Or, like in this case, where the paper was retracted hours after it was published by the journal. You'd be shocked to know the true volume of retractions and self-retractions every year. Which also goes to show you, no matter what, fakes get caught in the end. Also, there's a three-step peer-review: pre-publication, post-publication (usually a couple of years since the paper has been published), periodic review (after contrary findings for internal consistency).
It's interesting that since the rise of privately owned journals, peer-review has taken a hit. You can see the problem in a climate change research here, where:Two journalists, Ivan Oransky and Adam Marcus, who have long been covering health and health care reporting, founded the blog Retraction Watch, a searchable database including more than 18,000 retracted papers and conference abstracts dating back to the 1970s. The number of articles retracted by journals has increased 10-fold during the previous 10 years. As for the absolute quantity, China has reached 8,837 between 2003 and 2016, almost four times that of the second country, US.
Again, most of the researches I cite come from the 30s and 50s, are considered the classics in the field with decades to be debunked - and haven't.According to the editorial, the journal asked three additional experts to review Köhler’s critical commentary; all three “supported the fundamental concerns raised,” noting that the 2017 paper “contains many mistakes, misconceptions and omissions and ignores a vast body of scholarly literature on the subject.” The experts also recommended the paper be withdrawn. Ultimately, the journal decided not to retract the paper, and instead: … let it remain to stimulate further discussion about such a highly charged and contentious topic. It was also felt that although the implementation of the peer review of this paper had failed, no unethical action has been found in its publication.