Strategos
-dux ducis: leader/guide/commander/general/duke
Tribounos
-denuntiator: police officer
-armatus: armed man
-equitis: member of the equistrian order/Knight
-magnas/magnatus: great man/important person
-feodalis/ambactus: vassal
The curial/syntagma ones are difficult, because the current words aren't based as much on words as institutions. And as such I'll leave it to individuals who may know some Latin or at least some basic grammar on how to create a noun from a verb (like Parliament).
Curia
Prothalamos
Curia Vote
Syntagma
Curator
Pro-Curator
Peregrinus
-bernus, inquilinus: serf, inhabitant
Civitates
-civis, burgensis: citizen, burgess, burger
Artifex
-cerdo/faber/fabri: artisan/craftsman/workman
-or we can keep the same
Patricians
-optimas: aristocrat/patrician
-senatoris: senator
-dominus: lord, owner
-equitis: member of the equistrian order/Knight
-magnas/magnatus: great man/important person
-feodalis/ambactus: vassal
Senatorii
-emeritus: retired or discharged soldier
Opifex
-architectus: master builder, inventor, designer
-aedificator: builder, maker, creator
Divus
-genitor: father, creator, originator
Ostrakon
-expulsus, pulsus, exemi, abolevi: disown/reject, drive away, banish/get rid of, banish/dispel
Consilium de Civitate
-Consilium (I say we keep this word) de [whatever we choose for Civitates]
Symposium
-colloquium: talk, conversation
Consilium Belli
-[no change]
Consilium Pacis
-[no change]
A link that may help:
http://users.erols.com/whitaker/words.htm