Wallachian Gear

[Visarion]

HISTORY

The starting point of a break-away state favourable to Hungary instead of Bulgaria can be considered at least 1233 and the establishment of a mark in Wallachia from Hungary in Banate of Severin with the capital of the citadel Severin. The Banate comprised Hatzeg, Gorj, Valcea namely Terra Lytua or Oltenia and parts of Transylvania including the Duchy of Amlas and Fogaras. It comprised both Orthodox and Catholics. I'll keep it short. In 1223 the Mongols reached Dniester. Just like the Avars before them the Cumans of Moldavia asked to become Catholic fearing the Mongols. At Siret was established a Catholic Bishopry in 1227 and because the Bulgarians were excommunicated by the pope in 1232 and after their alliance with Nicaea against the Latins from 1235 Cumans broke their alliance abandoning the commonwealth with the Bulgarians. Hungarians attacked Vidin since 1230 seeing the Bulgarians want to abandon Catholicism to create an avanpost for conquering Bulgaria in alliance with the Latins and encouraged by the Pope but failed to capture it. Vidin will become their goal until the end of the 14th century fighting Tarnovo, Wallachia and Dobrudja. After that, Wallachians and Dobrudjans will ally against Tarnovo having the support of the freed Vidin as well and later Wallachians will ally with Hungary in exchange for Severin and Fogaras. In 1242 Lytuoy, the Vlach leader of Terra Lytua, part of the union at Severin will defeat the Mongols after they devastate Hungary, the Saxons and Mislau of Western Wallachia or Transalpina burning Severin to the ground as well and will be named Ban of Severin by Bela IV for his bravery against the nomads and as a guardian for the lands east of the Danube. He will receive the aid of the Hospitallers settled in the desolated lands of two former Vlach Knyaz and will rebuild Severin. Due to Hungarian Civil Wars he will turn against the Crown like many other nobles and will be defeated probably with the help of Hospitallers. Severin was established because the Teutones were driven away from the mark of Burzenland in the Carpathians and comprising Hermannstadt, Kronstadt and the Duchy of Amlas and Fogaras. Their role as border guards of the Carpathians will be taken by Szeklers and Saxons. Since 1233 the Cumans, Saxons and Hungarians were established in Severin alongside Vlachs. Bulgarians remained only north of Vidin in Burnaz Field north of the Danube and before 1232 when Bulgarians embraced orthodoxy or even 1227 when the Episcopate of Siret was established in Black Cumania, later Moldavia or maybe just before he Battle of Khalka river of 1223 between Cumans, Bordini and Kievans and the Mongols held the Baragan Plain and Black Cumania in Moldavia of the Cumans, Pechenegs, Vlachs, Bordini of the Tauri, rebel Galicians, Jasz and Oghuz. In Transalpina Mongols defeated the Vlachs under Mislau and Saxons started migrating there afterwards establishing the city of Campo Longo for instance, future destination of the Dukes of Amlas and Fogaras after the Mongol Khan will die and after Lytuoy of Oltenia, Severin, Hatzeg and Amlas and Fogaras and maybe even Transaplina will be defeated. The Basarab family under Radu Negru and Thocomerius are thus the new rulers of Wallachia and the new royal family, the Basarab dinasty. They will ally with Ladislaus Kan of Transylvania and then Charles I of Hungary. Regarding your question until the Latins were dethroned Wallachia was favourable even if they might have changed sides when Byzantines and Bulgarians attacked Severin when Hungary was at war with Bohemia in 1260 and held it until 1263. They attack again in 1268 but are defeated by the garrison of Severin. I say this because his role as ruler of Terra Lytua together with the Hospitallers was to defend the rebuilt Severin from invasions of the Byzantines and Bulgarians from the south and only the garrison of the new Ban of Severin is attested as fighting and defeating the invading allied Byzantines and Bulgarians. Lytuoy after 1247 was given Terra Lytua, the Hospitallers the Kenazates of John and Farkas, a new Ban was named for Severin and Hatzeg entered direct Hungarian rule. Hatzeg then was given to Transylvania. Duchy of Fogaras and Amlas is not mentioned but as future Voivodes of Wallachia will receive both Severin and Fogaras for defending Hungary most likely the Banate of Severin mark comprised it too. Overlords and protectors were Lytuoy and the Hospitallers. Lytuoy gave half the earnings from Terra Lytua to the Hospitallers and the Hospitallers half of all their earnings to Hungary. Also the earnings of Severin were divided thus. Transalpina and Seneslau were left free. He might have remained loyal to Stephen V of Transdanubia, Hungary though and not having to intervene. Hospitallers are not mentioned either. Maybe they left after the Civil War between Bela and Stephen, the rebel Stephen receiving the east. Even so Lytouy still became a rebel. Most likely rebeled together with the other nobles between 1272 and 1277 when Ladislaus IV was a minor and the country was in chaos, each wanting to break away. Or even in 1260-1270 and the Civil War between Bela IV and Stephen V and the split of the contry as he swore alligiance to Bela as I mentioned before. He was killed in this interval as attested in 1285 and 1289. Ladislaus regained the throne with help from the Holy Romans in 1278 after killing Ottokar of Bohemia in battle.



General history of Wallachia

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Main article and foreign relations at post #2 in the bellow thread

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General History Information

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13th century




First half. The only army in Europe that defeated the Mongols, Italian Chronicle of the Venetian Filip Mousket, so most likely at first heavily influenced by the Cumans and Pechenegs that lived next to them and fighting in the same fashion as the nomads, using mounted and foot archers, the only way to counter the Tartars, tactic used later by Stephen the Great to annihilate the Golden Horde. When the Mongols attacked they burned the Hungarian Mark of Severin to the ground and also defeated three Saxon armies in the mountains and in Transylvania probably Hermannstadt, Nosnerland that was also burned to the ground or Bistritz and Klausenburg. The region was known as Cumania by the west so nomad style early. Moldavia was owned by Cumans, known as Black Cumania as to separate the faction from White Cumania, further east. The north of Moldavia controlled but with large difficulty by Halych. Afterwards Moldavia, Mongolian and Golden Horde subjects until late in the second half of the 14th century. The country was called Terra Lytua and it comprised Hatzeg too. Nomad style: HA and Foot Archers or Archer-Spearmen.

Vlachs, Pechenegs, Cumans.




Second half. Hungarians brought Hospitallers in their devastated mark of Severin and made an agreement with one of the two Wallachian factions closest to them to give aid to the Hospitallers and half the earnings as to create an efficient anti-nomad avanpost. The other faction I know nothing of. Later they turned against their masters, because of Hungarian Civil Wars most likely and with heavy losses the Hungarians managed to kill the Voivode. The name of the Voievode was Lytuoy, probably the victor against Mongols called by the Persians Bezerenbam or Ban of Severin. The other ruler was Mislau but died in battle and was replaced by Seneslau. Seneslau ruled the western part, next to Cumans and Pechenegs. In the south of the lands of Lytuoy or Litovoi lived Bulgarians, probably part of the Bulgarian Tsardom even if north of the Danube, near Vidin. Even now there are Bulgarian ethnics. There and in Dobrudja. The country name was Transalpina as it comprised Terra Lytua, Transalpina of Seneslau, Banate of Severin and maybe even Hatzeg was conquered back. Barbath, his brother was taken hostage and after the Wallachians offered a large ransom and paid their tribute he was freed and made a Hungarian vassal. This happened during late second half of the 13th century. Crusader army: Hungarian and Hospitaller influences.

Vlachs, Pechenegs, Cumans, Hospitallers
Also Hungarians, Vlachs, Cumans and Saxons of Severin. Bulgarians of Burnaz field next to Vidin, north of the Danune and Cumans and their Pecheneg and Oghuz subjects of Baragan Plain near Dobrudja. But that is questionable. What is certain is that he had Severin and maybe Transalpina of Seneslau. Also he might have captured Hatzeg and the Hungarian influenced Hatzegans: Vlachs, Hungarians and Cumans.

The country was known as Terra Lytua but comprised the Banate of Severin too and maybe it expanded in Hatzeg and land of Seneslav or Transalpina also. Later was called Transalpina, probably the capital was moved at Campo Longo or Campulung. The original capital is not known. We know that Lytuoy held two regions, Hatzeg and Oltenia, the other rulers being until the Mongols and Hospitallers, the Knyaz Farkas and John and the other Voivode, Seneslav who was free. The Kenazates were taken by the Hospitallers and they had to give half the earnings to the Hungarians snd defend Severin together with Lytuoy who also gaved half his earnings to the Crusaders but except for defending the area from attacks of the Byzantines, Bulgarians and Serbians had no other obligations towards the Hungarian Crown. Even thus Hatzeg was taken from him.

In Moldavia alongside Vlachs lived the Jasz, Cumans, Pechenegs and Oghuz that fled in Hungary when the Mongols invaded and the Halych rebels 6,000 strong nobles: Bojars and Knyaz with Vityaz Cavalry and the Bordini branch of the Tauri who joined the Cumans before and Tartars afterwards. Also the Ceangai similar to Szeklers and Hungarians. Before them also lived the Khazars but were assimilated by Szeklers. Assimilated Avars and Slavs too.




14th century




First half Duke of Fogaras, Hungarian possesion from Transylvania, left the area with Saxon inhabitants and both Catholic and Orthodox soldiers to settle in Campulung, Wallachia, a Saxon city in the late 13th century after the Mongol Khan, ruler of the land of Seneslau or Transalpina, eastern part of Wallachia together with Moldavia and Bulgaria died. Fogaras was called Terra Valahorum et Bissenorum so most likely Pechenegs also joined him. His name was Tochomerius, a Cuman name so a Cuman warlord or in part. As it happened in Bulgaria too, the Turkic Bulgarians were the overlords of a much larger Slavic population, the Sarmatian Croats, German Franks and so on. In the area also lived the Sarmatian Jasz, related to Alans. So even in late times Wallachia was a mix of populations, many ethnicities living together and having a common goal, building fortifications against the Mongol future invasions much like the Hungarians only that Hungary was in a full Civil War, Transylvania was occupied by the Dictator Ladislaus Kan of the Kan gens who took over the lands of the Szeklers, Saxons and even expanded his territory outside the province of Transylvania in Arad county. Most likely this is the reason why Tochomerius left his Duchy of Fogaras and Amlas, a fortified region between Hermannstadt and Kronstadt, in the middle of the Saxons, Burzenland a fortified region by the Teutones who also left their province and expanded towards Wallachia and the important mountain passes and the trade routes, building Kronstadt and extracting tribute for their own from the merchants until the Hungarians drive them away in 1225 because they were becoming too strong and seeking independence. This or Tochomerius was sent by Kan to expand southwards as they were allies and most likely fought against Otto of Bavaria who wanted to become king and invaded Transylvania. He was defeated and held in captivity at first by Kan in Transylvania and then sent to the new Wallachian lord in Hatzeg, before Tochomerius a Hungarian province, taken from Lituoy. Charles of Anjou settled his capital in Temeswar because of the oligarchs from Hungary proper who opposed him and managed to gain Thocomerius by his side and later his son Basarab who helped him against the enemy oligarchs together with some friendly ones. Charles managed to pacify the country but Basarab changed sides and joined the Serbians and Byzantines. They fought the Bulgarians if I'm not mistaken and lost. He expanded his teritorry including in the former lands of Lytuoi or Terra Lytua, Oltenia next to the Hungarian held Banate of Severin. The Ban of Severin managed to convince Charles to attack Basarab but lost due to an ambush in a mountain pass and using archery and poison arrows of the skilled Vlachs and Pechenegs under his rule. So we know that he ruled Vlachs and Pechenegs and the Saxons of his father. And maybe Catholic Hungarians and Transylvanians as his father or even grandfather if we take in account that Radu Negru was the father of Thocomerius and not Thocomerius himself was followed by both Saxons, Catolics and Orthodox as the Chronicle of Moldavia states not by Catholic Saxons and Orthodox. He expanded in the Tartar held region of Budjak later known as Basarabia. Basarab married his two doughters to the Serbian and Bulgarian rulers, setting an anti-Hungarian alliance. The faction was called Basarabia itself during Basarab but later changed in Wallachia or land of the Vlachs. Strong Hungarian influences of the elite Hungarians, Transylvanians, Saxons, Vlachs, Cumans and Pecheng nobles ruling over Saxons and only later capturing the native Vlachs. Also comprising the Vlachs of Hatzeg or Hatzegans, again heavily influenced by the Hungarians so we already have a western few but elite roster during the High era.

Vlachs, Hatzegans, Hungarians, Transylvanians, Saxons, Pechenegs, Cumans. Well Saxons of Fogaras and Burzenland and Saxons of Campo Longo more exact. Vlachs of Duchy of Fogaras and Amlas and Vlachs of Campo Longo and Transalpina. Who knows maybe even "native" Cumans alongside the ones from Fogaras. So many options here. A very diverse roster. Probably contingents of each in the army. The Hatzegan Knights fought later for the Voivode of Transylvania as a separate contingent and with their own coat of arms. The Corvinus family is originated from the Vlach, Hungarian and Cuman inhabited Hatzeg from a mixed Cuman-Greek-Vlach family, Vaik Corvinus but John married a Hungarian noblewoman. They say he was the illegitimate son of the Hungarian king however. During Tochomerius they fought for him, probably the land being given in exchange for vassalage by Ladislaus Kan of Transylvania. Later the Hunyad castle was build in this region from where John Hunyadi has his ruling name.




Second half. Nicolae Alexandru ruled together with his father, Basarab and later accepted Hungarian vassalage for trade but in secret collaborated with the Byzantines telling them that he has no masters and setting the Orthodox mitropoly. The Hungarians granted free passage to the Saxon merchants of Hermannstadt into the mountain passes, Campulung, Braila and Kilia to the Black Sea and the Venetian and Genoan secondary ports of Kilia and Dobrudja without asking the Wallachian ruler if he agrees or wants to tax them. The main port of the Venetians was Caffa. By this time the Hungarians and the Voivode of Maramaros occupied Moldavia and set the Mark of Moldavia in Baia, also taking Bilgorod from the Venetians who held it since 1315 from the Tartars. Probably the Cuman nobles were by this time assimilated and the army was reformed. Also the Pechenegs and the Catholics from Fogaras of Hungarian and Transylvanian descent and the Orthodox Vlachs of Fogaras. The same for the Saxons of Campulung. Later the successors favoured Bulgaria in the detriment of Hungary and allied with Despotate of Dobrudja to free the Hungarian invaded Vidin during Vladislav Vlaicu. The Hungarians attacked him from Severin and the Transylvanians and Szeklers attacked from Hatzeg but Vladislav won, annihilated the Transylvanians and Szeklers in a fight into forrests and killed the Transylvanian Voivode and many noblemen including the Castellan of Kukullovar. He also drove back the Hungarian invasion. He allied the Ottomans. Wallachians intervened again in Vidin for their relative during Radu I, father of Mircea the Elder. The Knyaz of Vidin was the brother-in-law of the Wallachian Voivode. He ordered 10,000 scale suits of armor from the Venetians. He invaded the Hungarians but lost. Even so he was given Severin and Fogaras in exchange for suzeranity. His brother Dan I started a war against Tarnovo for the sake of Vidin but when fighting together with Dobrudja against the Bulgarians of Vidin was assassinated. He started using mercenaries for the first time in Wallachian history by conscripting Bulgarians. Mircea the Elder fallowed. At first he was against the Hungarians but then changed. Mircea the Elder reformed the army starting to rely more on lesser nobles called mosneni, small land owners instead of the tricky boieri nobles, owners of large estates. Also he started to pick veterans and form elite contingents of Viteji cavalry and Voinici foot. Hired burghers as permanent troops too both foot and mounted, having his own horses, the start of a proffesional army. He also used mercenaries, probably Serbian and Bulgarian. The country was called Wallachia. The start of using native nobles and then veteran soldiers and mercenaries. The other ethnicities were assimilated. The lesser nobles were also called Knyaz so probably a mixed Slav and Vlach nation as the Vlachs assimilated the Slav migrants. There are many Slavic words in Romanian to this day and before the 19th century language reform there were even more together with Turkic ones. Instead were introduced Latin, French, Italian and English words.

Bulgarian mercenaries. Reformed Army. Boieri Nobles Horse Archers. Squires. Mosneni Horse Archers. Picked Mosneni Lesser Nobles. Paid Burgher Cavalry and Infantry. Veteran Voinici Infantry and Viteji Cavalry. Retinue Veterans. Royal Picked Nobles, Veterans and Mercenaries called Curteni fighting as mounted and foot archers. Elite 10,000 Scale clad Lancers under the direct command of the Spatharus, cavalry commander called Spatarei and using a spatha sword as secondary weapon and when dismounted. Lancers trained and participated in Tournaments in Buda with Hungarian Knights. Plaiesi borderguards, fort garrisons and mountain passes guards, most likely using archery and javelins and later crossbows and fireweapons. They also protected merchants and trade routes whether on land or water, rivers and Danube. Venetian and Moldavian fleet. 100 elite Masters of the Bow foot guard of the Voivode called Vanatori.




15th century




First half Mircea the Elder if at first was against the Hungarians when he was dethroned by his cousin or uncle, Vlad I and the Ottomans Hungarians helped him and he was granted Severin, Fogaras, Bran castle near Kronstadt and a citadel in Klausenburg, Transylvania. He won Dobrudja and Silistra south of the Danube. At the end he accepted Ottoman vassalage after many failed Crusades together with Poland, Hungary, Moldavia, Serbs, Knights of Rhodes, German and Bulgarian sustainers, French and Albanians of Skanderbeg and winning a major battle at Rovine against the Ottomans and Serbs, the first victory over the Ottomans and the first time they entered Wallachia. A Pyrrhic victory however with the water of the nearby river turning red. He used guerilla tactics and shock troops. Heavy losses against the Serbian knights and Janissary that had a last heroic stand but ultimately were defeated. Installed Alexander the Good as ruler of Moldavia and negociated an alliance with Poland receiving Polish and Lithuanian merchants. Alexander the good sent 400 guard archer to Poland and Lithuania struggle against the Teutones. Lost Dobrudja. Became a Ottoman vassal after years of struggle and the failed Crusade of Nicopolis and the French Knights being ambushed by Sipahi. Dan II, cousin of Mircea fought his nephew, son of Mircea and a Ottoman fan, Radu II. He recruited mercenaries from Transylvania and went all the way to Constantinople where he received an army. He fought Radu II and the Ottomans and gained the throne. Hungarians supported him even if at first they did not trust him as Mircea betrayed them and his father Dan I was a supporter of Vidin, then a Hungarian enemy. They wanted Vidin as a mark south of the Danube next to Severin to start the conquest of Bulgaria, excummunicated by the pope. Dan faced Radu many times and died gloriously on the battlefield defeating a 40,000 enemy force before giving his last breath. Before he died however he joined Fruzhin, the heir of Tarnovo and the heir of Vidin in a Hungarian led raid in Ottoman held Bulgaria but the attempt to gain the country was insuccessful even if they made many victims reaching even Silistra. Mircea the Elder too fought next to Fruzhin in the Crusades and also backed the heir of Vidin and the two cousins, former enemies led revolt for freeing Vidin and Tarnovo with most likely Hungarian and Serbian help as the Knyaz of Vidin was the nephew of the queen of Serbia and also the cousin of Mircea I and Dan II.

Bulgarian supporters. Byzantine troops. Serbian and Albanian allies. Hungarian allies. The army of Transylvania including the secondary armies of the Count of Szekelys and Count of Hermannstadt were at the disposal of Dan II. The army of Banate if Temeswar as well. Also Hungarian troops from Severin even if by this time Severin was in most cases under Wallachian control and heavily influenced by them, the southeastern mark moving at Temeswar. It is not known if the Byzantines stood or not after securing the country but because there were several conflicts most likely they remained. The 100 elite Masters of the Bow foot guard of the Voivode called Vanatori were most likely also present amongst Byzantine guards and the Transylvanian mercenaries. He might have had contingents of Bulgarians and Hungarians also as he supported Fruzhin in his attempts to regain Tarnovo and free Vidin of his Cousin and also Dan II's cousin. The campaign was backed by the Hungarians. Mostly cavalry and raiders, brigants. Possibly some stood as Fruzhin died in Brashov or Brasow, Brasov in Romanian, Kronstadt in it's original Saxon and Teutonic name.




Second half. Vlad II Dracul. He became a Knight of the Order of the Dragon. His son Mircea II Dracula fought at Varna. John Hunyadi also fough under the King of Poland and Hungary but lost. Moldavians participated too. Vlad II Dracul negociated a peace with the Ottomans and gave the Sultan his youngest sons as hostages. He was killed by nobles and Mircea II buried alive. Vlad III Dracula emerged. He received alliance from both HRE and Hungary even if at first he ruled in the name of the Ottomans. He spent his life fighting the Ottomans and punishing the nobility. Same as Mathias Corvinus didn't trust the nobility and made a proffesional army of mercenaries. Invaded Bulgaria, killed 30,000 Turks and stopped a 300 warship fleet from attacking Caffa of the allied Venetians. Impaled 20,000 Turks in the capital. Burned his own villages and practiced social cleansing by organising feasts and then setting fire to the building and the beggars or crooked nobility and merchants inside. Used torture. Many types together with impaling alive victims. Sent 5,000 horsemen to Moldavia and set his cousin as ruler. Together with Mathias and Vuk Brankovic attacked and sacked the Ottoman held Bosnia and counterattacked the ambushers from a forrest by charging them in the rear with cavalry. He was invaded by 90,000 Ottomans and the Sipahi defeated the Wallachian resistance. The Sipahi were fallowed by his brothers, Radu III Dracula who led the Janissary and conscripted sustainers from the rebel nobility. Vlad III Dracula after about six battles and a night attack in the first days of the invasion when he killed 15,000 men finally was defeated. After being closed for about a decade by Mathias after the Saxons accused him of betrayal he was freed and together with Hungarians, Transylvanians, Szeklers and Moldavians defeated Radu. All left only the Moldavians remaining and because he was cought unprepated by a Ottoman invasion died on the battlefield together with his 4,000 loyal guard of Moldavians, veterans and mercenaries. Stephen the Great, installed by Vlad continued to rule Moldavia and organised a Crusade with Poland, Hungary and Brandenburg against the Ottomans but the Poles decided to invade him instead and Stephen defeated them. The stepbrother of Vlad III Dracula or "the Impaler", Vlad IV Dracula also known as the "Monk" fallowed. Stephen the Great mingled in a riot of the four nations of Transylvania: Hungarians, Vlachs, Szeklers and Saxons against the reforms of Mathias Corvinus and occupied Kilia. He was punished by the Hungarian king who sacked and burned three major cities but was shot three times in the back with arrows and the Moldavian nobles dismounted and charged the Hungarian Knights with axes. They set fire to the fortified former Hungarian capital too, Baia and many Hungarians were consumed by flames. Vlad intermediated a truce and all became allies. Mathias granted several villages to Stephen for aiding Vlad against the Ottomans. Stephen faced many Tartar and Ottoman invasions but defeated them all except a blitzkrieg from the sea when he lost the ports and citadels of Kilia and Bilgorod. He annihilated the Tartars and took the son of the Golden Horde Khan prisoner impaling the diplomats and cutting the nose of the one sent back after slicing the Khan's son in four pieces in front of them all when they told him the Khan thretened to attack if he would not free his son. He also killed the brother of the Khan in battle. Stephen allied Theodoro and the Crimean Kanate and the last faction destroyed the Golden Horde for good after being weakened by the Moldavian cavalry including the Hansari (Hussars). Stephen sent 300 guard archer and 50 warships to Theodoro invaded by Ottomans by sea but in vain. He was the brother-in-law of Theodoro.

Another reform. Proffesional army. Only Viteji and Voinici Vetrans, no Nobles. Order of the Dragon. Dragon Infantry and Cavalry. Mercenaries in the detriment of Nobility. Hungarian, Transylvanian, Szekler, Saxon and Moldavian troops. Moldavian Halberdiers and Elite Guard Archers, the Curteni of Grunwald and Varna. A 300-400 strong few but very elite corps. Maybe the 3,000 Moldavian Viteji elite cavalry corps. 4,000 Moldavians in total. That would mean 600-700 elite halberdiers with 2m axe-shaped halberds. Probably the 100 masters of the bow Hunter Elite Native Archer corps still, as Marksmen. Elite Stalkers and Scouts able to speak Turkish and masters of disguise, making the Ottomans kill each other in chaos, in order to catch them and setting havoc in enemy camps. Assasins. Skilled swordsmen beheading the adversaries as they advance rapidly and charge in enemy land. Raiders setting fire to enemy camps and settlements. Multiporposed, swift troops. Ambushers. Shock troops but sturdy also. Western gear. Dracula bought gear with the tribute he did not sent to the Sultan, 10,000 mercenaries and ten warships to cross the Danube and devastate Bulgaria. Also mercenaries bought by Mathias with the money sent by the Pope and given to Vlad.






Gear: Curved swords, great spatha sword, Tartar leather shield over wood, Moldavian late 2 m halberd, crossbows, bow, Moldavian unique saber, see sword of Stephen the Great at Istanbul, crude polearms, large axes, large maces, flails, morningstars, 10,000 Wallachian Venetian made scale cavalry suits of armor since the second half of the 14 century. Long spears. Javelins. Slings. Fire weapons. Cannons. The cavalry lance is recorded only during Mircea the Elder and the Tournaments of Buda so High and Late or just Late. Poison arrows since Early probably but recorded since High at Posada and the mixed Vlach and Pecheneg army of Basarab. A reform of Stephen the Great in which every citizen cough without bow and arrows and sword was beheaded on the spot. Stephen the Great could gather 40,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry. Relied much on the Razesi Peasents conscrpited from the mountains and given land. He also had a vast system of citadels and skilled and loyal garrisons. Also mounted to reach from a citadel to another. There is a legend of the Polish King rewarding the garrisons of Khotyn for not abandoning their avanpost even if enemy. Also he was able to recruit a new army from Vrancea when his army was annihilated in war so a lot of conscripts. Numerous army, prepared for war at all times. Amongst citadels, fortified monasteries too. 3,000 strong contingent of elite Viteji Cavalry, in the tradition of the Viteji of Maramaros who conquered Moldavia from the Cumans and Tartars after a century long war together with Szeklers and Hungarians after driving them and the allied Moldavians out of Hungary, Maramaros, Transylvania, Szeklerland or Szekelyfold and Burzenland of the Saxons. Also from Saxon Nosnerland in the heart of Transylvania. They also had very elite guard archers, both mounted and dismounted, the Curteni, 400 sent at Grunwald where they destroyed a Teutonic Heavy Knights corps charging them after dismounting and killing the horses and then mounting again with lightning speed and charging the fallen knights. They had lances as secondary weapons as strange as it may sound. 3000-4000 under the command of the Wallachian heir and ruler of the light cavalry wing of swift Wallachian nobles and veterans, Mircea II Dracula at Varna. They fought to the very end next to Hunyadi and the Knights of Rhodes even if the Polish king of Hungary and Poland, leader of the Crusade died after being beheaded in a failed ambush.. 300 at Theodoro embarking ships and fighting at sea and then defending the stronghold. Also up to 4,000 guard troops to Vlad III Dracula that died by his side, protecting him, probably elite heavy or medium halberdiers and guard archers. Troops were also sent to Mircea the Elder and Nicopolis even if together with Wallachians did not engage after the foolish charge of the young French led Crusader Knights. At Kosovo only Wallachians were present next to Serbian supporters under John Hunyadi. Albanians of Skanderbeg and Bohemians did not arrive due to the other, allied to Ottomans, Serbians.

GEAR

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Info regarding gear:


Influences:

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Early. First half: Nomad. Hungarian. Second half: Cuman. Saxon

High. First half: Native. Nomad. Saxon. Hungarian. Serbian. Byzantine. Second half: Venetian. Turkish. Saxon. Hungarian

Late. Native. Byzantine. Saxon. Hungarian. Szekler. Moldavian

Gear: Cuman, Saxon, Byzantine, Venetian, Turkish, Hungarian

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Early: First half: Nomad. Hungarian. Teutonic. Hospitaller. Second half: Saxon. Tartaric. Cuman. Pecheneg. Vlach

High: First half: Native. Tartaric. Cuman. Saxon. Second half: Venetian. Turkish. Hungarian. Saxon

Late: First half: Native. Hungarian. Saxon. Turkish. Byzantine. Second half: Saxon. Szekler. Hungarian. Moldavian

Weapons and armor:

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Early:

First half: Crude. Rudimentary. Peasant warriors. Nobles. Bow. Nomad leather shields. Extremely Few Swords, Only some of the Nobles. Melee weapons: Axe. Rudimentary Mace. Club. Spear. Two-Handed Teutonic Swords. (The earliest was discovered in Brashov, Kronstadt in German in the Brasovia Citadel dating from XIIIth century). Few Teutonic influenced knights in Burzenland and Fogaras. Probably studded leather native or Cuman armors. Mostly Cuman. At the end Hungarian and Saxon influences and better gear.

Second half. Hungarian and Hospitaller gear. Hospitaller Knights. Armored Garrisons in Transylvania. Fogaras. Burzenland. Severin. Hatzeg. More and more Saxon. Hungarian. Cuman settlers. Developing Hermannstadt. Kronstadt. Nosnerland. Hatzeg. Severin. Saxons settle even outside of the Carpathians in Campo Longo on their own or as an avanpost, future mark as Severin. Burzenland. Moldavia. Fogaras. Szeklerland. Maramaros. Better and better gear. Saxons receive skilled craftsmen and blacksmith and begin to sell weapons and armor. Excellent Merchants. Still Tartar gear appear as well. Moldavia under the Tartars and de jure eastern Wallachia even if Cumans and Saxons roamed the land freely. A group of elite nobles leave Burzenland, Fogaras and Amlas comprising Hungarians. Saxons. Cumans. Pechenegs and Vlachs and settle in the Saxon ruled Campo Longo, eastern Wallachia. They settle peacefully and are received as nobility and rulling class. The Saxon governer of eastern Wallachia is kept. They start ruling over Vlachs and Cumans. By now the Vlachs have assimilated the Slavs as Szeklers and Transylvanian Vlachs assimilated the Khazars. Avars. Slavs. Vlachs and so on. Hungarians. Szeklers. Saxons and Vlachs kept their identity at first as the three nations excluding the Vlachs but then reffered as the four. Vlach were the majority in Hatzeg and Fogaras and accepted as nobility. In Hatzeg also lived Hungarians and Cumans. In the rest of Transylvania Saxons. Szeklers and Hungarians were the nobles. Even so many Vlachs fled Wallachia and Moldavia and joined the Hungarians. Even nobles and accepted as nobility. They formed a separate contingent of Horse Archers in the Hungarian Royal Army next to the Cumans and Gusars regiments of the Serbians. Well the German Armigieri too. They were simply called Vlachs as a regiment. Hungarian gear and later Saxon. Tartaric and Cuman still. Hungarian, Saxon, Cuman, Tartaric. Mostly Saxon.

High

First half. The nobility that came from Burzenland and Fogaras and Amlas becomes the de facto ruling class of Wallachia and allies the Voivode of Transylvania. The ruling family is half Cuman half Vlach and together with the Hungarian. Saxon. Cuman. Pecheneg. Vlach nobility start their expansion. They will join Charles I of Anjou and defeat the Oligarhs in the Hungarian Civil Wars that fallowed. The contry name is Basarabia after Basarab I. Son of Thocomerius. Grandson of Radu Negru. The country is pacified. Hatzeg enters again the Hungarian Kingdom with the capital at Temeswar together with Severin and Fogaras enters Transylvania. Later Hatzeg is given to the Transylvanian Voivode. The Szeklers and Saxons of Hermannstadt and Kronstadt receive again special status, having their own administrations and armies under counts and being able to conduct self campaigns. The Saxons of Nosnerland however and the ones of Klausenburg remain a banner under the Transylvanian Voivode and so does Hatzeg even if different contingents and coats of arms. A separate contingent with a privileged status is also Kukullovar lead by a Castellan. The Voivode of Maramaros fight under the rule of the King of Hungary but has a privileged status and after the Cuman and Tartar-Moldavian-Cuman invasions of late 13th century begins to field his own army just like Hermannstadt and Szeklers. A powerful army of Viteji cavalrymen. They all campaign against the Tartars, Cumans and Moldavians in Moldavia. Voivode of Transylvania also joins but the army is gathered in more rare occasions. The great army assembly. Also separate contingents are the armies of Severin and Temeswar later. Saxon gear next to Tartaric and later Byzantine. Bulgarian and Serbian. Byzantine spatha. Tartaric scimitar. Tartaric sabre. Own sabres. Tartaric leather shield and the introduction of own square and rectangular ones but few. Also the kite. Tear drop. Possibly oval. Probably from the Byzantines. Most infantry fought with two-handed weapons including the Byzantine spatha, Saxon greatsword, waraxe, later poleaxe, medieval pick and polearms or used scimitar and sabre alongside bow and no shields whatsoever. Still some had Byzantine shields. Native spears. Axes. Maces. Flails. Morningstars. Clubs. Bow. Sling. Javelins. Probably own sabres as well. The peasents still used Tartaric and Cuman gear alongside their own innovations mostly blunt weapons with spikes, maces, clubs, axes, sickles, scythes, spears, slings, bows but also innovated polearms similar to the voulge. The nobility used Saxon and Byzantine gear mostly but Hungarian too and later Italian. Probably the regulars had mostly Byzantine gear and few of good quality Saxon weapons. Armor native or Byzantine. Some native weapons: maces, flails, axes, greatswords, sabres, spears, bows, javelins. Tartaric. Saxon. Byzantine. Mostly Saxon.

Second half. Wallachians begin to shift to the Bulgarians. Serbians and Byzantines and become the protectors of Vidin but then ally Dobrudja against Tarnovo. Even ally the Ottomans briefly. After many Hungarian,Transylvanian with Szekler and Kukulovar contingents invasions, many unsuccessful and a failed siege of a important Hungarian fortress and with the Ottoman threat, the two parties began to collaborate and the Wallachian Voivode receives both Severin and Fogaras in exchange for vassalage. He was Radu I who ordered 10,000 scale suits of cavalry armor from the Venetians and reformed the army. He also introduced the halberd and breastplates including full plate suits of armor for halberdier contingent probably the Royal Guard. His son Mircea the Elder will receive Bran near Kronstadt and another citadel in Klausenburg in the heart of Transylvania and nost likely fielded Saxon troops. He will conquer Silistra and Dobrudja. Will receive Hungarian. Transylvanian. Saxon and Szekler support for regaining the throne from the Ottomans and his uncle. The start of using Hungarian and Venetian gear next to Saxon and Turkish. Byzantine and native spatha was still used alongside Saxon sword. Battleaxe. Halberd. Medieval pick. Turkish scimitar. Own sabre. Scale suits of armor. Partial plate. Full plate. Full scale crossbowmen. Crossbow introduced and even gunpowder and cannons. The peasants used the Turkish gear they gathered from the battlefield and their own innovations. Regulars used Saxon and Byzantine. The nobles and the elite household troops Saxon, Venetian and Hungarian gear including full scale and full plate. Most likely they had their native scale too and made some of the weapons like maces, flails, spears, some of the halberds and battleaxes. Sabres too and mybe even the Spatha. A native Spatha alongside the Byzantine most likely but it was replaced by Saxon greatswords later. Paid troops were provided gear and horses by the Voivode so they needed good quality gear and had permanent well trained and equiped soldiers. Nobles most likely aquired them on their own but still good quality gear. The lesser nobility at first came with their own rudimentary peasant like gear but then received scale armor and good weapons. The Venetian gear was most likely for the veterans, mercenaries and the elite well trained royal troops of Curteni and Spatarei but also the retinue ones of Viteji and Voinici received most likely Saxon steel. Nobles would have kept their Byzantine old generation to generation spatha swords and some of the gear. Also some Hungarian gear for allied troops and mercenaries. Turkish for the bulk. Also some good quality Turkish gear alongside Saxon for the paid burghers, Tragoveti most likely as they came with no gear whatsoever especially because there ranks were filled by Serbi free men at need and even Vecini and Salahori day workers or noble and monk workers in times of need. Gypsies were slaves and used for hard labour in mines and rock quarries and given to the monks probably to work in fisheries or to carry heavy building materials. Monks were also provided with agricultural land, villages with Serbi workers and fisheries. There is no record of them participating in battles, the Gypsies I mean. They were sold as slaves while the Serbi were free but tied to the land where they were born, not being able to leave. If a noble would sell land, the new owner would receive the Serbi workers in his estate but they could not sell the Serbi or send them away. Merchants were privileged and fought alongside nobles and so were desk workers and even craftsmen and wealthy burghers. Saxons were merchants, blacksmiths, craftsmen, masons and mining engineers. Turkish, Byzantine, Hungarian, Saxon. Mostly Venetian gear.


Late

First half. Dan II. Byzantine troops. Duke of Amlas and Fogaras. Army of Banate of Temeswar under his command. Vlad Dracul and Vlad Dracula. Hungarian. Transylvanian. Saxon. Szekler. Moldavian support under his command. Own mercenaries and those paid by the Pope and Hungarians under his command. Saxon blacksmiths and Saxon weapons and armor but most likely some provided by the Pope so Italian gear too. Halberds. Saxon swords. Waraxe. Turkish Scimitar. Own sabres. Native and Byzantine spatha. Moldavian gear ordered at Venice still. Moldavian innovations so native too: a unique type of sabers and halberds. Also the Byzantine and native Spatha was still used. Poleaxe. Medieval pike introduced as well. Hungarian and Transylvanian pavise. Full plate crossbowmen. Handgun. Mostly Hungarian.


Trade with Saxons depended much on the relations with Hungary and the wealth of the Saxons depended much of the help of the Wallachians to establish trade with the Venetians especially.

Most Probable Unit Composition

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Roster

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Roster:



Early




Terra Lytua - Bezerenbam. Lytuoy. Barbath. Thocomerius

*Voivode of Terra Lytua (HA). Lytua Curteni (HA). Lytua Boieri (Archers). Lytua Serbi (Archer-Spearmen).


Banate of Severin - Lytuoy. Hospitaller Hochmeister. Thocomerius

*Szorenyvar Castellans (Spearmen. Hungarians. Vlachs. Saxons and Cumans)


Kenazates of Farkas and John - Hospitaller Hochmeister. Thocomerius

*Knights Hospitaller (Lancers)


Transalpina - Mislau. Seneslau. Radu Negru. Thocomerius

*Magister of Campo Longo (Saxon Nobles. Melee Cavalry). Boieri (HA). Vlach Archers (Archers). Serbi (Javelinmen). Vecini (Slingers)


Duchy of Fogaras and Amlas - Radu Negru. Thocomerius

*Duke of Fogaras (Lancers). Pecheneg Archers (Archers). Saxon Knights (Lancers). Fogaras Boieri (Archer-Lancers)


Kenazate of Hatzeg - Bela IV. Stephen V. Hatzegan Knyaz. Roland Borsa. Ladislaus Kan. Thocomerius

*Kenez of Hatzeg (Archer-Lancers)


Baragan Plain - Cuman Overlords. Thocomerius

*Cuman Horse Archers (HA)


Transylvania - Roland Borsa. Ladislaus Kan

*Kukullovar Castellans (Swordsmen). Hungarian Knights (Lancers)


Lancers: 4; Archer-Lancers: 2; Melee Cavalry: 1; Horse Archers: 4; Archers: 3; Archer-Spearmen: 1; Swordsmen: 1; Spearmen: 1; Javelinmen: 1; Slingers: 1

19 in total but if we count Hungarian Knights as AoR there would be 18. With Cumans 17.






High





Wallachia: Terra Lytua. Transalpina. Baragan Plain. Burnaz Field. Banate of Severin. Duchy of Fogaras and Amlas. Kronstadt. Klausenburg. Dobrudja. Silistra. Budjak. - Thocomerius. Basarab I. Nicolae Alexandru. Vladislav Vlaicu. Radu I. Dan I. Mircea the Elder.


Native:

Cavalry:

Mircea the Elder (Character)

Royal: Spatarei (Lancers).

Retinue: Curteni (Lancer-Archers). Viteji (Lancer-Archers)

Nobles: Boieri (HA). Mosneni (HA). Slujitori (Squires. Melee Cavalry)

Paid: Targoveti (Lancers)

Infantry:

Royal: Curteni Arcasi (Archer-Halberdiers. Medieval Pick.Two-Handedly). Spatarei Pedestri (Greatswordsmen.Two-handedly), Strajeri (Halberdiers. Polearms)

Nobles: Boieri Pedestri (Archer-Greataxemen.Waraxe.Poleaxe.Two-Handedly). Mosneni Arcasi (Archer-Spearmen). Mosneni Pedestri (Greatmacemen.Two-Handedly)

Retinue: Voinici (Spearmen). Vanatori (Archer-Greatswordsmen. Two-handedly). Plaiesi (Javelinmen)

Paid: Targoveti Pedestri (Swordsmen). Targoveti Crossbowmen

Militia: Serbi Sulitasi (Pikemen). Serbi (Voulge Militia)



Allied:


Hungary: Hungarian Knights. Hungarian Halberdiers. Hungarian Serjeants


Transylvania: Count of Hermannstadt (Lancers). Count of Szekelys (Lancers). Szekely Primipili (HA). Transylvanian Crossbowmen. Klausenburg Castellans (Macemen). Nosnerland Castellans (Greatswordsmen)


Serbia: Gusars


Bulgaria: Bulgarian Brigands


Constantinople: Heavy Archers. Heavy Swordsmen.

34 in total but if we count Byzantines, Serbians, Bulgarians and Hungarians as AoR there would be 27. I added Strajeri as heavy halberdiers in full plate as there is a depiction of Radu I in full plate suit and wielding a halberd polearm. Strajeri represent the Royal Guard or Straja Domneasca, Garda Domneasca.






Late





Wallachia. Banate of Severin. Duchy of Fogaras and Amlas. Kronstadt. Mircea the Elder. Dan II. Vlad II Dracul. Vlad III Dracula

Native:

Cavalry:

Vlad Dracula (Character)

Royal: Ordinul Dragonului Cavalry (Lancers)

Retinue: Viteji (Lancers)


Infantry:

Royal: Ordinul Dragonului Infantry (Halberdiers. Medieval Pick). Curteni Crossbowmen. Plaiesi Handgunners

Retinue: Voinici (Greatswords). Strajeri (Halberdiers. Poleaxe). Vanatori (Archer-Swordsmen)

Regular: Kronstadt Halberdiers (Polearms). Castellans of Temeswar (Swordsmen)


Allied

Moldavia: Moldavian Voinici (Halberdiers. Polearms). Moldavian Curteni (HA). Moldavian Razesi (Archers). Moldavian Hansari (Hussars). Moldavian Viteji (Lancers)


Hungary:

Hungarian Knights. Hungarian Halberdiers. Hungarian Pavisiers. Hungarian Late Serjeants


Transylvania:

Voivode of Transylvania. Count of Hermannstadt. Count of Szekelys. Szekely Primores (Knights). Szekely Primipili (HA). Szekely Pixidalii (Archer-Swordsmen). Nosnerland Castellans (Greatswordsmen). Hatzeg Castellans (Greatmacemen. Shafted Mace). Klausenburg Castellans (Macemen). Transylvanian Crossbowmen

30 in total but if we count Hungarians as AoR there would be 26


Explanations

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I added a few more. I changed some. This is the idea: Early. Mostly cavalry. Multiethnic Roster. High. Nobles and Retinue. Also Paid Troops. Late No Nobles. Few Veterans. Mostly Mercenaries and Allies. Venetian. Genoan. Moldavian Mariners. I tried to represent all the weapons found and all type of units, many using guerilla tactics and mixed range and melee capabilities. Also added some shock troops. Dracula was a pawn but still managed to unite Moldavians and Hungarians against the Ottomans and was called Athleta Christi by the Pope. They offered funds, allied troops and mercenaries. This happened before as well, under John Hunyadi, a born diplomat but also a skilled general. While Mathias was involved more to the west his east and south was covered by Dracula who benefited from best military support of Transylvania, was provided mercenaries and Hungarian troops. He also benefited from the reinforcements sent by his Moldavian cousin that was rewarded by Mathias, made practically a Hungarian lord by receiving land in Transylvania. So we have a Balkan Union, led by Wallachia not Wallachia proper. The same during: Lytuoy. Thocomerius. Basarab. Radu I. Mircea the Elder. Dan II. Vlad Dracul. Hungarians offered also troops to Fruzhin who fought jointly with the self proclaimed Voivode of Wallachia Dan II recruiting Transylvanian mercenaries on it's own and receiving Byzantine allied troops before being granted Hungarian trust and military support. Szeklers, Saxons and Transylvanians were instructed to aid him and fight under his command. And there were many clashes with his nephew and the Ottomans. The army of Temeswar was under the command of Dan II who was also Duke of Amlas and Fogaras. Mircea the Elder received as well aid to regain his throne. Radu I even if at first rebel then was granted Severin and Fogaras and made a Hungarian noble. Dan I tried to defeat Tarnovo by using help from the allied Vidin and Dobrudja and also conscripting Bulgarian mercenaries for the first time in Wallachian history. Thocomerius was a very powerful ally of Ladislaus Kan and Basarab was one of the magnates who helped Charles I of Anjou secure his reign against the Oligarchs. There were very few supporters. He even moved the capital at Temeswar. Relations were very good but then the Ban of Severin felt threatened by the rapid expansion of the Wallachian lord. After Posada relations were tense but during Nicolae Alexandru trade was the thing that managed to defuse the crisis. Because of family ties and Vidin they fought again but Wallachians used diplomacy to save Vidin and were granted Severin and Fogaras as allies and anti-Ottoman combatants. The early state was also a union of elite nobles of all ethnicities who came from all over the place after the Tartar threat finished and united under a Cuman or part Cuman lord, Thocomerius who came with Saxons, Hungarians and Vlachs from Fogaras and settled in a Saxon city in Wallachia, Campo Longo managed by the Saxon Magistrus Laurentius who was kept as a mayor. It is not recorded but most likely Pechenegs too came from Terra Valahorum et Bissenorum as later they are the most numerous in the army together with Vlachs, at Posada especially. The mixed nobility united with the rest of Vlach, Cuman and Pecheneg nobles to create the nobility of the realm and the ruling class. With time by intermarriage they were assimilated. Radu Negru most likely was the grandfather of Thocomerius or Thocomerius himself. Basarab was part Cuman. They adopted the Romance language heavily influenced by Slavic and Turkic as a lingua franca but most likely Hungarian, German and Latin were the official languages. Later they started to rule the multiethnic region of Severin consisting of Saxon, Cuman, Hungarian and Vlach inhabitants as recorded by the Pope. Hatzeg too was populated by Hungarians, Vlachs and Cumans as Basarab, a Cuman name was very popular in that area.

Details regarding gear

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Post #19

For Wallachia what I saw mostly is immense greatswords, wielded two-handedly, lots of bowmen with leather or scale armor or even decorated golden breastplates or simple silver ones with square neck protectors, square shields. Mostly scale and rough iron breastplates. Decorated oval shields but small or medium with two-headed eagle or the Wallachian cross. Also most of them had white, traditional cloth underneath but rich cloaks, red or blue. Some sort of leather jacket or tabard at some. Brown leather shields too with the cross, rectangular or kite shape. Still some decorated breastplates with angels might be native items. Anyway rich decorated helmets with leather or furr at the bottom, also furr at the sides of the cloaks. Furr cloathing. Some rich ornamented tabards too. You can search for depictions of Stephen the Great or Mircea the Elder to add some royal or high class tabards and cloaks for nobles, most of the nobles weared priest like long coats. A lot of depictions of native nobles amongst otherwise Byzantine, Classic Greek and Roman style soldier saints but still some of the items put over the Byzantine patterns of warrior saints are native. You just have to identify them, in corners and in sides appear guards dressed natively.

Reasons for adding Wallachia

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Wallachia: many victories against Hungarians, Bulgarians, Ottomans, being involved in the Hungarian Civil Wars, being one of Hungarian and Ottomans greatest threat, intervening for Moldavia and Vidin, allied with Dobrudja fighting Tarnovo, allied to Serbian Resistance and Hungary fighting Ottomans in Bosnia, allied to Constantinople and Serbians fighting Ottomans, fighting in crusades (Varna, Nicopolis, Kosovo), receiving Hungarian, Transylvanian, Szekler, Saxon, Moldavian and Byzantine troops. Organised multiple campaigns against the Ottomans in Bulgaria including raids together with the heir of Tarnovo, Fruzhin and Hungarian troops for freeing Bulgaria. It was involved in the Anti-Ottoman revolt of heirs of Vidin and Tarnovo. Stopped the 300 ships invasion of Caffa by attacking and burning settlements from Dobrudja and Bulgaria. Was a powerfull ally of Hungary and Venice, active in the Black Sea trade offering ports to the Italians and protection. Moldavia was never occupied, it defeated the Hungarian, Ottoman, Polish and Golden Horde armies, participated in Crusades. Was allied to Wallachia, Poland, Hungary, Crimean Tartars and Theodoro. Was the faction that annihilated the Golden Horde in alliance with the Crimean Khanate. Participated in Polish and Hungarian led Crusades. Joined Wallachia and Hungary in the Anti-Ottoman struggle. It organised a crusade for retaking Bilgorod and Kilia together with Poland, Hungary and Brandenburg. Participated in the Anti-Teuton battles and final defeat with Poland and Lithuania. Provided support for Theodoro and sent troops and ships against the Ottoman invasion. Both collaborated with Genoa and Venice.

More details regarding the roster


General information and explanation for the early roster:

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13th century




First half. The only army in Europe that defeated the Mongols, Italian Chronicle of the Venetian Filip Mousket, so most likely at first heavily influenced by the Cumans and Pechenegs that lived next to them and fighting in the same fashion as the nomads, using mounted and foot archers, the only way to counter the Tartars, tactic used later by Stephen the Great to annihilate the Golden Horde. When the Mongols attacked they burned the Hungarian Mark of Severin to the ground and also defeated three Saxon armies in the mountains and in Transylvania probably Hermannstadt, Nosnerland that was also burned to the ground or Bistritz and Klausenburg. The region was known as Cumania by the west so nomad style early. Moldavia was owned by Cumans, known as Black Cumania as to separate the faction from White Cumania, further east. The north of Moldavia controlled but with large difficulty by Halych. Afterwards Moldavia, Mongolian and Golden Horde subjects until late in the second half of the 14th century. The country was called Terra Lytua and it comprised Hatzeg too. Nomad style: HA and Foot Archers or Archer-Spearmen.

Vlachs, Hungarians, Cumans, Saxons of Severin, Vlachs, Hungarians, Cumans of Hatzeg, Vlachs, Hungarians, Pechenegs and Saxons of Fogaras, Vlachs of Terra Lytua, Vlachs and Saxons of Transalpina, Cumans and Pechenegs of Baragan Plain next to Dobrudja, Black Cumania or Moldavia and Bulgaria. It is possible that the Basarab dinasty of Radu Negru and Tochomerius came from Hatzeg, because of the large presence of the name there and of Cumans settlers, to Fogaras and only then in Transalpina, Wallachia




Second half. Hungarians brought Hospitallers in their devastated mark of Severin and made an agreement with one of the two Wallachian factions closest to them to give aid to the Hospitallers and half the earnings as to create an efficient anti-nomad avanpost. The name of the Voievode was Lytuoy, probably the victor against Mongols called by the Persians Bezerenbam or Ban of Severin. The other ruler was Mislau but died in battle and was replaced by Seneslau. Seneslau ruled the western part, next to Cumans and Pechenegs. In the south of the lands of Lytuoy lived Bulgarians, probably part of the Bulgarian Tsardom even if north of the Danube, near Vidin. When he turned against the Hungarians, Barbath, his brother was taken hostage and after the Wallachians offered a large ransom and paid their tribute he was freed and made a Hungarian vassal. Lytuoy died in battle after a costly victory of the Hungarians and wounding his adversary before closing his eyes for the last time. This happened during late second half of the 13th century. We know that Lytuoy held two regions, Hatzeg and Oltenia, the other rulers being until the Mongols and Hospitallers, the Knyaz Farkas and John and the other Voivode, Seneslav who was free. The Kenazates were taken by the Hospitallers and they had to give half the earnings to the Hungarians and defend Severin together with Lytuoy who also gaved half his earnings to the Crusaders but except for defending the area from attacks of the Byzantines, Bulgarians and Serbians had no other obligations towards the Hungarian Crown. I found new evidence and it looks like the Banate of Severin, a Hungarian mark in Wallachia against nomad invasions and given to both Hospitallers and the Vlach Lytuoy with his own army from Terra Lytua, governed solely by him comprised Severin, parts of Transylvania, Hatzeg and the Duchy of Fogaras and Amlas from the Carpathians in the heart of the Saxon lands. Severin itself after the destruction of 1241-1242 was rebuilt with funds from both Hungarians and Hospitallers and Vlachs of Terra Lytua and Hungarians, Vlachs, Saxons and the Cuman fugitives from Moldavia who recently converted to Catholicism and chose Hungary instead of Bulgaria who joined the Byzantines were invited to settle. They started their migration even earlier in 1227 when the Episcopate of Siret was established in Moldavia and in 1232 when the Bulgarians embraced Catholicism. They are attested in 1233 in Severin by the Pope. Cumans and Jasz also settled in Khunsag, Hungary. Duke of Fogaras left the area with Saxon inhabitants and both Catholic and Orthodox soldiers to settle in Campulung, Wallachia, a Saxon city in the late 13th century after the Mongol Khan, ruler of the land of Seneslau or Transalpina, eastern part of Wallachia together with Moldavia and Bulgaria died. Fogaras was called Terra Valahorum et Bissenorum so most likely Pechenegs also joined him. His name was Tochomerius, a Cuman name so a Cuman warlord or in part. As it happened in Bulgaria too, the Turkic Bulgarians were the overlords of a much larger Slavic population, the Sarmatian Croats, German Franks and so on. In the area also lived the Sarmatian Jasz, related to Alans. So even in late times Wallachia was a mix of populations, many ethnicities living together and having a common goal, building fortifications against the Mongol future invasions much like the Hungarians only that Hungary was in a full Civil War, Transylvania was occupied by the Dictator Ladislaus Kan of the Kan gens who took over the lands of the Szeklers, Saxons and even expanded his territory outside the province of Transylvania in Arad county.

Vlachs and Hospitallers ruling over Hungarians, Saxons, Cumans, Pechenegs in the name of Hungary and Catholicism and then Basarab part Vlach and part Cuman dinasty recorded with a mixed Vlach and Pecheneg army at Posada but before that settling in the Saxon city of Campo Longo, Wallachia peacefully together with Vlachs, Hungarians, Saxons and most likely Pechenegs of Fogaras led by a Cuman ruling class of Hatzeg

MULTIETHNIC

Proposed Roster: Early: "Voivode of Terra Lytua" (Nomad and Hungarian style. Horse Archers. Bow. Two-Handed Teutonic or Spatha Sword). "Lytua Curteni" Horse Archers (Byzantine and Nomad style. Bow. Axe. Mace. Sword), "Lytua Boieri" Archers (Byzantine and Native. Bow. Axe. Mace. Sword), "Lytua Serbi" Spearmen (Native. Archer-Spearmen). "Hospitaller Knights". "Duke of Fogaras" (Cuman and Saxon Style. Lancers. Two-Handed Teutonic Sword or Spatha as a secondary melee weapon). "Kenez of Hatzeg" (Hungarian and Cuman style. Hatzegan Nobles. Hungarian Style). "Magister of Campo Longo" (Saxon style. Saxon Nobles. German Style). "Fogaras Boieri" (Saxon Style. Lancers. Western Style. Teutonic Influences). "Saxon Knights" (Teutonic Style. Burzenland. Fogaras. Severin). "Hungarian Knights" (Hungarian and Teutonic Style. Ladislaus Kan. Charles of Anjou. Hatzegans. Fogaras and Amlas Settlers). "Cuman Horse Archers" (Cuman style. Fogaras. Hatzeg. Severin. Transalpina. Baragan Plain). "Pecheneg Archers" (Cuman style. Poison Arrows. Fogaras. Baragan Plain). "Boieri" (Cuman and Tartar style. Vlachs. Horse Archers. Sword. Axe. Mace). "Kukullovar Castellans" (Hungarian style. Sword and Shield. Plate. Hungarians of Ladislaus Kan). "Szorenyvar Castellans" (Hungarian and Saxon style. Multiethnic Guard of Severin: Vlach. Saxon. Cuman. Hungarian. They defeated the Serbian and Byzantine Invaders. Spearmen. Full Plate. Hospitaller Influence). "Vlach Archers" (Cuman style. Poison Arrows. Axe. Sickle. Club. Mace). "Serbi" (Native style. Axe. Sickle. Club. Javelins). "Vecini" (Native style. Slingers).

NATIVE

Proposed Roster: High: Mircea the Elder. Lancers: "Spatarei" (Hungarian and Venetian style. Full Scale). Horse Archer Nobles: "Boieri" (Byzantine and Saxon style. Partial Plate. Scale. Bow. Two-Handed Swords). "Mosneni" (Native and Saxon style. Scale and Studded. Bow. Axe. Mace. Flail. Morningstar. Club). "Slujitori" (Native style. Brigantine. Melee Cavalry. Squires with short spears). Archer-Lancers Veterans: "Viteji" (Venetian and Saxon style. Scale) and Retinue: "Curteni" (Byzantine and Saxon Style. Leather and Padded), Paid: "Targoveti" (Saxon and Turkish style. Partial Plate. Lance. Curved Sword. Sabre or Scimitar). Infantry: "Mosneni Arcasi" Archers (Archer-Spearmen. Scale). "Curteni Arcasi" Halberdiers (Archer-Halberdiers. Poleaxe. Medieval Pick. Scale. Studded. Padded). Targoveti Crossbowmen (Medium. Sabre. Scimitar). "Vanatori" Marksmen (Native style. Archers. Greatsword. Bow. Leather). "Spatarei Pedestri" Greatswordsmen (Spatha). "Boieri Pedestri" Axemen. (Battlefield Great Axe. Poleaxe. Some Spatha. Bow. Iron Cuirass). "Mosneni Pedestri" Macemen. (Great Mace. Flail. Morningstar. Few Greatswords. Some Crude Large Axes. Leather. Few Iron Cuirasses). "Voinici" Spearmen (Venetian and Saxon style. Spear. Shield. Mace. Axe. Plate and Scale). "Targoveti" Swordsmen (Sword and Shield. Bow. Curved Sword. Scimitar. Sabre. Plate). "Serbi Sulitasi" Pikemen (Native and Turkish gear. Long Spears). "Serbi" Halberdiers (Native and Turkish gear. Crude Voulge like Polearm). "Plaiesi" Javelinmen (Saxon and Turkish gear. Axemen. Axe. Mace. Curved Sword. Javelins. Scale. Studded. Padded. Brigantine). "Hungarian Knights". "Hungarian Halberdiers". Hungarian Serjeants". "Szekely Primipili" Avangard (Horse Archer. Best High HA). "Count of Szekelys". "Count of Hermannstadt" (Saxons). "Transylvanian Crossbowmen" (Hungarian style. Full Scale). "Klausenburg Castellans" (Saxons. Macemen. Mace. Shield. Partial Plate). "Nosnerland Castellans" (Saxons. Greatswordsmen. Partial Plate). "Bulgarian Brigands: (Turkish Style. Medium). Byzantine "Heavy Archers" (Dan II. High Byzantine Roster). Byzantine "Heavy Swordsmen" (Dan II. High Byzantine Roster). "Serbian Gusars" or just "Gusars" (Kosovo)

HUNGARIAN

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Second half. Vlad II Dracul. He became a Knight of the Order of the Dragon. His son Mircea II Dracula fought at Varna. John Hunyadi also fough under the King of Poland and Hungary but lost. Moldavians participated too. Vlad II Dracul negociated a peace with the Ottomans and gave the Sultan his youngest sons as hostages. He was killed by nobles and Mircea II buried alive. Vlad III Dracula emerged. He spent his life fighting the Ottomans and punishing the nobility. Same as Mathias Corvinus didn't trust the nobility and made a proffesional army of mercenaries. Invaded Bulgaria, killed 30,000 Turks and stopped a 300 warship fleet from attacking Caffa of the allied Venetians. Impaled 20,000 Turks in the capital. Burned his own villages and practiced social cleansing by organising feasts and then setting fire to the building and the beggars or crooked nobility and merchants inside. Used torture. Many types together with impaling alive victims. Sent 5,000 horsemen to Moldavia and set his cousin as ruler. Together with Mathias and Vuk Brankovic attacked and sacked the Ottoman held Bosnia and counterattacked the ambushers from a forrest by charging them in the rear with cavalry. He was invaded by 90,000 Ottomans and the Sipahi defeated the Wallachian resistance. The Sipahi were fallowed by his brothers, Radu III Dracula who led the Janissary and conscripted sustainers from the rebel nobility. Vlad III Dracula after about six battles and a night attack in the first days of the invasion when he killed 15,000 men finally was defeated. After being closed for about a decade by Mathias after the Saxons accused him of betrayal he was freed and together with Hungarians, Transylvanians, Szeklers and Moldavians defeated Radu. All left only the Moldavians remaining and because he was cought unprepated by a Ottoman invasion died on the battlefield tigether with his 4,000 loyal guard of Moldavians, veterans and mercenaries. Stephen the Great, installed by Vlad continued to rule Moldavia and organised a Crusade with Poland, Hungary and Brandenburg against the Ottomans but the Poles decided to invade him instead and Stephen defeated them. The stepbrother of Vlad III Dracula or "the Impaler", Vlad IV Dracula also known as the "Monk" fallowed. Stephen the Great mingled in a riot of the four nations of Transylvania: Hungarians, Vlachs, Szeklers and Saxons against the reforms of Mathias Corvinus and occupied Kilia. He was punished by the Hungarian king who sacked and burned three major cities but was shot three times in the back with arrows and the Moldavian nobles dismounted and charged the Hungarian Knights with axes. They set fire to the fortified former Hungarian capital too, Baia and many Hungarians were consumed by flames. Vlad intermediated a truce and all became allies. Mathias granted several villages to Stephen for aiding Vlad against the Ottomans. Stephen faced many Tartar and Ottoman invasions but defeated them all except a blitzkrieg from the sea when he lost the ports and citadels of Kilia and Bilgorod. He annihilated the Tartars and took the son of the Golden Horde Khan prisoner impaling the diplomats and cutting the nose of the one sent back after slicing the Khan's son in four pieces in front of them all when they told him the Khan thretened to attack if he would not free his son. He also killed the brother of the Khan in battle. Stephen allied Theodoro and the Crimean Kanate and the last faction destroyed the Golden Horde for good after being weakened by the Moldavian cavalry including the Hansari (Hussars). Stephen sent 300 guard archer and 50 warships to Theodoro invaded by Ottomans by sea but in vain. He was the brother-in-law of Theodoro. Another reform. Proffesional army. Only Viteji and Voinici Vetrans, no Nobles. Order of the Dragon. Dragon Infantry and Cavalry. Mercenaries in the detriment of Nobility. Hungarian, Transylvanian, Szekler, Saxon and Moldavian troops. Moldavian Halberdiers and Elite Guard Archers, the Curteni of Grunwald and Varna. A 300-400 strong few but very elite corps. Maybe the 3,000 Moldavian Viteji elite cavalry corps. 4,000 Moldavians in total. That would mean 600-700 elite halberdiers with 2m axe-shaped halberds. Probably the 100 masters of the bow Hunter Elite Native Archer corps still, as Marksmen. Elite Stalkers and Scouts able to speak Turkish and masters of disguise, making the Ottomans kill each other in chaos, in order to catch them and setting havoc in enemy camps. Assasins. Skilled swordsmen beheading the adversaries as they advance rapidly and charge in enemy land. Raiders setting fire to enemy camps and settlements. Multiporposed, swift troops. Ambushers. Shock troops but sturdy also. Western gear. Dracula bought gear with the tribute he did not sent to the Sultan, 10,000 mercenaries and ten warships to cross the Danube and devastate Bulgaria. Also mercenaries bought by Mathias with the money sent by the pope and given to Vlad.

Proposed Roster: Late: "Vlad Dracula". "Voivode of Transylvania". "Hungarian Knights". "Hungarian Halberdiers". "Hungarian Pavisiers". "Hungarian Late Serjeants". "Count of Hermannstadt". "Count of Szekelys". "Szekely Primores"(Knights). "Kronstadt Halberdiers" (Medieval Pick). "Transylvanian Crossbowmen" (Full Plate), "Nosnerland Castellans" (Greatswordsmen. Full Plate). "Klausenburg Castellans" (Mace. Shield. Full Plate). "Hatzeg Castellans" (Macemen. Great mace. Plate. Tabards). Temeswar Castellans (Swordsmen. Shield. Sword. Full Plate). "Moldavian Voinici" (Halberdiers. Polearms. Plate and Scale), "Razesi Archers" (Medium but elite sword and shield guard bowmen), "Moldavian Curteni" (Archer-Lancers. Best Late HA), "Moldavian Viteji" (Lancers), "Moldavian Hansari" (Hussars), Native Infantry: "Strajeri" Halberdiers (Polearms. Plate and Scale). "Voinici" Greatswords (Plate Cuirass). Native Cavalry: "Viteji" Lancers (Scale). Reformed: "Ordinul Dragonului Infantry" Halberdiers (Poleaxe. Plate). "Ordinul Dragonului Cavalry" Lancers (Full Plate). "Curteni" Crossbowmen (Medium and Heavy. Large round and kite shield. Sword. Sabre. Full Scale). "Plaiesi" Handgunners. "Vanatori" Marksmen (Bow. Sword and Shield. Plate Cuirass. Knee and Elbow Protectors. Heavy Shield). All Hungarian and Venetian Style.



General Gear

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Gear: Curved swords, great spatha sword, Tartar leather shield over wood, Moldavian late 2 m halberd, crossbows, bow, Moldavian unique saber, see sword of Stephen the Great at Istanbul, crude polearms, large axes, large maces, flails, morningstars, 10,000 Wallachian Venetian made scale cavalry suits of armor since the second half of the 14 century. Long spears. Javelins. Slings. Fire weapons. Cannons. The cavalry lance is recorded only during Mircea the Elder and the Tournaments of Buda so High and Late or just Late. Poison arrows since Early probably but recorded since High at Posada and the mixed Vlach and Pecheneg army of Basarab. A reform of Stephen the Great in which every citizen cough without bow and arrows and sword was beheaded on the spot. Stephen the Great could gather 40,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry. Relied much on the Razesi Peasents conscrpited from the mountains and given land. He also had a vast system of citadels and skilled and loyal garrisons. Also mounted to reach from a citadel to another. There is a legend of the Polish King rewarding the garrisons of Khotyn for not abandoning their avanpost even if enemy. Also he was able to recruit a new army from Vrancea when his army was annihilated in war so a lot of conscripts. Numerous army, prepared for war at all times. Amongst citadels, fortified monasteries too. 3,000 strong contingent of elite Viteji Cavalry, in the tradition of the Viteji of Maramaros who conquered Moldavia from the Cumans and Tartars after a century long war together with Szeklers and Hungarians after driving them and the allied Moldavians out of Hungary, Maramaros, Transylvania, Szeklerland or Szekelyfold and Burzenland of the Saxons. Also from Saxon Nosnerland in the heart of Transylvania. They also had very elite guard archers, both mounted and dismounted, the Curteni, 400 sent at Grunwald where they destroyed a Teutonic Heavy Knights corps charging them after dismounting and killing the horses and then mounting again with lightning speed and charging the fallen knights. They had lances as secondary weapons as strange as it may sound. 3000-4000 under the command of the Wallachian heir and ruler of the light cavalry wing of swift Wallachian nobles and veterans, Mircea II Dracula at Varna. They fought to the very end next to Hunyadi and the Knights of Rhodes even if the Polish king of Hungary and Poland, leader of the Crusade died after being beheaded in a failed ambush.. 300 at Theodoro embarking ships and fighting at sea and then defending the stronghold. Also up to 4,000 guard troops to Vlad III Dracula that died by his side, protecting him, probably elite heavy or medium halberdiers and guard archers. Troops were also sent to Mircea the Elder and Nicopolis even if together with Wallachians did not engage after the foolish charge of the young French led Crusader Knights. At Kosovo only Wallachians were present next to Serbian supporters under John Hunyadi. Albanians of Skanderbeg and Bohemians did not arrive due to the other, allied to Ottomans, Serbians.

Possible Moldavian and Transylvanian rosters, if added

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Moldavia:

Early



Two options: the roster bellow or starting as Maramaros


1st half


Cumans:

Cuman Roster:

Units


Skirmishers

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Foot Archers

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Nomadic Spearmen

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Cuman Axemen

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Cuman Noble Spearmen

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Cuman Macemen

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Horse Skirmishers

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Tribesmen

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Light Horse Archers

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Heavy Horse Archers

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Steppe Lancers

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Heavy Lancers

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Khan's Lancers

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Khan of Black Cumania

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Jasz:

Jasz Horse Archers


Vlachs:


Shared with Transylvania:

Vlachs (Horse Archers)



Shared with Wallachia:

Boieri (Horse Archers)

Serbi (Archer-Spearmen)

Vecini (Slingers)

Peheneg Archers

Vlach Archers



Bordini:

Bordini Horse Archers (Unique or shared with Tartars and Cumans)



Shared with Kiev:

Halych rebels:

Galician Bojars

Galician Knyaz

Vityaz


Unique:

Bolohoveni Pedestri (Archer-Greataxemen)

Bolohoveni (Horse Archers)



2nd half


Tartar Khan

Tartar Horse Archers

Tartar Lancers

Character: Ploscanea of the Bordini joining the Cumans and Kievans against the Mongols in 1223 at Khalka River Battle

High


1st half


Tartar Khan

Half of the Cumans above. The same as above.


Because it is hard to represent them thus and because Szeklers, Hungarians, Transylvanians and Maramaros started attacking Moldavia since the begining of the 14th century and even before at the last of the second half of the 13th century no Cumans and Tartars should be present only the colonists and allied troops


2nd half

Only the Vlach units from Early. No Bordini. No Bolohoveni. No Jasz. No Galicians. maybe few Tartars, Cumans and Pechenegs and also perhaps a unit representing the Ceangai (Csangok of Hungarian or mixed Hungarian and Khabar descent) and the Oghuz that remained under Moldavian suzeranity in the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia, Bessarabia, the Gagauzi. They should still be in, in tier 3 as well.


Common allies with Wallachia:


Hungarian Knights

Szekely Primores

Szekely Primipili

Transylvanian Crossbowmen


Unique:

Voivode of Maramaros and Duke of Moldavia

Maramaros Viteji

Transylvanian Knights



Common units with Wallachia:


The above Vlach units, from tier 1


Additional:


Moldavian Viteji

Moldavian Curteni

Moldavian Voinici


Character: Bogdan Musat



Late


Voivode of Moldavia



Common units with Wallachia:


Regiments of Renown


Moldavian Viteji (Lancers. 3,000 Picked Veterans. Venetian Gear. Native exquisite Sabres. Inspire. Frighten. True Knights)

Moldavian Curteni (Archer-Lancers. Best HA. Native Gear. Extremely Fast. Inspire. Frighten. Alexander the Good's 400 Heroes of Grunwald. Lightning Speed. Bow Mastery and Swift Lancers in the Same Unit. Teutonic Knights Slayers)

Moldavian Voinici (Halberdiers. Top Noch. Venetian Gear. Best Gear. Polearms. Deffensive. Guard. A 2m axe shaped halberd with spear heads upwards and opposite the blade. Inspire. Stars of their Era)

Moldavian Razesi (Archers. 300 Elite Guard. Picked Archers with Venetian made Sabers. Well Armored. Sent in Theodoro in a Suicidal Mission against the Ottomans, by sea. Frighten. Masters of the Bow)

Moldavian Hansari (Hussars. Copy of the Serbian Gusars. Native flexible and extremely sharp Sabre blades. Polish Gear. Frighten. Master Raiders)


Moldavian Infantry (the already existing unit)




Wallachian roster:

Representing the Wallachian 6,000 cavalry supporting troops:


Regiments of Renown:


Spatarei (Lancers)

Boieri (HA)

Targoveti (Lancers)

Boieri Pedestri (Archer-Greataxemen)

Spatarei Pedestri (Greatswordsmen)

Targoveti Pedestri (Swordsmen)




Unique (Tsardoms):


Border Guards, Garrisons and Crusaders:


Moldavian Plaiesi (Horse Archers. Bow. Scimitar. Light Scouts. Border Guards. Regular. Large Amo. Medium Rate of Fire)

Razesi (Scouts. Medium Scouts and Raiders. Similar to Hussars. Scale and Studded Leather. Few Iron Cuirasses. Saxon and Venetian Gear. Regular. Extremely Fast. Countercharge Cavalry. Scimitar. War Axe. Sickle. Mace. Shield. Melee Cavalry)

Razesi Arcasi (Archer-Halberdiers. Poleaxe. Medieval pick. Battle Axe. Peasant Crusaders fighting for receiving land. Studded Leather. Scale. Regular. Sturdy. Armor Piercing. Very High Missile Damage. Low Rate of Fire. Medium Amo)

Razesi Pedestri (Elite Macemen. Greatmace. Great Spiked Clubs. Flails too. Two-Handed Weapons. Handle and short shaft. Scale armor. Used the mace of regular peasant to perfection, mastering the technique of fighting heavy knights in full plate armor. Venetian and Polish Gear. Regular. Sturdy. Steady. Frighten. Berserk)

Mazili (Nobles that lost status and trying to redeem themselves. Semi-Professional due to skill and still recognised status by the peasants and even the newly formed middle class of Razesi and Nemesi. Similar to the Dark Age Knyaz. Exiled for incompetence or corruption as traiters would be beheaded on the spot. Living next to Razesi in the eastern border near to Tartars as a punishment and always in danger of being victims of nomad raids. Still they managed to create a new social class with a status recognised and respected by neighbouring peasants and small nobility, lesser lords. Horse Archers. Club. Mace. Flail. Axe. War Axe. Woodchopper's Axe. Sickles. Sickles, Scythes, Axe heads tied to a short shaft. Simple staffs even. Rough Short Pole Weapons. Transformed willing or not into border guards. Using the mace against better equiped units, cancelling their superior gear. Irregular Exiles. Extremely Fast. Poison Arrows. Very good rate of Fire. Inspire. Few Amo)

Mazili Pedestri (Fallen from grace Boieri. Greatmacemen. Shafted two-handed Mace. Large mace wielded with both hands. 10-15 kg iron spheres or greater. Morningstars. Flail. Spiked clubs. Large axes. Woodcutter's Axe. Few Battle Axes. Scythe. Scythe like polearms. Two-Handed Shafted Polearm like Weapons. Long Shaft. Sickles, Scythes, Axe Heads tied to a Pole. Staffs. Sticks. Rods. Long clubs with nails, sharp and blunt endings, enforced with metal or natural mace like heads. Also sharp hooks tied to a pole. They did not have the gear but had the knowledge, skill and ambition. Poorley equiped and no armor but still excellent, feared and respected troops. Border guards. Using the Greatmace wielded two-handedly to cancell the better gear of the adversary together with speed and going frenzy. Shock Troops. Eager to redeem themselves. Exiles. Irregular. Hard to Handle. Arrogant. Uncontrollable. Frighten. Inspire. Berserkers)



Agricultural Lords and their Squires:


Moldavian Boieri (Heavy Lancers. Traditional Spatha. Scale and Iron Breastplates. Polish and Saxon Gear. Inspire. Nobles)

Boieri Arcasi (Archers. Masive two-handed spatha sword. Byzantine aspect. Gold decorated, rough iron cuirasses, padded, studded, leather, bronze and / or silver scale and lamellar. Cloaks red and blue, rich ornamented helmets. Some having long clothes with furr at the margins. Also furr at bottom of helmets. Coif like helmets. Byzantine and Saxon Gear. Poison Arrows. Good Rate of Fire. Decent Amo)

Moldavian Strajeri (Medium Greatmacemen. Single-Handed but Heavy Maces. 10-15 kg Iron spheres. Spiked clubs also. Tartar Leather Shields. Oval too. Even kite. Few having scale or lamellar silver armor. Some with leather and ones without any type of armor. Traditional peasant white clothes underneath. Picked Peasants. Irregular. Pretty Tough. Frenzy)



Proffesional troops, Retinue, Royal Household. Citadel Dwellers. Guarding and scouting around forts, citadels and surrounding villages, hills and mountains. A vast network of forts and citadels:


Vanatori din Neamt (Heavy Archers with sword and shield or Greatsword and / or Greataxe. Greatmace. Elite Huntsmen. Scale armor. Venetian scale. Elite Plaiesi Border Guards of the Citadel of Neamt. Royal. Poison Arrows. Armor Piercing. Very Good Rate of Fire. Medium Amo)

Garda Domneasca (Heavy Knights. Spatha. Royal. During the Battle of Valea Alba when all the army routed, his few select guard troops remained guarding him with their own bodies even if surrounded by Turks. Melee Cavalry. Full Plate. Full Scale. Mixed Venetian and Polish Gear. Inspire. Fight to the Death. High Leadership. Oathsworn)

Calarasi (Medium Horse Archers. Axe. Mace. Scimitar. Retinue. Leather. Padded. Lamellar. Scale. Few Iron Cuirasses. Saxon and Byzantine Gear. Very Fast. Elite. Armor Piercing. Good Rate of Fire. Very High Missile Damage. Medium Amo)

Nemesi Pedestri (Greataxemen. Similar to Mosneni. Proffesional Troops. Peasant Retinue Veterans. Given Privileges and nobility similar to Razesi that were also granted land. "Nemesi" became a title on it's own. Formed during sieges from dismounted troops but most likely prepared with a greatweapon before and trained. Iron Cuirasses. Saxon Gear. Irregular. Fast. Shock. Frighten. Steady. Armor Piercing)

Nemesi (Medium Lancer-Archers. Some Iron Cuirasses. Scale. Leather. Saxon and Polish Gear. Retinue. Fast. Shock. Devastating Charge)

Nemesi Arcasi (Archers. bow. axe. mace. flail. morning star. scimitar. spiked club. club. Some Iron Cuirasses. Saxon Gear. Retinue. Armor Piercing. Fast. Shock Troops letting loose 2-3 arrows before charging. Very High Missile Damage. Low rate of fire. Few Amo)

Plaiesi Arcasi (Medium Archer-Spearmen. Polearms too similar to the Voulge. Borderguards. Citadel. Fort. Garrisons. Scale. Polish Gear. Irregular. Can Hide Anywhere. High Missile Damage. Large Amo)

Voinici Sulitasi (Spearmen. Elite. Venetian Full Plate. Redish Color as depicted in Churches. Best gear. Spear and Polesword. Other Polearms similar to Spear, Trident etc. Curved Sword. Retinue. Steady. Inspire)



Serfs of the Nobles, Free Men, Peasants, Day Workers:


Vecini Sulitasi (Spearmen. Spear. Trident Spears. Hooked Spears. Axe. Mace. Flail. Morningstar. Club. Sickle. Scimitar. Militia)

Serbi Arcasi (Archer-Voulgiers or Greataxemen. Greatmacemen. Militia)

Vecini (Militia Archer-Spearmen. Spear. Scythe. Rude polearms. Improvised Trident like Spears and Schythe like Polearms. Some Hooked. Irregular)



Palace Guards, Court Nobles and Elite Paid Handgunners:


Garda Portarului (Halberdiers. Poleaxe. Royal. Anti-Cav. Both Shock and Deffensive. Palace guards in times of peace and on the battlefield the guard of the Portar, army commander. Mixed Venetian and Polish Gear. Full and Partial Plate. Full Scale. Inspire. Frighten. Fight to the Death. Oathsworn)

Curteni Spadasini (Two-Handed Spatha. Iron and / or golden cuirass. Long cloaks, long jackets, some with furr jackets over the armor. Coif helmets. RIch ornaments. Mixed Byzantine and Polish Gear. Very skilled. High Leadership. Proud. Hard to shatter)

Curteni Pedestri (Macemen. Oval medium shields. Square concave too of metal. Large mace. Partial plate. Scale. Studded. Padded. Lamellar. Mixed Byzantine and Venetian Gear. Very Steady. Armor Piercing. Excellent defence combined with anti-armor weapons. Heavy Damage Dealers)

Lefegii Handgunners (Mercs. Retinue. Armor Piercing)



Regular. The Backbone of the Army. Original Battle Line. Proffesional soldiers. Battlefield Army. Field Troops:


Moldavian Infantry (The already existing swordsmen. Main Battle Line Keepers. Regular)

Moldavian Archers (Bow. Teardrop and kite shield. Scale armor. Longsword. Scimitar. Sabre. Mixed Saxon and Venetian gear. A sort of Pavise Archers. Used alongside the units bellow best. Can stand their ground in melee. Capable both ranged and in close quarters. Polish and Saxon Gear. Regular. Good Rate of Fire)

Voinici Arcasi (Archers. Byzantine Iron Cuirasses. Gold and Silver. Some decorated. Scale. Padded. Lamellar. Longsword. Oval small and medium shields. Coif decorated helmets. Saxon and Byzantine Gear. Very Good Rate of Fire)

Voinici Spadasini (Swordsmen. Sword and Shield. Plate. Scale. Large Shields. Mixed Saxon and Polish Gear. Late. Ranged Troops Defenders. Pavise Swordsmen. Regular)



How Voinici Spadasini should look like:

The other unit can be Moldavian Strajeri:




Stephen the Great was given several villages in exchange for the villages he claimed in Maramaros as a heritage and because he offered support to Vlad Dracula of Wallachia thus becoming a Hungarian Client State, officially joining the Crusaders and anti-Ottoman struggle under the Order of the Dragon semi-obscure organisation. Maybe further Transylvanian units during late, for instance:

Transylvanian Peasants (Axe. Mace. Club. Sickle. Scythe)

Transylvanian Conscripts (Spear. Rough Polearms similar to the Scythe)

They were used with great succes and in mass in the defence of Belgrade and last Crusade of John Hunyadi so part of the Transylvanian roster too as a disorderly mob militia. This crowd scared the Ottomans and in fact were pretty tough combatants. Hardy folk due to the rough farm lives they had.

For Moldavia can also represent the involvement of Stephen the Great in the revolt against Mathias Corvinus reforms and supporting the four nations of Transylvania against him. After Mathias supressed the riot impaling, beheading and totturing leaders of all four nations, Hungarians, Szeklers, Saxons and Vlachs he started a campaing against the Moldavians being determined to crush them and wipe their race, burning all the settlements and finding three reasons for doing so: Involvement in the riot of Transylvania, Capture of Kilia Port and Citadel at the Black Sea and the right of the Hungarians over Moldavia after they captured it from the Tartars and Cumans together with the Voivode of Maramaros, Transylvanians and Szeklers and their riot and anti-Hungarian coup. Because of the heavy amount of victims from both sides Mathias, after himself had a near death experience being protected by his loyal bodyguards decided to change tactic, officially cancelling any claims on Moldavia and made them his allies instead against the Ottomans.


Character: Stephen the Great



TRANSYLVANIA

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EARLY

Voivode of Transylvania


Kan gens Oligarchs (tier 1 and 2)

Borsa gens Barons (tier 1 and 2)


Transylvanian Crossbowmen

Transylvanian Knights (Lancers)

Transylvanian Swordsmen (Longswordsmen)

Transylvanian Guards (Greatswordsmen)

Transylvanian Nobles (Heavy Spearmen)



Kenez of Kukullovar (Lancers)

Kukullovar Castellans (Swordsmen)



Kenez of Hatzeg (Archer-Lancers)

Hatzeg Castellans (Greatmacemen)



Only tier 1:



Burzenland:

Teutonic Hochmeister

Teutonic Knights

Teutonic Squires

Teutonic Serjeants

Teutonic Auxiliary



All tiers:



Shared with Wallachia:


Hungarian Allied Troops:


Hungarian Knights

Temeswar Castellans (Swordsmen)

Szorenyvar Castellans (Spearmen) - tiers 1 and 2



Vlachs (Horse Archers)



Szekelyfold:

Count of Szekelys (Lancers)

Szekely Primores (Knights)

Szekely Primipili (Horse Archers)

Szekely Pixidalii (Archer-Swordsmen)



Hermannstadt:

Count of Hermannstadt (Lancers)

Saxon Knights (Lancers)

Saxon Infantry (Swordsmen)

Saxon Burghers (Polearms)



Transylvanian Saxons:

Wallachians were given the Bologa Citadel next to Klausenburg as a Symbol of both them and the Hungarians being protectors of the Saxons, encouraging trade and craftsmanship

Klausenburg Castellans (Macemen)



Nosnerland Royal Free City:

Magister of Nosnerland (Halberdiers)

Nosnerland Castellans (Greatswordsmen)

From left to right starting up: Magister of Nosnerland, Transylvanian Crossbowmen, middle row except archer Saxon Infantry including the bottom row first unit and the last Handgunners and Nosnerland Castellans




Middle row first unit Hatzeg Castellans and bottom row last two Kronstadt Castellans






Special status, Wallachian support troops, between Hermannstadt and Duchy of Fogaras and Amlas, Wallachian held, important trade center, Kronstadt:

Dependent of Hermannstadt but separate too:

The city itself was Hermannstadt held even if pretty far from the League of Free Saxon Cities from Burzenland but Wallachians held the Bran Castle next to it as a symbol of them protecting the Saxon merchants of Kronstadt and encouraging trade as a condition of vassalage together with military support and Crusade participation.

Kronstadt Castellans (Spearmen)


Character: Ladislaus Kan




Same for all tiers



Additional:



High

Hungarian Serjeants

Hungarian Halberdiers

Transylvanian Nobles (Halberdiers. Poleaxe)

Kronstadt Halberdiers (Polearms)

Kronstadt Castellans (Spearmen)

Transylvanian Handgunners



Late

Same as High

Hungarian Pavise Spearmen

Hungarian Pavise Crossbowmen

Hungarian Late Serjeants

Armored Halberdiers

Hungarian Swordsmen

Transylvanian Nobles (Halberdiers. Medieval Pick)

Transylvanian Halberdiers (Poleaxe)

Kronstadt Halberdiers (Polearms)

Kronstadt Castellans (Spearmen)

Transylvanian Pavise Crossbowmen

Transylvanian Pavise Spearmen

Transylvanian Handgunners


Belgrade Peasant Crusader Conscripts of John Hunyadi:


Transylvanian Peasants (Axe. Mace. Club. Sickle)

Transylvanian Conscripts (Spear. Crude Polearms similar to the Scythe. Farming Tridents. Scythes. Shafted Maces. Sticks. Large Forrest Axes)

Character: John Hunyadi

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Models for units:

Kukullovar Castellans (Swordsmen)



Transylvanian Guard (Spearmen)



Transylvanian Swordsmen



Transylvanian Nobles (Halberdiers)



Temeswar Castellans (Swordsmen)



Transylvanian Knights (Lancers)



Other units can be made from the Radu Oltean illustrations you already have I guess, as he shows the sources too so good depictions.

WALLACHIAN UNIQUE LATE UNITS

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

SPADASINI (FIELD ASSASSINS)

Dressed in Turkish clothes and speaking Turkish would enter the enemy camp and try to assassinate the Sultan or at least create havoc and make the enemy kill their own in the chaos created. Deployable anywhere. Can hide anywhere. Sharp sabre blades. No armor. No shield. Shock and morale reducing troops. Scare enemies. Very fast. They could be used to give a morale penalty to enemy troops while ambushing them.

IMPALERS (EXECUTIONERS)

They were present on the battlefield ready to impale the captives and this made the Ottomans tremble. Another morale penalty inflicters. Used for reducing units leadership and for frightening especially infantry. presented dressed like nobles and carrying curved swords, scimitars and axes. Guard troops used solely for their abilities. Same abilities for Vlad Dracula as Character.

See Illustrations of the Saxons. Sorry but I wrote 10,000 Charaters.

http://www.donlinke.com/drakula/vlad.htm

Inconclusive Museum Pictures. General Info

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Some museum stuff but as Kjertesvein said these kind of armors started to appear at the end of the 15th century still

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Collection of Hohenzolern Sigmaringen rulers of Kingdom of Romania 19th and 20th centuries

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

15th century:









Starting from 14th century via Saxons of Transylvania even if the model bellow is from XVIth century



15th century Vlach plate armor



In the XVth century the Moldavians started using a 2m halberd with axe like shape, a spear head on the opposite side and one above. It was used by a proffesional corps probably the same as the guard provided by Stephen the Great to Dracula. They also started replacing the traditional weapon, the bow with handguns and crossbows.

@ Gigantus

Ty 4 PM. Hope now is easier 2 read!

@ Slytacular

Added info regarding the relation with Latins and some gear presentation

@ Warman222

Made of Wallachia a anti-Ottoman shield under Hungarian suzeranity and Holy Roman, Hungarian and Papal guidance, military support and funds including troops from Voivode of Transylvania, Count of Szekelys and Count of Hermannstadt. Support also from the Hungarian held Banate of Temeswar with troops under the direct command of the Voivode of Wallachia, Ban of Severin, Duke of Amlas and Fogaras, Castellan of Bran, Kronstadt and Bologa, Klausenburg. Moldavian Voivodes being installed and supported by the Hungarian, Transylvanian and Wallachian alliance. Moldavian support and possesions given to the Moldavian Voivode in Transylvania for entering the alliance of the Order of the Dragon led by the Hungarians in the east and with the Wallachian leader as battlefield commander and right wing of light cavalry in the Crusades led by Poles or Hungarians. In most of the cases the Wallachian lider led the southern campaigns while the Hungarians were busy in the west against the Bohemians and Austrians, intervening together in Bosnia together with Vuk Brankovic, also a Member of the Order of the Dragon. Bulgarian aid under Fruzhin, Serbian and Bosnian resistance fighters and Albanians under Skanderbeg in the Crusades. Also Polish, Knights of Rhodes and French aid. Bohemian and Holy Roman as well. A failed Polish, Hungarian, Brandenburg and Moldavian Crusade ended with the crushing defeat of the Poles by the Moldavians after their betrayal.

@ Ltd.

Wallachians had full scale suits of armor and even full plate and halberds since the second half of the 14th century, Radu I, father of Mircea the Elder, great grandfather of Vlad Dracula and his military reforms and the creation of a proffesional contingent of 10,000 cavalry, probably the introduction of Spatarei, Curteni and Viteji alongside the Boieri and Mosneni nobles. Later 6.000 were sent in Moldavia for Stephen the Great by Vlad Dracula, guided by Janos Hunyadi who was also helped by the father of Mathias Corvinus after his father was assassined by the nobility and his brother, the Crusader under Hunyadi command leading the right cavalry wing, Mircea Dracula, buried alive. Stephen the Great fled at Hunyadi and then at his cousin Vlad after his father was beheaded by nobility at a wedding after a plot in front of him.

@ Ybbon

No Osprey

@ Kjertesvein

What do you think?

@You Guess Who

Genoan, Venetian and Moldavian Mariners

@ The_Fawn_Rescuer

Rust is good here for low tier units alongside bashed helmets and armor for Serbi militia, regulars and paid burghers. Only the elite and household should have new Saxon and Venetian gear. Also the retinue soldiers and mercenaries later. Most bulk troops gathered the heavy gear after raining arrow fire on the enemy and ambushing them using shock troops and crude massive maces, flails and clubs with spikes, large axes too, can openers basically alongside the blunt weapons of the great majority of irregulars and even dismounted nobles and lesser nobles. The lack of self discipline and loyalty was what defined the nobles and they were left aside and replaced by picked soldiers, veterans, burghers and proffesional mercenary soldiers. So two very different elements of the army. The permanent troops, Curteni, Spatarei, regular: Viteji, Voinici, paid: Targoveti, semi-proffesional: Plaiesi and the bulk of nobles in the great assembly Boieri, Mosneni and their squires and irregulars: Serbi, Vecini, Rumani, Salahori. Later the lesser nobility, the Mosneni started being used as semi-proffesional troops being better trained, receiving horses, better gear and scale armor like the Targoveti and land same as the Razesi small nobility of the Moldavians as to counter the great nobility, the Boieri and to create a second social class of nobles as to ballance the Boieri who many times dethroned the Voivode and joined the Ottomans led by a member of the royal family who wanted the throne for his own.

[Ltd.]

In which museum can these be found ? I didn´t imagine Wallachians had such super heavily armored cavalry in the 16th century like the one in the picture with the chequered floor.
I guess mid-late 15th century they were influence heavily by the hungarians, who in turn were heavily influenced by the germans, whereas in the 16th century probably ottoman influence was more predominant

[FrozenmenSS]

In which museum can these be found ? I didn´t imagine Wallachians had such super heavily armored cavalry in the 16th century like the one in the picture with the chequered floor.
I guess mid-late 15th century they were influence heavily by the hungarians, who in turn were heavily influenced by the germans, whereas in the 16th century probably ottoman influence was more predominant

The Interior of the Castle Peles Armory Room Sinaia,Transilvania,Romania. The Armory is only 2 rooms if im not mistaken.

I have been there 15 years ago. Its really nice Castle.

[Visarion]

You can chech the museums from Bran, Peles, Neamt, Suceava. Well citadel museums. Yes indeed in the 14 and 15th century Hungarians had a very active role in Wallachia together with Transylvanians, Szeklers and Saxons and the later collaborated together with troops sent from Hungary against the Ottoman invasions and usurpers. Wallachians however imported gear directly from the Saxons and Venetians as well and even made use of Ottoman and Tartar gear. Wallachians used Bulgarian and Serbian mercs as well and Moldavians even adapted the Hussars or the Gusars of the Serbians called Hansari. I also found many nice depictions in churches. I will post them here. The last pics are from the National History Museum in Romania and the items start from 15th century. I will post the link.


The Romanian National History Museum:

http://mobile.hotnews.ro/stire/18882878

Church depictions including a Slav depiction of crossbowmen proving just what I assumed that like nowadays, church painters used contemporary gear.

Some kind of a Byzantine / Balkan native pavise crossbowmen corps. Alongside these types of crossbowmen the Vlachs and Serbs especially depict heavy pavise archer-swordsmen and archer-spearmen alongside heavy spearmen also wielding the heavy Byzantine and Balkan spatha. Both Byzantines and Wallachians had units called Spatharoi only that the Vlach called Spatarei, mounted lancers in the service of the Spatharus, the great cavalry commander as cav was the main noble force of both Moldavia and Wallachia. They made use of mixed lancer-archer cav and all the infantry no natter how heavy used the bow as a primary weapon much like the Irish and Scotish Galowglasses and Redshanks wielding a greatsword and a bow. Byzantine and Serbs especially used also multitasking for their troops combining ranged and melee capabilities, resulting a flexible force and this is not a wonder as these three nations fought together many times being united by family ties and common goals.

Heavy Serbian pavise crossbowmen armed in the Byzantine style with scale. At first Bulgarians, Serbians and Vlachs should be very similar to Byzantines as they were allies or heavily influenced through trade. Later German, Italian and Hungarian influences. Tartar and Polish in the north and east, especially Moldavia, Galicia and Theodoro.

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Thank you ,Visarion , for all your research. Really extensive material.
Do we really know, however, whether these depict late era ( with this I mean the mod's late era which is the 15th century) armour and equipment for the romans , since they look suspiciously light compared to other western factions. The current high era / 14th century units already wear more or less similar armour. I do intend to make that round lamellar armour as it would really make the romans look apart from everyone else, but would that fir to the 15th century ? In one of the pictures you posted where one re-enactor wears such an armour he also wears a bascinet so they'd probably wear those in the 14th / very early 15th century.
True 15th century kit would most likely contain more plate armour, even full plate for some guard units

Please tell me what you think guys! To all the community. If you have any suggestions just let me know! I accept negative criticism too!

Edit:

@ Ltd.

Ty 4 PM!

Wallachian Units:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Imfantry:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Prasents or Serbi and the proffesional Voinici or Sturdy

Suceava, Moldavia







Sf. Dumitru monastery



Probota monastery



Suceava, Moldavia

Ranged Infantry:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Suceava, Moldavia



Suceava, Moldavia

Cavalry:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Boieri, Mosneni nobles and the professional corps of Viteji meaning The Brave

Cozia monastery built during Mircea the Elder









St. George, Varvara church, Romania



Suceava, Moldavia

Ranged Cavalry:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Curteni:

http://www.vikingsword.com/vb/showthread.php?p=88713

Wallachian Army:




Moldavian Army:





Serbian Infantry:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Bulgarian Infantry:



Mamluks in Cyprus Church:



Crossbowmen in church paintings

[Visarion]

Another possible roster, first imagined one

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

There also appear Zweihanders but I guess they were from either Saxons of Hermannstadt or Hungarian mercs. That or the Hohenzolern Sigmaringen family brought all this collection with them but I know that is not the case as the family bought these items from the local nobles especially from Saxons and rich Hungarians from Transylvania. I read an article. They tried to collect gear as a history of these lands also inhabited by Germans so to not leave the country. Many were given to them as gifts by the nobles who wanted to establish good relations with the royal family.








Most likely the elite corps of counts of Hermannstadt, Kronstadt, Klausenburg and Nosnerland who had their own armies under the direct command of Count of Hermannstadt that responded only to the Hungarian king together with the Count of Szekelys and Voivode of Transylvania and Magister of Arad County and Arad Royal Free City. Also the Voivode of Maramaros. The Kenez of Hatzeg also had a different contingent but under the Voivode of Transylvania. Kukullovar and later Hunyad too.

They can be added as allied troops for the Walachian Voivode, Ban of Severin and Duke of Fogaras as many times he was made also Castellan of Bran, Kronstadt and of Klausenburg and the Saxons many times fought for him as he was their protector. The Wallachians were the guardians of the Saxon merchants to the Danube and Black Sea. Also Szeklers can be allied troops as many times aided them as a direct command of the Hungarian king even if the great army of Transylvania was not assembled. Also Hungarian, Saxon and Cuman army of Severin and Saxon inhabitants of the Wallachian city and trade center Campulung or Campo Longo. Mixed troops in Fogars too including Pechenegs, Cumans, Vlachs and Saxons that were also given in the army of the Wallachians. So let's say at least 3-4 Szekler troops, you know the social hierarchy, and at least the same Saxon troops from the time of Mircea the Elder onward so 14 15 th centuries as the Wallachian Voivode was also Castellan of Klausenburg, in the heart of Transylvania and Kronstadt near Wallachia or even in it, Duke of Fogaras and Amlas and Ban of Severin, thus a Hungarian knight and active player. Also Hungarian and Transylvanian allied troops. Most likely Transylvanian Heavy Crossbowmen about 10,000 and Greatswordsmen. Hungarian mounted and dismounted knights with Halberds. Szekler and Vlach mixed avangard cav and Saxon knights. Also Szekler infantry of lesser nobles. Most likely they also had knights.

Trade route: Klausenburg - Nosnerland - Hermannstadt - Kronstadt - Campo Longo - Brăila - Kilia




Wallachians would have a very diverse, multiethnic roster, unlike what many Romanians think.




Burzenland and Nosnerland

Saxon Allies:


Western knight like very heavy cav and inf with halberds and poleaxes but with two handed swords as well when dismounted

Self Ruling and Own Army: Count of Hermannstadt, Knights of Kronstadt very heavy and with horse armor

Dependent on the Wallachians or Transylvanians: Knights of Klausenburg, Knights of Kronstadt probably infantry, at least the first

Transylvanian Army: Knights of Nosnerland Imperial Free City most likely infantry

Wallachian Army: Saxons of Campo Longo similar heavy

Hungarian and Wallachian Army, dependent on both: Saxons of Severin

So:

Knights:

Late - Count of Hermannstadt (A border region including many more Saxon cities and at least officialy the more isolated Kronstadt)

High and Late - Knights of Kronstadt (Between the Duchy of Fogaras, ruled by the Wallachian Voivode and Wallachia proper, being a Wallachian protectorate and city of culture, trade and crafts, main weapon and armor source for Wallachia with renown blacksmiths. Also a important citadel, the most important in the area and near Kronstadt or Brasow was given to the Wallachians to rule, Bran Castle also known as Dracula Castle)

High - Saxons of Campo Longo (They were very important during the end of tier 1 and tier 2 and in Campulung migrated Saxons from Fogaras and Burzenland as well during the Hungarian Civil Wars. Campulung was the first capital, then Curtea de Arges and Targoviste but Campulung remained a major trading center and a cultural capital like Hermannstadt later)

Dismounted with poleaxes, medieval picks


Heavy Infantry:

High and Late - Banner of Nosnerland (Royal Free City with own coat of arms and army, fighting for Transylvania. Together with Szeklers and Maramaros fought against the Tartars and Cumans that invaded them and then also in Moldavia. Their walls were destroyed and the city sacked and burned during the Tartar invasions alongside other Szekler, Saxon and Maramaros settlements)

Late - Banner of Klausenburg (the region was given to the Wallachians to rule or at least in part, the main citadel)





Szekelyfold

Szekler Allies:


High - Pixidalii Infantry

High - Primipili Horse Archers best HA

Late - Primores Knights

Late - Count of Szekelys





Severin and Temeswar

Hungarian Army:


Troops of Severin, Temeswar or even Hungarian heartland including mounted and dismounted knights, especially heavy cav alongside the 10,000 own Wallachian Venetian scale knights of Mircea the Elder and 5,000 of Vlad Dracula

High and Late - Voivode of Maramaros even if involved mostly in Transylvania and Moldavia against the Tartars and Cumans





Transylvanian Voivode

Transylvanian Army:


Very heavy and proffesional

15,000 troops of which 7,000-10,000 heavy crossbowmen

Late - Transylvanian Crossbowmen (Elite)

Late - Retinue Greatswordsmen plate, heavy

High - Garrison Macemen long shafted mace, medium troops

Late - Hungarian Halberdiers very heavy

Late - Voivode of Transylvania best knights

High - Castellan of Kukullovar (a very important and ever present heavy knights corps fighting in the rear of the Szeklers)

High - Kenez of Hatzeg own cavalry corps of a fortified and cvasi-independent region near Wallachia, only with the assembled army of Transylvania, never on it's own unlike Saxons and Szeklers who were always prepared for war and self entities, virtually free. During the alliance between Tochomerius and Ladislaus Kan, Hatzeg was held by Wallachians and the place where Otto of Bavaria was taken prisoner and held in captivity by the Wallachian Voivode.





Moldavian Hungarian Mark

Moldavian allies:

All Late:

Moldavian Voinici (Halberdiers) with a 2 m halberd, proffesional corps

Moldavian Hansari (Hussars) similar to the Serbian Gusars and Polish Hussars

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Moldavian Razesi (Archers) proffesional foot guard archers

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Moldavian Viteji (Lancers) similar to the Maramorus Viteji and Kievan Vityaz or Vitjaz

Moldavian Curteni (HA) light, fast, swift, versatile

Moldavian Infantry the already existing heavy swords

Late - Voivode of Moldavia most of the Moldavian rulers were sustained by Wallachians for instance Alexander the Good by Mircea the Elder and Stephen the Great by Vlad Dracula with 5,000 cavalrymen and later by Mathias Corvin against the Ottomans. Stephen afterwards continuosly sent troops to both Wallachia and Hungary. For this he received several villages in Transylvania.




Kenazate of Vidin

High

Bulgarian and Transylvanian mercs and later even Serbian




Cumania and Black Cumania

Early

Cuman and Pecheneg Allies in first tiers, especially tier 1, Pechenegs in tier 2 also as foot archers, very skilled







Very Important, receiving western professional troops only if vassal of Hungary and Transylvanian, Szekler and Saxon allies and reformed and Hungarian allies together with Dragon mercenaries only if member of the Order of the Dragon and allied with HRE, Moldavian if taking or securing Moldavia with Suceava and Bilgorod. Else Cuman, Bulgarian, Serbian, Byzantine or Cuman and Tartar if a Ottoman Vassal. The vassal of Hungary and ally of HRE conditions can be cumulated with a more than 50% Catholic conversion while the others with a more than 50% Orthodox or Muslim. Transylvanian and Bulgarian mercs can be hired regardless.








Tier 1 should be a mix of Nomad, Native and Hungarian troops

Tier 2 mix of Native, Nomad, Bulgarian allies of Vidin, Saxons of Campo Longo and Transylvanians of Ladislau Kan troops. Bulgarian troops. Serbian and especially Byzantine allies. Later Hungarian. Hungarian troops should only be available if accepting or asking to become a Hungarian vassal. It should be scripted and a condition. Else militia guerilla troops and Ottoman allies.

Tier 3 mix of Native, Hungarian, Transylvanian, Szekler, Saxon and Moldavian troops, at the very end including Bulgarian, Serbian and Transylvanian mercs and shifting to a proffesional army similar to the Black Army of Hungary. Also Ottoman Janissary and Sipahi if the player chooses to go to war with Hungary but loosing all the western proffesional troops.






Wallachia Proper and Duchy of Fogaras

Own troops:


Royal Lancers:

Late - Spatarei Picked Lancers (Royal)

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Dismounted fighting with two handed swords



Horse Archers:

Early and High - Boieri Nobles

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

The unit from the left side

High - Squires a sword or short spear cav, melee supporting cav


High - Mosneni Lesser Nobles

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

That type of mace when fighting dismounted

Dismounted fighting with greataxes and poleaxes but also great flails, morningstars, maces



Paid cav:

High - Targoveti Paid Cavalry (Soldiers) burghers offered horses armor and weapons and on a payrole

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Dismounted fighting with sword and Tartar square shields





Age of Basarab and the Peasant Army

Militia Infantry:


All Early

Serbi Voulge Militia a crude hook halberd, very long, noble land workers and cattle herders, shepherds also. Serbi means servents. From the word "to serve".

Serbi Macemen two handed mace, flail, morningstar

Serbi Archer-Spearmen spears, forks, shafted maces, noble workers, free men

Vecini Spearmen very long spears, paid semi-proffesional troops, together with burghers some of the free men entered the service of permanent soldiers, directly to the Voivode, auxiliary troops

Vecini Archers as a secondary weapon crude sica like sword, Tartar and Turkic curved swords, axe, club, flail, lash, mine workers, salt extractors, fort and roads workers, tough jobs together with Salahori that offeted their services freely and Gypsies that were not free but sclaves, auxiliary paid troops, horse herders in the name of the Voivode, forts and city wall workers, road and mine workers in times of peace, fisheireis, monasteries, churches, lands of the monks and priests or given by the lord as gift together with fisheries and whole villages

Vecini Slingers





Age of Mircea the Elder and the Crusades


Elite:


Early - Curteni Royal Cavalry (Lancer-Archers) with poison arrows

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

High - Viteji Cavalry (Retinue Lancer-Archers) merc and veteran cav

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Dismounted fighting with spears and bows



Proffesional:


Late - Strajeri Halberdiers (Retinue Archer-Halberdiers) short medieval pick, poleaxe or similar weapons, very heavy, no shield or simple square one, guardians of trade routs and mountain passes

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

High - Vanatori Royal Marksmen (Medium Archers) 100 strong foot guard troop of the Voivode. Hunters and Rangers.

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

High - Curteni Royal Archers (Archer-Swordsmen) pavise heavy troops similar to the Byzantine concave teardrop, kite, rectangular one. Poison arrows.

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

High - Voinici Spearmen (Retinue Archer-Spearmen) pavise medium troops similar to the Byzantine oblong one or kite like but straight

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

High - Targoveti Paid Infantry (Soldiers) probably sword, mace and axe secondary and spear or halberd primary or sword like polearms. Possibly javelins.

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Age of Dracula and the Order of the Dragon

Dracula reform:


All Late:


Veteran:

Voinici Reformed Halberdiers (Veterans), poleaxe and medieval pick greatsword, plate

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Voinici Reformed Swordsmen (Veterans) sword and metal shield, plate

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Order of the Dragon:

Mercenary Dragon Infantry (Soldiers) sword mace waraxe medieval pick, shield

Western gear

Mercenary Dragon Cavalry (Soldiers) pure lancers

Western gear


Proffesional ranged:


Late


Crossbowmen

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Handgunners






Permanent garrisons, vast Trade Routes

Garrisons:

Veterans:

High - Plaiesi (Semi-Proffesional) borderguards and fort garrisons with javelin precursors and axe, sword, mace, flail, medieval pick, poleaxe. Poison javelins and / or heavy javelins, multiple types.



Mariners:


All tiers


Venetian Mariners

Genoan Mariners


Late - Moldavian Mariners





Victory conditions: Hold Targoviste, Suceava, Bilgorod, take Caffa, Kiev, Ryazan, Sharukan, Kursk, Halych, Krakow, Minsk, Riga, Vilnius, Wroclaw, Gdansk, Poznan, Tarnovo, Sredets, Ras, Nis, Scopie, Philipopolis, Constantinople, Nicaea, Iconium, Smyrna, Thessaloniki, Dyrrhachium, Corinth. Drive the Ottomans out of the Balkans. Defeat the Teutonic Order, Hungarian enemy. Maintain alliance with Hungary. Fight Poland, Lithuania, Golden Horde, Cumans and Bulgaria. Ally with HRE. Protect Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, Serbia, Venice and Byzantine factions. Maintain or set Alliance with Venice. Trade with HRE, Hungary, Venice and Genoa. Ally with Kingdom of Jerusalem and Cyprus and Knights of Rhodes.

[Bobi_TWR]

Why so much attention to Bulgarian Vassal?

[FrozenmenSS]

Why so much attention to Bulgarian Vassal?

Warman said inthe past the proto-romanian factions and the Ottomans are sleeping factions - got late game units,but their early ones are nothing special.

[Visarion]

Because of later times, check the Wallachia and Moldavia Research Thread there is very detailed proof there that later it evolved separately and it was a very active Anti-Ottoman player. I am trying to mix them with Moldavians too. Transylvanians, Szeklers and Saxons also to be represented somehow. Hoping for Croatia too as a separate entity. Here is why. Wallachia: many victories against Hungarians, Bulgarians, Ottomans, being involved in the Hungarian Civil Wars, being one of Hungarian and Ottomans greatest threat, intervening for Moldavia and Vidin, allied with Dobrudja fighting Tarnovo, allied to Serbian Resistance and Hungary fighting Ottomans in Bosnia, allied to Constantinople and Serbians fighting Ottomans, fighting in crusades (Varna, Nicopolis, Kosovo), receiving Hungarian, Transylvanian, Szekler, Saxon, Moldavian and Byzantine troops. Organised multiple campaigns against the Ottomans in Bulgaria including raids together with the heir of Tarnovo, Fruzhin and Hungarian troops for freeing Bulgaria. It was involved in the Anti-Ottoman revolt of heirs of Vidin and Tarnovo. Stopped the 300 ships invasion of Caffa by attacking and burning settlements from Dobrudja and Bulgaria. Was a powerfull ally of Hungary and Venice, active in the Black Sea trade offering ports to the Italians and protection. Moldavia was never occupied, it defeated the Hungarian, Ottoman, Polish and Golden Horde armies, participated in Crusades. Was allied to Wallachia, Poland, Hungary, Crimean Tartars and Theodoro. Was the faction that annihilated the Golden Horde in alliance with the Crimean Khanate. Participated in Polish and Hungarian led Crusades. Joined Wallachia and Hungary in the Anti-Ottoman struggle. It organised a crusade for retaking Bilgorod and Kilia together with Poland, Hungary and Brandenburg. Participated in the Anti-Teuton battles and final defeat with Poland and Lithuania. Provided support for Theodoro and sent troops and ships against the Ottoman invasion. Both collaborated with Genoa and Venice. Moldavian rulers were aided to the throne and protected by both Wallachia and Hungary so some troops can be included in the Wallachian roster together with Transylvanian, Szekler and Saxon allies. Cuman and Pecheneg early.

And besides how come 30 years of Bulgarian alliance compare to 300 years of Hungarian alliance!?

[FrozenmenSS]

btw I never heard of Dobrudjan Pirates. As a person living in the Dobrudja - there were no bulgarian pirates especially on ships. The only account is the Despot of Dobrudja helping Trebizond in its internal affairs with minor naval force,but thats about it. The Bulgarians didnt had real navies till the late XIX- early XX century. They had trading vessels,based on the Byzantine ships on the Danube and in the Black Sea,but nothing spesial.There is no place for such unit.

[Visarion]

Dobrudja where exactly do you live? Oh Silistra I see... I lived in Tulcea and Constanța.

Edit: I see... I excluded them thx

[Kjertesvein]

I would take a lot of these images with a grain of salt. The images of the German collection (Hohenzolern Sigmaringen) is an amalgamation of items that almost ubiquitisly date to the 16th, 17th and the 18th century.

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

15th century Vlach plate armor

This is a ~mid 16th century half armour, and can be identified with the individual lames of tassets ("alamai rivets") on the thigh area. The breast plate also has a protruding downward point, which reflected the clothing fashion of the 16th century. If I were right click this image and click 'search this image on Google', it states that it's a 16th century armour.

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

16th century.

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

While the two armours dates to a style of late 15th century, the most exotic weapons appear to be 16th century or ceremonial (double sided axe, swaihander).

I'm not going to comment on the eastern armour or the eastern church images, because while I have opinions, I. Do. Not. Have. The. Required. Knowledge. To. Do. So.

~Wille

[Visarion]

Ty! I needed a second oppinion as I kind of imagined that as well. Still some are native!

Anyway more reliable sources:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

[Visarion]

Double post

[Visarion]

Added some more pics for troops. Also found out that they had a unique kind of saber oredered in Italy to match the exact shape and given details because this particular weapon was not known in the west.

http://www.rri.ro/en_gb/medieval_wea...ipalities-2284

And of course the Radu Oltean images for AoR but native too:

Models for Hungarian, Transylvanian, Moldavian AoR and Wallachian units:





And the peasants, early tiers



And another interesting article about a 3,000 strong elite contingent of picked cavalry called Viteji

http://costiceni.blogspot.ro/2015/06...i-lui.html?m=1



I suggested them as late Moldavian AoR

These too but kind of obsolete but good inspiration for early Pecheneg and Cuman AoR



Anyway alongside the Moldavian Swordsmen some High and Late Moldavian Guard Archers too as allied troops for Poland and Lithuania as 400 elite archers were sent against the Teutones as a distinct contingent and about 3,000-4,000 were sent at Varna alongside Wallachians of Mircea II Dracula under the rule of Polish and Hungarian King. Also 300 to Theodoro alongside warships and 4,000 archers or halberdiers or mixed to Vlad III Dracula who also sent 5,000 cavalry to Moldavia in times of need.


Mircea the Elder:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Battle of Nicopolis

Milos Obilic, Serbian ally of Hungarians and Wallachians in Kosovo

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

[Visarion]

A possible inspiration for XV century Hungarian Hussars

[KAM 2150]

Those are not Hungarian XV century Hussars, not even close ;P

[Slytacular]

I disagree with about 80-90% of the illustrations and images posted here. Wallachia should not look anything like the Byzantines. Some of these images are not even in the same century. If anything, your research proves me less willingly to believe it due to how little you understand the equipment of the time.

[Visarion]

I meant some of the gear from depiction of saints in churches and icons, you can see that there appear items way after the Roman era like crossbows, western armor and others.

Edit: Indeed they depict Roman and Byzantine soldiers but with specific gear for instance Greeks use Byzantine gear, Serbians, Bulgarians, Wallachians and Rus used also mostly Byzantine and Roman gear but inserted some, few it's true native elements in otherwise Byzantine soldiers mostly or even Classic Greek or Roman.

You can see here thst Milos Obilic, the hero of Kosovo is depicted as a Roman legionair or as St. Mercurios but some of the items might be native.



The sabre in this case and maybe the gorgon armor is Byzantine, the hat is that of Mercurios, Roman legionaries shield and so on but one must take only the elements of the era not all the unit as an entity as model for creating faction units.





But thank you for sharing your thoughts. It means a lot to me!

Probably the correct representation would be this:

Of Serbian High era Knights I mean, Hungarian and Ottoman allies, divided. Albanians of Skanderbeg could also be a Hungarian AoR option. Sorry for off topic.

[Visarion]

For Wallachia what I saw mostly is immense greatswords, two-handedly, lots of bowmen with leather or scale armor or even decorated golden breastplates or simple silver ones with square neck protectors, square shields. Mostly scale and rough silver or iron breastplates. Decorated oval shields but small or medium with two-headed eagle or the Wallachian cross. Also most of them had white, traditional cloth underneath but rich cloaks, red or blue. Some sort of leather jacket or tabard at some. Brown leather shields too with the cross, rectangular or prismatic in shape. Still some decorated breastplates with angels might be native items. Anyway rich decorated helmets with leather or furr at the bottom, also furr at the sides of the cloaks. Furr cloathing. Some rich ornamented tabards too. You can search for depictions of Stephen the Great or Mircea the Elder to add some royal or high class tabards and cloaks for nobles, most of the nobles weared priest like long coats. A lot of depictions of native nobles amongst otherwise Byzantine, Classic Greek and Roman style soldier saints but still some of the items put over the Byzantine patterns of warrior saints are native. You just have to identify them, in corners and in sides appear guards dressed natively.

Btw is that padded in the middle and left or studded leather!?

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

At the image above the ones from left and middle are Wallachian and maybe right or at least the armor

The one in the middle or at least the armor and maybe the one in the right



The one in the right or all 'cause the other two have the spatha greatswords and padded and / or leather



Only the one in the left

[Slytacular]

Visarion, delete anything from the mid 16th century. A lot of these frescoes are from after the time period. What you should look for are 13th century to 15th century frescoes/manuscripts/tapestries from the actual area. There are supposedly tons of churches with frescoes/manuscripts/tapestries from Romania. Please post images and references from the historical lands of Wallachia itself. Anything from 1501 to the present I avoid as if it's the plague.

Another big question is to ask about Wallachia: Is it more influenced from German mercenaries like Hungary, or was it more influenced from the Byzantine military and from around the Balkans? Does Wallachia strive it's military to resemble more Western European, or did it leave itself open to be influenced by the culture around the black sea? How did Wallachia react to the establishment of the Latin Empire? Did the people of Wallachia intentionally dress themselves differently than Hungarians while under their rule?

This will help determine how the unit roster looks like.