Gunpowder Post
ABC timeline of the evoltion of gunpowder
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
Roughly speaking, an evolution of gunpowder. More detail, but I can't confirm all of it: http://www.themcs.org/weaponry/cannon/cannon.htm
13th century cannons/hangunners in Arabia, muslim spain and china. ( This first post is mostly about Europe (excluding Spain), more on other regions later. )
Pot-de-Fer, early 14th century Europe. Shooting arrows.
Smaller cannons (and handguns), mid 14th century. Mostly for siege scenario on a immobile gun bed. Available to most feudal armies according to Froissart. Here is Tower of London's expansion of Ornance for the second half of the 14th century.
Wheels, late 14th century, but only become popular in artwork as we move into the 15th century. Breach-loading and swivel guns are introduced late 14th century as well.
15th, we now see actual variety and popularity. Several manuscripts dedicated to gunpowder become available.
Evolution of more sophisticated and refined cannons takes off towards the turn of the 15-16th century with the introduction of cast iron cannons, but that is probably outside the mod's time frame.
Recreation of several gun types
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...cc18509278.jpg
Images:
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
ArtillerySpoiler Alert, click show to read:
Classifying all cannons, like any other medieval weapon, is a modern concept. However, if we take the English Ordinance of the 16th century we have one system (out of many)
Iron Pots / Pot-de-Fer
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
Archaeology
Loshult Cannon
L. 30 cm
W. 10 cm
0.9 kg
http://catview.historiska.se/catview...ceVisability=0
http://catview.historiska.se/catview...ceVisability=0
http://catview.historiska.se/catview...ceVisability=0
http://catview.historiska.se/catview...ceVisability=0
http://catview.historiska.se/catview...ceVisability=0
Recreation/unknown
Loshult Cannon
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...f7637fa178.jpg
http://blenderartists.org/forum/atta...5&d=1375317319
http://blenderartists.org/forum/atta...316550&thumb=1
http://blenderartists.org/forum/atta...316550&thumb=1
http://blenderartists.org/forum/atta...8&d=1375371123
Immobile Cannons
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
The earliest cannons, a short description:
During the Houndred Years' War (1339-1453) cannon came into general use. Those early pieces were very small, made of iron or cast bronze, and fired lead or iron balls. They were laid directly on the ground, with muzzles elevated by moundingup the earth. Being cumbrous and inefficient, they played little part in battle, but were quite useful in siege.
Archaeological
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faule_Magd 1410 (mounted on a bed 1510)
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...52b65e2907.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...c55d0cbf0b.jpg 15th . Alcázar castle in Segovia, Spain.
http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/img.php?...06590&format=2 246 cm L., 1401/1500, Germany. Unknown what kind of gun bed was used.
http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/img.php?...06664&format=2 284 cm L., 1401/1500, Germany. Uknown what kind of gun bed was used.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-23599.html 1480-1520, England. Unknown what kind of gun bed was used.
Recreation/Unknown
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...1ed9ed823c.jpg
Mobile Cannons
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
ArchaeologicalWhile there as little real progress in mobility until the days of Gustavus Adolphus, the wheeled artillery carriage seems to have been invented by the Venetians in the fifteenth century. The essential parts of the design were early established: Two large, heavy cheeks or side pieces set on an axle and connected by transoms. The gun was cradled between the cheeks, the rear ends of which formed a "trail" for stabilizing the maneuvering the piece.
Wheeels were perhaps the greatest problem. As early as teh 1500s carpenters and wheelwrights were debating whether dished wheels were best. "They say," reported Collado, "that the [dished] wheel will never twist when the artillery is on teh march. Others say that a wheel with spokes angled beyond the cask cannot carry the weight of the piece without twisting the spoke, so the wheel does not last long. I am the same opinion for it is certain that a perpendicular wheel wil suffer more weight than the other. The defect of twisting under the pieces when on the march will be remedied by making the cart a little wider than usual."
However, advocates of the dish wheel finally won.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...c625117a4a.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...0bc889b391.jpg Gun bed reconstructed. Gun is from 2nd half of 15th, St. Wendel, Germany.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...6b5e2ad896.jpg Culvrin, unknown date, Strasbourg.
Contemporary images
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...68c4ae023e.jpg 1410-1420
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...33eafe9c37.jpg 1410-1420
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...33eafe9c37.jpg probably late 15th
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...0834b41bca.jpg Late 15th century
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...feb6e6c6d0.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...4149d1ca57.jpg
http://i797.photobucket.com/albums/y...6.jpg~original 15th.
Recreation/unknown
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...2c494e6728.jpg 15h, Burgundy,
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...086168a7a6.jpg Recreation of ~1500 Maximillian inventory
Mortars
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Archaeological
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...ec8a14a9c3.jpg 15th, Castello del Verme, Italy
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...5a3cfd02d7.jpg 1377, Cologne, Germany
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...30d2820c16.jpg ~1400, Vienna.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...b457aef9be.jpg 1350, Kindermuseum Adlerturm Dortmund, Germany
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...a4e7d4e7fd.jpg 15th, England. With wheels.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...ccc941546a.jpg Early 15th, Kwidzyn Castle Poland. Used by Teutonics.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...b507ea1cd2.jpg Burgundy, 15th.
http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/img.php?...04693&format=2 "Iron block" 116 cm L., 67 cm W., 48.5 cm d., 1401/1449, Germany
http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/img.php?...07444&format=2 Almost the same measurement as the one before.
http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/img.php?...07445&format=2 65 cm L., 28 cm W., 1401, Bosnia.
http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/img.php?...06587&format=2 84 cm L., 17 cm W., 1401/1450
Contemporary images
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...5a34d2a4a2.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...be544f8c26.jpg 1470-80
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...53f78b8b48.jpg Probably late 15th
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...a4ead2b5f6.jpg 1490-1500
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...a581e38857.jpg 15th, mortars with wheels
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...f9659da939.jpg 15th, mortars with wheels
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...566e95486c.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...9eac14a325.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...e8a7791746.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...706e3a7268.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...516f2bf5f7.jpg 3rd quarter of the 15th.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...9eac14a325.jpg 3d quarter of the 15th.
Recreation/unknown
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...7499f59b03.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...59f1b99fb5.jpg 15th
Grand Bombard/-Mortars
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faule_Grete early 15th, Teutonic order.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumhart_von_Steyr early 15th, Austria.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faule_Mette Massive mortar, early 15th, Brunswick, HRE.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulle_Griet Early 15th, Ghent, Flanders.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Meg mid 15th century, Scotland.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-2703.html Mons Meg.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles_Gun third quarter of the 15th century, Turkey. Those two parts would be attached.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-6177.html Dardanelles Gun
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped...s1480-1500.jpg 15th century, Rhodes.
Ship cannons
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:In the Tower armouries first mention of gunpowder to ships is 1341. Sir Nicholas mistakenly attributed the letter between the Clerks of the King's Ships to be earlier at 1338, which I assume is the reason some people try to connect it with certain battles in the 1338-1340 period.
Archaeology
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-34046.html 1500-50, England. This could be used by the English navy, but it's uncertain speculation on my part.
http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections...11_3929082.jpg Early 16 th century.
http://www.maritimearchaeology.dk/do...antmen_web.pdf Dissertation of navel guns. Some of these guns look very similar to 15th century guns and therefor can be used to intepret earlier versions.
A summery of the above post regarding late 15th century navel guns: http://www.twcenter.net/forums/showt...1#post14975113
Ribaulds
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:In 1346 we see early mention of an order of 100 Ribalds (centum minutis ingeniis vocatis ribaldis) in the Tower Armouries of England. As we read from Richardson's thesis, "Wooden boards and other timber, axles, wheels, nails, lances with steel heads, ropes and other components were assembled at the Tower to produce them for Calais, but probably not in time for Crecy according to Tout. Tout also confirm this is an early form of Organ gun with groups of small cannons or bombards being able to fire in quick succession or all at once. However, according to A.V.B. Norman, they were most likely wheeled carts made of wood. Each strapped with 10 spears and that these were most likely not fitted with guns. He points out that we see similar engines in Bruges, before the accepted date of introduction of guns, and demonstrating that these wagons do not need guns. Ribaulds reappear in the Tower armouries in 1360-2, where 3 are ordered in addition to Mantlets. The use of Ribaulds with guns may may therefor be delayed to a later date than what may be suggested by Tout and depicted by CA. Kyeser display a Ribauld with 4 guns lined next to each other in 1401. Around the 1500s we have an example of a Ribuld as well as a depiction of the exact same Ribuld that CA choose to place in the early stages. According to what I've see, the Ribuld is a very Late tier unit for some (German) factions.
Archaeology
http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/dhm.php?...fld_0=AK006654 ~1500s, Germany. Measurements:
Height: 9 cm oak board.
Width: 52 cm oak board, front.
Width: 55.5 cm oak board, back.
Length: 68 cm axis
Length: 86 cm oak board
Length: 107 cm min barrel
Length: 118 cm max barrel
diameter: 2.6 cm min caliber
diameter: 3.2 cm max caliver
weight: 103 kg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...8137228bb0.jpg
Contemporary images
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped...ci_studies.jpg da Vinci, Italy, Late 15th century.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped..._Blatt_74v.jpg Bellifortis, Kyeser, 1401, Germany.
http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.d...t/zoom/3656901 The closest comparison to CA's Ribuld. The book is dated to ~1500. "Ms germ qu" 52r
Gunpowder projectiles
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Archaeological
Incendiary gun arrows, 1330 germany
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...90ea79385e.jpg
Incendiary cannon ball, 14th century. France. Hay or hemp rope, possibly dipped in some form of oil.
http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collect...p=20&pos=2
Grapeshot container, 15-16th century, Museum of Sweden.
http://albrechts.se/wp-content/uploa...ntainer_01.jpg
Nails and other unpleasantries. Found in Denmark on a ship wreck. Late 15th to early 16th century. See the dissertation in the navel section for further descriptions.
http://i.imgur.com/M5uu31J.jpg?1
Contemporary images
Recreation/unknown
Cannon Mantlets
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
The ponderosity of the large bombards held them on level land, where they laid on rugged mounts of heaviest wood, anchored by stakes driven into the ground. A gunner would try to put his bombard 100 yards from the wall he wanted to batter down. One would surmise that the gunner, being so close to the castle wall manned by expert Genoese Crossbowmen, was in precarious position. He was; but earthworkds or a massive wooden shield arranged like a seesaw over his gun gave him fair protection. Lowering the front end of the shield made a barricade behind which he could charge his muzzle loader.
Archaeological
Contemporary images
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...f8330d7802.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...877fa8f121.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...a4ead2b5f6.jpg late 15th
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...2d9ba16106.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...ed97b33a2d.jpg Feuerwerksbuch, Merz 1450+, Germany.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...0dcc52f70b.jpg Pastrana tapestry, 15th century, Italy.
Recreation/unknown
http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/lo...03/A003457.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...a3e462d2b3.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...9548e69cd5.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...3188d0ee19.jpg
EDIT:
A quote about artillery defensive from an article which talks about a manuscript by Christine de Pisan, detailing siege prep. Source: http://companie-of-st-george.ch/cms/...s/dragon-2.pdf31 Mantles for the guns:
31 mantles of various proportions are listed. The six largest are twelve feet by thirty feet by two feet thick, an extraordinary size. It is regrettable that such direct clues from the past are rarely taken into account judging from most modern illustrations of siege scenes. The coylars (giant slings) also had their mantles, 36 feet long by 18 feet high and six inches thick. They also require two great cranes for lifting and loading them.
Handguns
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-56294.html Mamluk Emir's gun 1450-1500, Syria.
Gunner Accessory
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
Flags
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Zurich, Germany
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...2f6056385d.jpg Zurich Handgun banner
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...1d06829138.jpg Zurich Crossbow banner
Uppsala, Sweden
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped...dje_sigill.png Handgun unit marched under the banner of Saint Eric, as he was depicted in 1330s
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped...en_bra.svg.png Coat of arms of stockholm, image of Eric, 2016
Gunner bags
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:We often see square leather bags on gunners as a standard fashion. Flasks/Bandolier were first seen in the 16th century.
Contemporary images
Ammo bags
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...a90d527202.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...7107c54e80.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...1c1e464fda.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...76e4a2cfe6.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...d9149dde8d.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...6ae7edc0a5.jpg (Rare bronze/brass flask, Nuremberg, 1500-10)
Recreation
https://cdn1.cdnme.se/54514/8-3/sold...1c9bf54b3a.jpg Nice image of a Swedish gunner, mid-late half of 14th century. You can see the bag on his waist area.
Loading equipment
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Perhaps use these as makeshift weapons for artillery crew.
Contemporary images
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...f5a216d94e.jpg 1535, Germany.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...813287ab14.jpg 16th century, Germany.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...cf17bf79e2.jpg 1500s, Germany.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...0ca7e9c9a6.jpg 1530, Germany.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-1294.html 1520, England.
Recreation/unknown
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...9c950ad285.jpg Artillery crew equipment.
Gun colours
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Contemporary images
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com...b9f7f37e6a.jpg ~1500s, Germany
Post- 1500:
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Interesting to compare with earlier versions. More refined.
Shields with guns. From the King's ship, Mary Rose, 1540, England.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-2638.html
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-2640.html
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-2639.html
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-3286.html
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-3285.html
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-3288.html
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-2642.html
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-2641.html
Weapon gun combination.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-3293.html
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-3294.html
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ject-3295.html
Cannons
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-32226.html 1500-50, England.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-23670.html 1550, England.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-24148.html 1500-40, England.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-23600.html 1500-40, England.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-12229.html 1500-99, England.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-12936.html 1500-30, England.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-12935.html 1500-30, England.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-23247.html 1529, England.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-23323.html 1535, France.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-33920.html 1524, Turkey.
Basilisk
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-22254.html 1500-1599, Utrecht, Netherlands. Bronze is believed to be Viktorian.
Cannon ornament
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-35448.html 1558, England.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-23482.html 1550, England.
https://collections.royalarmouries.o...ect-23601.html 1542, England.
Other guns that I've not matched up against a particular date or locationSpoiler Alert, click show to read:I think they are most likely from a London based armoury
Archaeological - Archaeological remains. Many of these engines may have Victorian elements made by museums to "fix" them, such as the gun bed.
Contemporary images - Images made by medieval artists of the time. These are more appropriate to judge what kind of gun bed and other elements. However, size is sometimes distorted. Size is some times enhanced so that the reader can understand how certain things fit together. See Archaeology for more accurate size comparison.
Recreation/unknown - Modern recreation of guns, or guns that may appear to be contemporary, but lack sufficient information.
M2TW Cannons for the sake of reference.
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
http://www.honga.net/totalwar/unit.p...e&d=NE_Bombard
http://www.honga.net/totalwar/unit.p..._Grand_Bombard
http://www.honga.net/totalwar/unit.p...&d=NE_Culverin
http://www.honga.net/totalwar/unit.p...&d=NE_Basilisk
http://www.honga.net/totalwar/unit.p...=NE_Serpentine
http://www.honga.net/totalwar/unit.p...d&d=NE_Ribault
http://www.honga.net/totalwar/unit.p...nd&d=NE_Mortar
http://www.honga.net/totalwar/unit.p...onster_Ribault
http://www.honga.net/totalwar/unit.p...onster_Bombard
I'll be editing this post with additional images over the coming days.
EDIT:
Now I'll present a number of cannons that could be units. This is work in progress.Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
Arquebuse
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Names: Arquebuse (French), Hookgun (literal translation), Hackbut (english) or Buxis (late latin).
The Arquebuse is a gun operated by a matchlock system. These guns were of a small caliber, jet long and fairly heavy. They came with a hook at the end allowing it to be mounted on a supporting structure. I can't think of a smart way to portray this mechanic.
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/09-5...NU0KYLTE0.html 1470-1500. Musée de l'Armée.
Anti-personal cannon
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Names: Falconet ("fauconneau"), Falcon, hand-culverin Swivel gun or Serpentine.
While most cannons allowed for the use of grape shot against infantry, others were designed for it. These cannons were the smallest caliber of fixed guns, often on swivels. Higher rate of fire than larger cannons. Most of these cannons that I've come over are from Musée de l'Armée, France (Museum's Armoury of France). I assume some of these were part of the Burgundian forces, as they are famously known as a "gunpowder focused" -faction.
Archaeological
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/08-5...NU0IHEJCT.html 15th century. "Culverin by hook", it's almost 3 m.
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/C.aspx?VP3=S...=2CO5PC70ONNII 15th century. "Culverin by hand"
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/11-5...NU0O2RJT9.html 1490. Musée de l'Armée.
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/09-5...NU03QN7FO.html 15th century. Musée de l'Armée.
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/C.aspx?VP3=S...=2CO5PC70J8EBA Early 16th century cannon, similar to the others.
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/C.aspx?VP3=S...=2CO5PC70OZ562 Reconstruction of a late 16th century cannon, similar to the ones above.
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/C.aspx?VP3=S...=2CO5PC70OZX0K Vienna, late 16th century.
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/C.aspx?VP3=S...=2CO5PC70OZX0K 16th century.
Contemporary
http://i.imgur.com/jADkD3q.jpg?1 This is actually a reconstruction from a contemporary image. It's a possible mount for these guns.
Cannon
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
Cannon
Names: Bombard, Cannon
Large Cannon
Names: Grand Bombard,
These were part of the largest gunpowder artillery available, including the Ottoman Dardanella cannons used at the final siege of Constantinople or the Scottish Meg. Due to their weight, these were most likely fixed guns on the ground with some sort of mound or wood underneath as seen here. According to Leeds armoury, the Ottoman cannon had a rate of fire of 12 per day and almost half the cannon was for gunpowder.
Mortar
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
Small Mortar
A mortar is a short cannon used to fling projectiles in a upward trajectory. The earliest Mortars are believed to be fairly small, but we see them used throughout the mod's period. Probably faster to reload.
Archaeological
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/09-5...NU0KJW4EN.html Burgundian, 15th century. Musée de l'Armée.
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/12-5...NU08HCNL6.html
http://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/12-5...NU08HCBPL.html
Medium Mortar
Large Mortar
Names: Grand Mortar
EDIT2:
Powder casket
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:![]()
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:![]()
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:![]()
Made for crossbowbolts, but the design could work
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:![]()
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:![]()
Other boxes
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:![]()
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:![]()
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:![]()
Spoiler Alert, click show to read:![]()
lots more here:
https://no.pinterest.com/tbiliter/medieval-woodwork/
~Wille