crimes, and at least eight guilty pleas or convictions. In August 2018, Manafort was found guilty on eight felony counts of financial crimes in the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia,
[3] and a month later he pleaded guilty to
conspiracy to defraud the United States and
obstruct justice, in a
plea bargain for Manafort's full cooperation with prosecutors.
[4][5] Flynn pleaded guilty to
making false statements to the FBI and became a cooperating witness in December 2017.
[6] Mueller further secured guilty pleas from Manafort's business partner
Rick Gates, Dutch attorney
Alex van der Zwaan,
[7] former Trump campaign adviser
George Papadopoulos, lobbyist
W. Samuel Patten,
[8] and Richard Pinedo.
[9] All except van der Zwaan became cooperating witnesses to the probe. In February 2018, Mueller indicted 13 Russian citizens and 3 Russian entities, most notably the
Internet Research Agency,
[10] and in June 2018 added an indictment of
Konstantin Kilimnik, Manafort's business partner.
[11] In July 2018, 12 members of the Russian
GRU cyber espionage group known as
Fancy Bear, responsible for the
2016 DNC email hacking, were indicted.
[12] Investigations into Trump's personal lawyer
Michael Cohen were referred to the US Attorney's office of the
Southern District of New York.
[13]
While initially enjoying bipartisan support,
[14] the special counsel investigation became subject to criticism by Trump and his supporters in the conservative media within months, with
Sean Hannity eventually promoting the
"deep state" conspiracy theory.
[15] Several allegations of investigators' misconduct have been raised and were almost immediately debunked, including supposed unlawful
wire-tapping of
Trump Tower during the campaign,
[16][17] unmasking of Trump associates on intelligence intercepts,
[18] FISA court alleged abuse against
Carter Page detailed in the
Nunes memo,
[19][20] the alleged installation of a
mole in the Trump campaign,
[21][22][23] and the FBI being denied to
forensically analyze the DNC servers.
[24]