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Thread: [Research] Collection

  1. #41
    The Wandering Storyteller's Avatar Protector Domesticus
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    Hey Alec

    Much to your delight, I have found sources for the Naval, Siege, and Generals( that one will be found).

    I have also started research on the late Republican army.

    Though I do not believe that we should have spears for the Hastati coming to the 218 period, it may have been an mix but by this time the Hastati of course would have had pilums/swords. Spears would have been very rare.





















































  2. #42
    The Wandering Storyteller's Avatar Protector Domesticus
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    Naval Research:

    To be Reserved.





















































  3. #43
    The Wandering Storyteller's Avatar Protector Domesticus
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    Siege equiqment of the Roman Army:

    To be reserved.





















































  4. #44
    The Wandering Storyteller's Avatar Protector Domesticus
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    Late Republican Roman army:

    The Marian Reforms



    The Marian reforms made by Gauis Marus was to be the stepping stone in the evolution of the Roman army. After countless decades of wars, Rome was now the absouelte power in the medertinan, her forces victorious, her enemies suspicious and cunning behind her. Rome was the dominant power at this time. The decades of wars helped create thousands of war professionals/veterans which were the building blocks for the Marian Army. The Army of the Roman Princpiate/Republic was born.

    Osprey images removed due to copyright issues - Maximinus Thrax


    The Marian reforms came as an principle need of the fact that the three maniples formations which seems to have been used since the 2nd Samnite War was now beginning to become obsolete. While achieving stunning success at Zama and Pdyna against the Macedonian Phalanx and the mighty war Elephants of Carthage, further Roman expansion into Germania and Gaul saw the need for an overhaul because of the fact that the three maniple formations did not and could not work against an Germanic and Gaul whose tactics were to rush and attack with their long two edged swords , depending everything on an vigorious onslaught, beating their shields and breaking into their formation. The three maniple formations had been better suited against the civilized formation armies of Macedon and Carthage. Against the Germans and Gauls however, they were fighting a new enemy, since it was proved that:





    A) The Three Maniples formation was too small and too compact, therefore making it easy to for the Gauls and Germans to destroy the formations very quickly.
    B) That the men in the Mid Republican Army consisted of very wealthy middle class people. Marius changed this as he wanted all citizens from all ranks in order to not only boost the army’s power, but in order to create legions where citizens could treat it professionally as an career. Not as something civilian life interrupting. It therefore reduced the burden of the Senate, which would have had to keep on financing the Mid Republican Army which was very wealthy. This would eventually help Caesar conquer Gaul as he had the available man power and the strength to fight on the Gaulish tribes.


    C) That the formations would be easily flanked, and if attacked strongly, the three maniples wouldn’t have had much of a chance. In an battle against the Celtic Tribe, Insurbes (225 bc) the hastatii of the front line attempted to counter this by swapping their pila for the thrusting spears of the tiraii


    D) A major weakness in the style of fighting, Marius decided to increase his strength of the front line by increasing the size of the indivuial units. The cohort soon replaces the three maniples, and thus is organized into 10 equal cohorts. With the lowering of the property qualification and abolishment, the cost of the legions were now at the public expense equipped by the state. Varaitions that existed in buying armour before the Marian reforms therefore ceased.
    E) The legions were created to give an sense of professionalism and to get rid of the class system that had existed during the time of the Senate. Now every solider was the same, and felt a sense of tradition towards it legion as it wouldn’t be replaced, this was most commonly discussed in Rome II where CA wanted to create an army tradition. So in a sense each legion had its own traditions and glories and defeats. Another interesting comparison can be made with the Napoleonic corps system. There are countless and hundreds of sources and books detailing the brave regiments of the French, Austrian, British, Russian army, and how they fought each against each other and what they endured. So in this sense being, Marius used his common sense to create an professional army, much like the Macedonians had done before the rise of Rome, especially when they destroyed the Greek League forces from Athens, Thebes and Sparta at Chaeronea.


    The Marian’s army size and strength:

    It is a debate of controversy regarding the size of the cohorts and legions. Historical sources confuse this by multiplying and giving insane figures such as 5000 or 6000. Some estimate says there were between 3000 and 4000. While these figures can be said to be debatable, our best bet would be to go with:
    • Roman cohort is now 480
    • Roman army lost many men during its wars against the Germans and Gauls, so it is not really safe to say how many men would have had existed, we can assume around 10,000 to 15,000.
    However we can also go with this:
    Legions:
    • Total number of men in a legion was about 6000, of whom 4,800 were actual soldiers, the rest are non-combatants.
    • Legions consists of 10 cohorts and 6 centuries
    • Century: 100 men, 80 legionaries, 20 non-combatants.
    • First Cohort is irregular and consisted of 5 double strength centuries( containing 160 men)

    • · Contubernium contained 8 legionaries and 2 non combatant servants who tented and worked together.
      · Century fort as a unit, marched as a unit and camped as unit. It carried all the arms and the resources required to feed and maintain as a fighting unit. Each man was responsible for carrying his own supplies/weapons, seven days’ worth of rations.
      · Change drastically reduces the size of the baggage train required as support. His men were than called Marius mules for the stuff they carried on their back.
      · Between 2 and 6 legions clubbed together constituted an army. The legions were kept in peak physical condition and discipline by constant training, one of the best in the ancient world.
    • Social class:
      · Removal of the old class system that existed in the Maniuplar legion
      · Open to all ranks, now is considered a professional career
      · Legislation offered retirement benefits in the form of land grants
      · Removal of the Senate trying to impress the legions into promising them slaves and booty and not giving them.
      · Members of the head count who had completed their term of service would be given a pension by their general and a plot of land in the conquered region on which to retire
      · Officers and commanders were given monetary rewards that were 10–25 times greater than that of a common foot soldier.
      · Army tradition created in the sense for a legion
      · No longer having to buy equiqment since everything is standerised, and is equipped by the state at public expense.
      · Same recruitment/training for the Roman army, no longer different class getting different treatment.
      · Grants citizens of the Italian allies( Eturia) full Roman citizenship if they fought for Rome and completed a period of service in the Roman army.


    Diagram:


    Another diagram explains how the Roman army of this time was formed.



    So as before:

    The cohorts consisted of 6 centuriae having 80 legionnaires armed with pilum and gladius. Each centuria was commanded by an centurio supported by an optio, a signifier, a conciern, and a tessruarus. Within each cohors, the order of senority amongst the six centuraie were pilus piror, pilus prosterior, princeps prior, princeps posterior, hastatus prior who left his optio in charge of his centuria.

    Units that were removed since the Marian Reforms/Mercenaries.

    The Cohort abolished the need for the light infantry Velities, since they were an relic from the old Servian system, were now all being assembled into regular structure of the centuries, which all made the same sizes, and armed in fashion like other legionnaires. They were last used in the Roman General's Metellus campagin in North Africa, ( Bellum Jugruthinum, 46.7). Now with the mercenaries, the Roman army provided the same function through the use of non Italian auxiliares. These were mercenaries or levied from the local provinces of the Roman Empire or client states. You could name it from Spain, Gaul, Germania, Greece. Rulers of native provinces were obliged to send their troops to aid the Roman army, or otherwise they would be either squashed underneath the might of the Roman army. So you had native princes/chieftans bringing their troops such as:

    Numidian javelinners
    Numidian slingers
    Cretan archers
    Baleric slingers
    Germanic cavarly
    Germanic light cavarly
    Germanic warriors
    Gaulish warband
    Gaulish oathsworn
    Warbands
    Gaulish/Germanic skirmishers
    Iberian Swordsmen.
    Gallic Cavarly

    Numidian mercenaries were extensively employed around Iberia, and since their famous use in the Roman- Carthaginian wars, they were some of the best light infantry you could depend on. Citizen cavarly were also removed, and gradually withdrawn from the legion. It becomes more easy for the Romans to then employ foregin cavarly instead as they are more cheaper and efficient.Rome also accepted Italics into their legions, giving them the same rights, that demovilized most of them, after the wars, all legions were now Roman. No more Italic or Roman. Ceaser himself made use of cavalry levied from from Germania, Gaul and Iberia,.

    Testudo:

    The testudo formation was mainly used for Siege battles, not the typical hollywood legends of them marching into the field unless they came under fire. It was used by Mark Antony against the Parthians, and Crassus as well. This is where it evolved from being a defensive formation to an almost all-rounder defensive/attack formation.



    Armor and Weapons:

    All legionnaires were now equipped with the famous bronze montefero helmet, a mail shirt, ( lorica sementa) scutum, two pila, one heavy and one light, and gladius Hispaneius, plus a dagger ( puigo)greaves disappered except on Centurions.

    Siege Equiqment:

    To be later updated for today.
    Last edited by Maximinus Thrax; October 10, 2014 at 02:08 AM.





















































  5. #45
    The Wandering Storyteller's Avatar Protector Domesticus
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    Late Imperial Roman Army:

    To be reserved.





















































  6. #46
    Hetairos's Avatar Roma Surrectum II
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Overhaul

    ok looking to create a template about what needs to be done step by step. so far i am working on the finishing of the UI since we did not find a ui designer, than i will work on the music mod since i don't know where our composers are right now, afterwards i am going to finish the roster for the romans.

  7. #47

    Default Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster

    Quote Originally Posted by webbird View Post
    i realy like your concept to keep a mod modular, for me a very welcome feature of Rome 2. Most major mods dont do it, have features i like and features wich i dont want to play, in the end i have to look for another mod, even some features of a mod sound great but others are not acceptable for me. Thats very frustrating sometimes.

    i would like it, if you could use nearly no variations of shield patterns for roman units. each unit they own pattern of course but for example a premarian legionary cohort maybe only with some light variations of the same pattern, as if 3 different artists painted the same general pattern with tiny differences, or variations of the same pattern with damage to the paint etc.
    Some mods use alot variations of shield patterns within a single unit and that looks allways as if you see the remaining survivers of three legions together after a major battle ;D
    From what I've read from Ancients and modern studies as well (Osprey and french history books on Roman military), Romans did not have any notion of 'uniformity' or 'obsolescence'. That means old and new equipment were melted over time (check out the archeological founds from the battle of Teutoburg, they found Coolus helmets and mail as well as segmentata plates, gladius Hispaniensis as new Pompei patterns and so on).

    About the scutum, we know that shields during Late Republic and Empire were made by regional workshops SELLING (as private business societies) their production to the legionaries (money was took upon their wages). For example, the workshops of Norricum produced the shields and armours for the legions of the Balkans during the Empire. That means that slaves or freedmen were tasked painting the shields in those workshop, along a vague Roman victory iconography but without any prescription. It would result HIGH VARIATIONS in roman scutum painted patterns.
    Now the civil wars are more specifics because according to ancient writings, prescriptions were maybe issued to the legions in order to make each recognizable from the others for an obvious purpose (that means that it was usually not the case). We know this from Tacitus about the second battle of Cremona during the war of the 4 Imperatores (68-69 AD): he talks about legionaries luring the ennemy by the use of looted shields to sneak in ennemy camp and then destroy its artillery. That means at least each legions had different shield patterns. We also know that it was highly probable that each cohort or even centuries has variations (inscriptions, emblems => each cohorts inside a same legions has its own emblems and those were worshiped by the men as the eagle of the legion: so it's highly probable that those same emblems would appear on the shields of each centuries/cohorts, in addition of the variations from the 'artistic license' of the workshop's painters. Inscriptions on the roman shields is also a strong evidence: legion number but also name (for high deeds recognition on the field, it's a fact from ancient writings) and centuries, a maxim and so on... And that was on the occasion of the civil wars! Think about the Republican times, all shields would have look different.
    All those considerations imply that almost each legionary scutum would have been painted differently and would look different. Perhaps a simple color scheme and an emblem recurrence (animals like bull or whatever) for each legion/cohorts/centuries is the answer.
    I would add that there is absoluetly NO EVIDENCE (archeologic nor historic) of any shields uniformity or pattern prescription in Roman military.

    Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 


    Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 


    Those are the only Roman shield art we have others that epigraphic sources which are often misleading. It shows that reality is far from what reenactors or the movies commonly use (the old same wings and bolts pattern from Trajan Column). These show Roman art made by specialists in workshops with a large artistic freedom.
    Last edited by Manu La Canette; June 28, 2014 at 10:19 AM.

  8. #48

    Default Re: [Research] Roman Overhaul

    hey Manu nice research, im currently deep into the AAW roman retexture pack, for our specific legions there will be armour variations a primary armour but with other armours melded in, e.g legio XX in Britannia would have a primary armour of lorica segmentata but there will be Briton chainmail and a few hamatas mixed in I for one believe the romans wernt uniform. pop over to my workshop in the forum I have posted new legion specific shields, these will also have slight colour variations but along the line of darker or lighter of the same colour. and some legions may have different colour shields other than red but we do need to be careful, we could have lots of variations in units but then all the different things we want to implement will just look the same not to mention the frames per second will massively suffer

  9. #49
    Hetairos's Avatar Roma Surrectum II
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    Default Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster

    Quote Originally Posted by Manu La Canette View Post
    From what I've read from Ancients and modern studies as well (Osprey and french history books on Roman military), Romans did not have any notion of 'uniformity' or 'obsolescence'. That means old and new equipment were melted over time (check out the archeological founds from the battle of Teutoburg, they found Coolus helmets and mail as well as segmentata plates, gladius Hispaniensis as new Pompei patterns and so on).

    About the scutum, we know that shields during Late Republic and Empire were made by regional workshops SELLING (as private business societies) their production to the legionaries (money was took upon their wages). For example, the workshops of Norricum produced the shields and armours for the legions of the Balkans during the Empire. That means that slaves or freedmen were tasked painting the shields in those workshop, along a vague Roman victory iconography but without any prescription. It would result HIGH VARIATIONS in roman scutum painted patterns.
    Now the civil wars are more specifics because according to ancient writings, prescriptions were maybe issued to the legions in order to make each recognizable from the others for an obvious purpose (that means that it was usually not the case). We know this from Tacitus about the second battle of Cremona during the war of the 4 Imperatores (68-69 AD): he talks about legionaries luring the ennemy by the use of looted shields to sneak in ennemy camp and then destroy its artillery. That means at least each legions had different shield patterns. We also know that it was highly probable that each cohort or even centuries has variations (inscriptions, emblems => each cohorts inside a same legions has its own emblems and those were worshiped by the men as the eagle of the legion: so it's highly probable that those same emblems would appear on the shields of each centuries/cohorts, in addition of the variations from the 'artistic license' of the workshop's painters. Inscriptions on the roman shields is also a strong evidence: legion number but also name (for high deeds recognition on the field, it's a fact from ancient writings) and centuries, a maxim and so on... And that was on the occasion of the civil wars! Think about the Republican times, all shields would have look different.
    All those considerations imply that almost each legionary scutum would have been painted differently and would look different. Perhaps a simple color scheme and an emblem recurrence (animals like bull or whatever) for each legion/cohorts/centuries is the answer.
    I would add that there is absoluetly NO EVIDENCE (archeologic nor historic) of any shields uniformity or pattern prescription in Roman military.

    Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 


    Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 


    Those are the only Roman shield art we have others that epigraphic sources which are often misleading. It shows that reality is far from what reenactors or the movies commonly use (the old same wings and bolts pattern from Trajan Column). These show Roman art made by specialists in workshops with a large artistic freedom.
    Awesome initiative. Maybe a few words from my side concerning the Romans, I can't tell the exact roster or shield patterns just as of yet. We will most certainly mix RSII shield patterns, with many other textures out there. There will be some resemblance with RSII and some artistic freedom as well since we have more units than RSII anyways. Anyways, about the reforms. We will most probabley have a few reforms representing the step by step changes of legions etc. We do not believe in that 1 big reform but more in few smaller steps. The decisive factor is if we will be able to make this so in-depth due to limited resources, starting the work on roman rosters will be done within a few weeks I guess. In worst case even in a month or so.

  10. #50
    Dontfearme22's Avatar Campidoctor
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Overhaul

    Just to chime in, I find it somewhat hard to imagine every single roman legionnaire of every single legion each had a personalized complex shield design. I would find it much more plausible that the rank and file legionnaire dudes would have simple designs while the officers and more high ranking soldiers could afford more impressive artwork.

  11. #51
    Hetairos's Avatar Roma Surrectum II
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Overhaul

    Quote Originally Posted by Dontfearme22 View Post
    Just to chime in, I find it somewhat hard to imagine every single roman legionnaire of every single legion each had a personalized complex shield design. I would find it much more plausible that the rank and file legionnaire dudes would have simple designs while the officers and more high ranking soldiers could afford more impressive artwork.
    Yes, definitely we would have to make up an authentic concept about this topic which we would than work on implementing into the game. It will definitely be something to look for to be authentic, dark and unsaturated colors, not that too fancy equipment and a huge chunk of low quality troops / equipment around as well. Reforms will be aimed for to be more gradual / step by step than the big changes like republic, marian and imperial armies... etc. It was more step by step changes and tweaks here and there which lead to the final stage of those reforms.

  12. #52

    Default Re: [Research] Roman Overhaul

    Well there would be an.easy way to implement this but would require a few more shields on my part. A legions has its own design but could have a few blank shields to show men hurridly put in that unit to replace the fallen or i could do a second set of shields with a more rushed pattern then the unit is only loading 2 models and wouldnt hurt FPS, another idea is that legions named Gemina means 2 merged legions so gemina legions could have 2 separate shield patterns until a mini reform and the lefion gets its final pattern which would then become the pattern and a second more rushed pattern. How this could be implemented i have no idea though

  13. #53
    The Wandering Storyteller's Avatar Protector Domesticus
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    Imperial Roman Army:



    Roman Army of the Principate, 27AD - 117AD

    Introduction




    The Augustan army of the Principate was perhaps the most powerful army ever created by the Romans. It was made by Augustus so that generals did not need to raise levies all the time, and create a professional system from where troops could serve the military as an career, not an voluntary occupation role. Military service was now an lifetime occupation, pay and service were also decided on the status of their role in the army. It borrowed heavily from the Marian reforms and the dead principles of the Republican armies. One of the things that made it different from its predecessors was that it aimed to go more professional than rather depending on certain formations or raising levies.

    Three Sub Categories of the Roman Army at this time:

    Praetorians

    Legions

    Auxiliaries

    Service:

    25 years

    16 for Praetorians

    Loyalty was now to the Empire and its Emperors, the commander in chief, neither to the Senate or the People of Rome, men also were sometimes retrained longer. At the end of service there would be a fixed reward depending on the solider's bravery and loyalty. Of course before the reforms there was a debate between the Roman Generals Agrippa and Maceanus, Maceasnus arguing to conscript soldiers and enlist them for short periods, while Agrippa arguging that an standard army was needed if Rome was to over come her enemies.

    Another thing that Augustus did after his campaign in Gaul, he ordained that terms of service in the legions had to be 16, and a four year service where they would be an veteran core, and be paid around a fixed cash sum, though a plot of land to be given to them. Think of Asterix's and you'll know what I mean. I will not dwell on this much further as my focus is now on the organization and tactics. This stuff however, will be finished off.



    Organization and tactics:

    The Legions of course, after the Marian reforms, and carried on forward from the Augustan reforms, had the poorest citizens in their ranks, those who found that serving in the army would provide them food under their bellies, a house and gaining some glory and respect, there was also the chance of looting and plundering as such. It was more secure than say a labourer's life or an slave. He also enjoyed an much abnormal superiority over the other citizens. Of course there was the chance of dying in battle or getting disease, but had to endure harsh and brutal training. Yet to many other citizens and such, the life of the well organized Roman solider with his well built camp was more comfortable off than say an slave.



    From Augutus onwards, 25 new legions were to be commanded and created by him. It was soon to be 28 after the disaster of Tuetoberg forest. Legions were now 5000 strong from all ranks, composing of Roman citizens, mostly volunteers and especially drawn from the North of Italy, including many provinces of the Roman Empire. As the 1st century progressed, many recruits came from Iberia, Gaul, Narberium, Noricum, Eastern provinces of the Greek city states and Macedonia. Hence, the Legion X Macedonia. This was done as the Romans were constantly at war and they needed troops at the ready to combat them.



    They were indeed trained to be professional killers as well as being skilled craftsmen and tradesmen, they were also self sufficient. The possibility of war made it possible for those either wanting to be in the army, or those that were forced into the Roman war to make an career out of it. As the permanent legions became settled in their regions, their armour would have differed including the ethnicity. An legion in Germania for example in the 1st or 2nd century AD, would be different than an legion in Syria including arms and equipment.

    It should also note that when the reforms came, though not in my opinion an proper fact, it is said that Augustus had the legions recruited from the borders, instead of Italy as the man power would have been exhausted by then from so many countless wars.

    The List of Legions at the borders of AD 80 for the player to recruit when he reaches this stage:

    1) Legio IX Hispana - recruitable in Britian, at York.
    2) Legiones XX Valeria and II Adiutrik - recruitable at Britian
    3) Legio II Augusta- recruitable in Caerleon
    4) Legiones XXII Primiegenia and X Gemina - recruitable at Belgium/Gaul
    5) Legio VI Victrix at Neuss - recruitable at Rhine
    6) Legio XXI Rapax at Bonn - recruitable in Germania
    7) Legio XIV Gemina at Mainz - recruitable in Germania
    8) Legio I Adiutrix - recruitable in Germania
    9) Legio VIII Augusta at Strausbourg - recruitable Belgium/Germania
    10) Lego XI Claduia at Windish - recruitable Alps/Switzerland
    11) Legio XV Apollinaris at Carnuntum - recruitable at Norcium
    12) Legio XIII Gemina at Poetovio - recruitable in the Balkans
    13) Legio Claudia at Viminaicum - recruitable in Dacia/Balkans
    14) Legio V Macedonia at Oescus - recruitable in Macedonia
    15) Legio I Italica at Novae - recruitable in Dacia/Thrace
    16)Legio V Aluadae near Danube - recruitable in Danube
    17) Legio Legio IX Flavia Firma at Burnum - recruitable in Illyria
    18) Legio XVI FLavia Firma at Satala - recruitable in the north of Turkey, bordeiring Armenia
    19) Legio XII Fulminata at Melitene - recruitable in Syria/Turkey
    20) Legio VI Ferrata at Samosata - recruitable in Syria/Turkey
    21) Legio IV Scythia at Cyrrhus - recruitable in Syria/Turkey
    22) Legio III Gallica at Danabe near Damascus - recruitable in regions of Judea/Syria
    23) Legio X Fretenesis at Jerusalem - recruitable in the province of Judea
    24) Legio XXII Deiotariana at Alexandria - recruitable in Egypt
    25) Legio III Cryenaica at Coptos near Luxor - recruit able in lower Egypt
    26) Legio III Augusta at Ammaedara near Tebessa - recruitable in Mauretina/Africa
    27) Legio VII Gemina at Leon - recruitable in Spain

    Another recruitable unit should be made available in 197 AD , the Legio XXII Primigenia levied by the Emperor Calugia in 39 for his campagins in Germania

    The way the legion was organized:
    The first half of the principate involved the Legio ( that being our legion) to be divded into 10 cohortes. Including an small number of cavarly known as equites Legionis. The cavalry unit was used in special operations such as communication, e.g sending messages to the Roman camps or Roman commanders, think of Asterix, the legions always send an messenger to inform them where to find Asterix and Obelix. They were used to plan logistics and provide supply, and other non combatant activities as the Roman army of the principate mainly relied on auxiliary forces to provide mounted forces.

    q33



    Early Roman Principate Organisation for legio.

    So each cohors was composed of six centuriae and each centuria comprised of 10 contubernia of eight men each that fought and trained together forming traditional bonds between them. If we apply this in theory, the strength of an Roman legion during this was period was about 4,800 men. An unit of 80 men, ( 10 contubernia of 8 men each) was called centuria ( latin word for an 100). Two additional men were allocated to each contubernium for non fighting duties, raising the total number to 100 ( 20 additional men per centuria). At some time probably at the beginning of the Flavian era, the first cohors or cohors prima was reorgnaized to include five centuriae of 20 contubernia each including the most veteran legionaries.



    Late Principate Roman Legion.


    In the battle the Legio followed the old traditions of the republic by using the same triplex acies, only using an slight adjustment. The legio now typically formed in four cohortes in front, two lines of three cohortes, each in a kind of check board pattern, even if it could use an two deployment at times.







    Triplex Acies formation for the Legio of the Late principate.

    Combat:
    The Roman legions would first release their pila at the first chance, adopting this from their Celtic rivals. Then they would go and charge the enemy, witht eh main body of heavy infantry closing the gap and attacking the double. They then drew their swords and engaged the enemy. Emphasis was on usibng the shield to provide maximum body coverage, while attacking was exposed by the enemy. In the combat that ensured, the Roman discipline, heavy shield which would be used to thrust or block the enemy, chest armour provided protection and training to give them important advantages over their not so very well trained enemies.


    The Roman legionnary on the battlefield could endure short periods of intense fighting. He could also count on tempoary relief, and he would also be able to recover on an short distance. It was very much like the Republican style of renewing the combat, if the Hastatii couldn't break the line, then the Principe came forward. Unlike Hollywood or video games which seem to portray endless violence going on for hours, these soliders would be supplied with reinforcements and would fight in an organized manner, instead of endless fighthing till death or injury So it would be very short periods of fighting. In some situations however, they would be fighting for hours as taken in the battles of Alesia and Teuotberg forest. The stamina and the willpower that had been instilled in the training the Roman legions demanded them to make many charges, to make one surge greater than before, and then as the sides broke down, the greatest slaugther would begin.



    War Machines/Covering fire:
    Roman battles during the late Empire were fought with avaible fire from Ballistas and Onagers ( think of the Gladiator scene) it is indeed possible that many did come to battle, but it is also possible that not all Romans battles would have had artierlly, especially in regions such as far north of Germania and the deserts of Parthia. It is questionable whether they had much impact, but I believe as long as the enemy were close to the dense formation of the Roman legions, it would have made very good impact. While the barrage continued, the Roman legions would walk in 30 metres of the Roman legiosn, launch their pilla and charge. This would be the key to many Roman victories. Another tactic was to draw the enemy with fire and feigned charges in order to give them the sense of attacking, by auxiliary equites( cavarly), once drawn in, they would be ambushed by Roman infantry and cavalry.



    An legion consisted off:

    Legion: 4800 soliders
    Centurion: 60
    Artillerymen: 300
    Engineers: 100
    Non combatants: 1,600
    Calvary: 300

    Combat:
    The Roman legions would first release their pila at the first chance, adopting this from their Celtic rivals. Then they would go and charge the enemy, witht eh main body of heavy infantry closing the gap and attacking the double. They then drew their swords and engaged the enemy. Emphasis was on usibng the shield to provide maximum body coverage, while attacking was exposed by the enemy. In the combat that ensured, the Roman discipline, heavy shield which would be used to thrust or block the enemy, chest armour provided protection and training to give them important advantages over their not so very well trained enemies.



    The Roman legionnary on the battlefield could endure short periods of intense fighting. He could also count on tempoary relief, and he would also be able to recover on an short distance. It was very much like the Republican style of renewing the combat, if the Hastatii couldn't break the line, then the Principe came forward. Unlike Hollywood or video games which seem to portray endless violence going on for hours, these soliders would be supplied with reinforcements and would fight in an organized manner, instead of endless fighthing till death or injury So it would be very short periods of fighting. In some situations however, they would be fighting for hours as taken in the battles of Alesia and Teuotberg forest. The stamina and the willpower that had been instilled in the training the Roman legions demanded them to make many charges, to make one surge greater than before, and then as the sides broke down, the greatest slaugther would begin.



    Osprey images removed due to copyright issues - Maximinus Thrax


    War Machines/Covering fire:
    Roman battles during the late Empire were fought with avaible fire from Ballistas and Onagers ( think of the Gladiator scene) it is indeed possible that many did come to battle, but it is also possible that not all Romans battles would have had artierlly, especially in regions such as far north of Germania and the deserts of Parthia. It is questionable whether they had much impact, but I believe as long as the enemy were close to the dense formation of the Roman legions, it would have made very good impact. While the barrage continued, the Roman legions would walk in 30 metres of the Roman legiosn, launch their pilla and charge. This would be the key to many Roman victories. Another tactic was to draw the enemy with fire and feigned charges in order to give them the sense of attacking, by auxiliary equites( cavarly), once drawn in, they would be ambushed by Roman infantry and cavalry.



    Regiments:

    After AD 80, the centuriae of the First Cohort of each legion doubled to size around 160 men, the number of centurriae apparently reduced to five, thus reduing the legion's centurions from 60 to 59. Legion's effectiveness was thus increased to 5,240 men plus officers. In the same period, Auxiliary regiments both ' Alae'' and '' cohorotes'' were also doubled to so called milliaria size, which were in paper 1000 strong, but actually only 720 in milliary alae and 800 in cohores. Only a miniority of auxiliary regiments, about in seven were enlarged.

    It was Augustus that kept the service of irregular allied native troops, but there was an urgent need to have them organised and equipped, if they were to provide their future services to the Roman army. They outnumbered Roman citizens by around 9 to 1 in the early 1st century and could only be drawn from the Empire's vast pool of non citizen subjectsd known as '' peregrini''. They were now recurited into regular units of cohort- strength around 500 men, to form coprs called auxilia. By Ad 23, Tactius reports that the Auxilia (175,000) numbered roughly many of the legionnaries. The roughly 250 regiments of Auxilia were divided into three types:

    An all infanrtry Cohors (120 regiments)
    An infantry unit with an cavarly contignent attached, cohors equitata ( 80 units)
    All cavarly ala ( 50 units)

    At this stage the auxiliary recruitment was ethnically based. Most men originating from their same tribes or provinces, hence they carried ethnics name. The Cohors V Raetorum ( 5th cohort of Raeti) were recruited from the Raeti, a Germanic tribe group of the Alpines tribes that inhabited Modern Switzerland. It has been suggested that proper equipment was not standardised until after AD 50, whereas in the past they would fight with the traditional weaponry of their tribes. It is possible that during Augustan times some regiments would have have had standardised equipment.



    One thing I will note: The player will get an reform for Auxilia reform - hearby transforming all Auxilia units into proper Auxilia units with standardised armour and weapons. Think of the Roman Marian reforms in Rome 1 where they upgraded the legionnaires from hastati or prinicpies, this will happen by AD 68. Auxiliary uniform, armour, weapons and equipment were probably standardised by the end of the Julio-Claudian+ period (AD 68). Auxiliary equipment was broadly similar to that of the legions. By AD 68, there was little difference between most auxiliary infantry and their legionary counterparts in equipment, training and fighting capability.Also note that Auxiliary regiments were desgined to operate on the flanks and peforming exactly the same role as the Republic's italian allies had done before.

    Units, numbers, strength:

    The Imperial Army grew regularly in the 1st and 2nd centuries, doubling in size from 250,000 to 450,000 at the end of Septimius Severu's regin, (AD 211) The number of legions increased to 33, and auxiliary regiments ever more sharply to 400, the army under Severus probably reached its peak side for the Principate period ( 30bc - AD 284)

    Taken from source:
    In the late 3rd century, it is likely that the army suffered a sharp decline in numbers due to the so-called "Third Century Crisis+" (235-70) a period of numerous civil wars, major barbarian invasions and above all, the Plague of Cyprian+, an outbreak of smallpox which may have eliminated as many as a third of the army's effectives. It is possible that, by AD 270, the army was not much greater than in AD 24. From this low point it seems that numbers were substantially increased, by at least a third, under Diocletian (r. 284-305): John the Lydian+ reports at some point in his reign the army totalled 389,704 men - restoring overall strength to the level attained under Hadrian.

    The likely trend in the size of the Roman army in the Principate may be summarised as follows:

    wikitable
    |+ '''ESTIMATED SIZE OF ROMAN ARMY 24–305 AD'''
    ! Army corps !! Tiberius
    ''24 AD'' !! Hadrian
    ''c. 130 AD'' !! S. Severus
    ''211 AD'' !! 3rd-century crisis
    ''c. 270 AD'' !! Diocletian
    ''284–305''

    |LEGIONS
    |125,000
    |155,000
    |182,000
    |
    |

    |AUXILIA
    |125,000
    |218,000
    |250,000
    |
    |

    |PRAETORIAN GUARD
    |~~5,000
    |~~8,000
    |~15,000
    |

    |'''Total Roman Army'''
    |'''255,000'''
    |'''381,000'''
    |'''447,000'''
    |'''290,000?'''
    |'''390,000'''
    |
    NOTE: Regular land forces only. Excludes citizen-militias, barbarian ''foederati+'', and Roman navy+ effectives



    Special Roman formations, although this is taken from wikipedia, I think its a good source to start:

    Whatever the deployment, the Roman army was marked both by flexibility and strong discipline and cohesion. Different formations were assumed according to different tactical situations.

    • Repellere equites ("repel horsemen/knights") was the formation used to resist cavalry. The legionaries would assume a square formation, holding their pila as spears in the space between their shields and strung together shoulder to shoulder.
    • At the command iacere pila, the legionaries hurled their pila at the enemy.
    • At the command cuneum formate, the infantry formed a wedge to charge and break enemy lines. This formation was used as a shock tactic.
    • At the command contendite vestra sponte, the legionaries assumed an aggressive stance and attacked every opponent they faced.
    • At the command orbem formate, the legionaries assumed a circle-like formation with the archers placed in the midst of and behind the legionaries providing missile fire support. This tactic was used mainly when a small number of legionaries had to hold a position and were surrounded by enemies.
    • At the command ciringite frontem, the legionaries held their position.
    • At the command frontem allargate, a scattered formation was adopted.
    • At the command testudinem formate, the legionaries assumed the testudo (tortoise) formation. This was slow moving but almost impenetrable to enemy fire, and thus very effective during sieges and/or when facing off against enemy archers. However the testudo formation didn't allow a close combat and therefore it was used when the enemy were far enough away so as the legionaries could get into another formation before being attacked.
    • At the command tecombre, the legionaries would break the Testudo formation and revert to their previous formation.
    • At the command Agmen formate, the legionaries assumed a square formation, which was also the typical shape of a century in battle.

    Roman Square formation:

    #

    The Roman wedge formation:





    This is where the Romans would use their shields to break into the line.

    Line Spacing/Formations - Important!!!

    This is something I found interesting, and it will be essentially useful for the development of this mod and how you want to structure the spacing to get rid of blobbing. Please note, that when Romans fought Germanic/Gaulish tribes, it did turn into an blob. However, you should still be able to organise your legions in an controlled formation:



    Various Roman formations to use in the mod:














    Romans in the East:

    http://img.4plebs.org/boards/tg/imag...9450007211.jpg









    The Roman infantry differed from the phalanx type forces of the Greeks/Macedonians/Pontians/Thracians/Dacians. Indeed while the phalanx would deepen their ranks to add power and strength, the general approach was one big massive line as opposed to the deep three layer Roman arrangement. The advantage of the Roman system however, allowed its legions to sustain in battle for an long time. Which would then be renewed by the second and third lines to break the enemy, and they were also had careful consideration, deployed too early and they entagled in combat and become exhausted, deployed too late and they might be swept away in an rout if the first line began to break. You will note that many Roman commanders were mobile, and used messengers to quickly send orders, or they themselves would command them too. If we compare this to the battle scene of Waterloo (1970)



    You will note that if you look at the background, you will find regiments still walking in an organised formation, whereas officers would order their regiments to move and so on. The Napoleonic system I believe was very similar towards the Roman one. Anyway, its just an example to illustrate that this sort of mobile system had been adapted during the Swedish wars by Gustavus, in the 30 year wars where he made every man of his army capable of shooting, holding pikes and firing cannons. In fact you could say that many effective armies were influenced by the Roman mobile system when they had to co-ordinate attacks and lead their troops on the battlefield.



    This is something we need to add an as realistic and authentic feature:

    When playing battles, you will have the Roman legion deployed in the triplex acies formation. Your job is to maintain this formation. You can not move your units into an blob unless the AI does something like this. You have to first engage your first line when the enemy are close, and you will see that if the first line is getting too encumbered, you will then send the second line. But beware, if they are deployed too early, your first line will die, and if the second lines fails to penetrate, it will be disaster. This I think would add a lot more stragetic depth into actually commanding an Roman legion. Unlike CA which failed to provide the player with anything useful on how to actually feel like playing the Roman legion. This would be an excellent feature I think to add.

    The key to swapping troops in battle I found, is to get the fresh troops to attack & start fighting BEFORE you pull the tired troops back. Also, don't let them get too tired as then they WILL rout. You also must have a great general in command for the "moral" factor. If you do it with anything less than a 4 star general, they will probably rout.

    ^^^^

    This would be an excellent feature to add.

    Whatever the actual formation taken however, the ominous funneling or surge of combat power up to the front remained constant:
    "When the first line as a whole had done its best and become weakened and exhausted by losses, it gave way to the relief of fresh men from the second line who, passing through it gradually, pressed forward one by one, or in single file, and worked their way into the fight in the same way. Meanwhile the tired men of the original first line, when sufficiently rested, reformed and re-entered the fight. This continued until all men of the first and second lines had been engaged. This does not presuppose an actual withdrawal of the first line, but rather a merging, a blending or a coalescing of both lines. Thus the enemy was given no rest and was continually opposed by fresh troops until, exhausted and demoralized, he yielded to repeated attacks."

    Taken from wikipedia, but please note, its to do with morale:

    Morale. If the field of potential battle were near, movement became more careful and more tentative. Several days might be spent in a location studying the terrain and opposition, while the troops were prepared mentally and physically for battle. Pep talks, sacrifices to the gods and the announcements of good omens might be carried out. A number of practical demonstrations might also be undertaken to test enemy reaction as well as to build troop morale. Part of the army might be led out of the camp and drawn up in battle array towards the enemy. If the enemy refused to come out and at least make a demonstration, the commander could claim a morale advantage for his men, contrasting the timidity of the opposition with the resolution of his fighting forces.[8]


    Historian Adrian Goldsworthy notes that such tentative pre-battle maneuvering was typical of ancient armies as each side sought to gain maximum advantage before the encounter.[12] During this period, some ancient writers paint a picture of meetings between opposing commanders for negotiation or general discussion, as with the famous pre-clash conversation between Hannibal and Scipio at Zama. But whatever the truth of these discussions, or the flowery speeches allegedly made, the only encounter that ultimately mattered was battle.

    Good basic summary taken from Wikipedia, I know, but its got some good stuff:

    Force structure[edit]


    • Contubernium: "tent unit" of 8 men
    • Centuria: 80 men commanded by a centurion
    • Cohort: 6 centuries or a total of 480 fighting men. Added to these were officers. The first cohort was double strength in terms of manpower, and generally held the best fighting men
    • Legion: made up of 10 cohorts
    • Field army: a grouping of several legions and auxiliary cohorts
    • Equites: Each legion was supported by 300 cavalry (equites), sub-divided into ten turmae
    • Auxilia and velites: allied contingents, often providing light infantry and specialist fighting services, like archers, slingers or javelin men. They were usually formed into the light infantry or velites. Auxilia in the Republican period also formed allied heavy legions to complement Roman citizen formations.
    • Non-combatant support: generally the men who tended the mules, forage, watering and sundries of the baggage train

    Rank summary[edit]


    • Consul - elected official with military and civic duties; like a co-President (there were two), but also a major military commander
    • Praetor - appointed military commander of a legion or grouping of legions, also a government official
    • Legatus legionis - the legate or overall legion commander, usually filled by a senator
    • Tribune - young officers, second in command of the legion. Other lesser tribunes served as junior officers
    • Prefect - third in command of the legion. There were various types. The Prefectus equitarius commanded a unit of cavalry
    • Primus pilus - commanding centurion for the first cohort - the senior centurion of the entire legion
    • Centurion - basic commander of the century. Prestige varied based on the cohort they supervised
    • Decurio - commander of the cavalry unit or turma
    • Aquilifer - standard bearer of each legion - a position of much prestige
    • Signifer - one for each century, handled financial matters and decorations
    • Optio - equivalent to a sergeant, second in command for the centurion
    • Cornicen - horn blower or signaler
    • Imaginifer - carried standard bearing the emperor's image
    • Decanus - equivalent to a corporal, commanded 8-man tent party
    • Munifex - basic legionary - the lowest of the trained rank and file
    • Tirones - new recruit to the legions, a novice





    Roman formation Millitary attack movement:

    This formation consisted off:
    Troops at the right and the center, and also having reserves should the enemy ever try to flank. You would then be able to press around the center.



    The second formation consisted of attacking the left flank of the enemy as it was considered to be weaker.



    And the third formation, was to attack the right in case the left was stronger.

    Last edited by Maximinus Thrax; October 10, 2014 at 02:09 AM.





















































  14. #54

    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    im so glad you found that list of legions in ad80 now we can show where the legions were and I have the list of all 28 original augustan legions the movement of legions and the recruitment of legions could be triggered by the massacre of Legio XVII, XVIII and XIX

  15. #55
    The Wandering Storyteller's Avatar Protector Domesticus
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    Quote Originally Posted by Hloeric View Post
    im so glad you found that list of legions in ad80 now we can show where the legions were and I have the list of all 28 original augustan legions the movement of legions and the recruitment of legions could be triggered by the massacre of Legio XVII, XVIII and XIX
    An excellent idea mate, also loving the Roman legions retextures, they look authentic and awesome!

    Here is the map for those 28 legions:



    I think this should hopefully help





















































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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    Also got the list of Republican legions here:




    List of regions from where they will be recruitable:



    Map:






















































  17. #57
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    List of legions and their research:

    http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/legions.htm

    Legio I Germanica (or Augusta)


    • One of the original 28 Augustan LegionsFoundation:
      Probably 48 BC by Julius Caesar. Raised in Italia. Also possibly raised by the Consul Pansa in 43 BC to aid Octavian against Antonius.
      The emblem was likely the bull as this was the emblem of all the Caesarian legions.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 9 AD Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne, Germany)
      II. 28 AD Bonna (Bonn, Germany)
      Events:
      48 BC: Possible campaigns with Caesar in the civil war include the battles of Dyrrachium and Pharsulus, but there is no solid complete evidence for this.
      46 - 45 BC: Hispania: possible engagements against the holdout armies of Pompeius, including the battle of Munda.
      43 - 42 BC: Possibly the Battles of Mutina (43 BC) and Phillippi in Italia (42 BC) with Octavian against Antonius.
      38 - 36 BC: Campaigns against Sextus Pompeius, mainly in Sicilia.
      25 - 13 BC: Hispania, campaign against the Cantabrians. At some point between the Pompeius and the Cantabrian campaigns it earned the cognoment Augusta but was stripped of it due to disloyal and minor mutinous behavior.
      9 - 69 AD: Germania. During its time in Germania it earned the cognoment Germania under either Drusus or Germanicus.
      69 AD: Supported Vitellius in his revolt against Galba and was later defeated by Vespanian. The legion was disbanded and never reconstituted at this point.
      [top]


    Legio I Adiutrix ("helper", later Pia Fidelis "loyal and faithful")


    • Foundation:
      Recruited from sailors at Misenum by Nero starting in 66 AD, but Nero died before formal acceptance. Formally established by Galba in 69 AD.
      Its standard was the Capricorn.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 70 - 86 AD: Moguntiacum, Germania (Mainz, Germany)
      II. 86 - 100? AD: Brigetio, Pannonia (Szhony, Hungary)
      III. 100? - 108 AD: Apulum, Dacia (Alba Iulia, Romania)
      IV. 108 - 440 AD: Brigetio, Pannonia (Szhony, Hungary)
      Events:
      69 AD: Battle of Bedriacum (Civil War in support of Otho).
      86 - 90 AD: Dacian/Sarmatian campaigns.
      96 AD: Earned the name Pia Fidelis from Trajan for forcing Nerva to adopt him as Caesar.
      101 - 106 AD: Dacian wars.
      113 - 117 AD: Parthian campaign.
      166 - 180 AD: Marcommanic wars.
      193 - 195 AD: Civil war in support of Septimius Severus.
      215 - 217 AD: Parthian campaign.
      236 - 237 AD: Dacian War.
      244 AD: Persian War.
      259 AD: Defense of Italy against Alemanni.
      [top]


    Legio I Italica


    • Foundation:
      Recruited by Nero in 66 AD for his planned expedition against the Albani tribe along the Caspian Sea, which never took place.
      Its standard was the boar.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 68 - 69 AD: Lugdunum, Gaul (Lyon, France)
      II. 69 - 5th Century AD: Novae (near Svishtov, Bulgaria)
      Events:
      69 AD: First and second battles of Bedriacum (civil war, supporting Vitellius).
      86 - 90 AD: Dacian-Sarmatian campaigns.
      101 - 106 AD: Dacian wars.
      166 - 180 AD: Marcommanic wars.
      190's AD: Built the Limes Transalutanus fortifications along the Danube and Olt rivers.
      [top]


    Legio I Macriana Liberatrix ("Macer's Liberators")


    • Foundation:
      Formed by Lucious Clodius Macer, rebellious Governor of Africa, in 68 AD, to be used against Nero.
      Events:
      69 AD: Galba, distrustful of Macer and his new legion, ordered the death of the Legions commander and for it to be disbanded.
      [top]


    Legio I Minervia (later Pia Fidelis, "loyal and faithful")


    • Foundation:
      Formed by Domitian in 82 or 83 AD, and named for his favorite goddess, Minerva.
      Its standard was either the likeness of Minerva or a Ram, her zodiac sign.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 83 - 5th Century AD: Bonna (Bonn, Germany)
      II. Subunits served various stations all over Germania. During the reign of Septimius Severus (193 - 211), subunits garrisoned Lugdunum, Gaul (Lyon, France).
      Events:
      89 AD: Supported Domitian against the rebellion of Saturninus in Germania earning the name Flavia Pia Fidelis. Flavia, the family name of Domitian was dropped after his death in 96 AD.
      101 - 106 AD: Fought in Trajan's Dacian wars, the later part of which was under the direct command of the future Emperor Hadrian.
      162 - 166 AD: Served in Lucius Verus' Parthian campaigns.
      193 - 195 AD: Supported Septimius Severus in the civil war.
      260 - 274 AD: Served the breakaway Gallic empire.
      351 - 353 AD: Defeated by the Franks and Bonna destroyed, but returned a few years later, remaining until the 5th century.
      [top]


    Legio I Parthica


    • Foundation:
      Founded in 197 AD by Septimius Severus for his campaign against the Parthians.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 197 - 360 AD: Singara, Mesopotamia (Sinjar).
      II. 360 - 5th Cent. AD: Nsibis, Mesopotamia.
      Events:
      197 - 198 AD: Parthian Campaign.
      [top]


    Legio II Adiutrix ("helper") Pia Fidelis


    • Foundation:
      Possible recruitment as early as 67 by Nero, but formally accepted by Vespasian in 70 AD.
      Recruited from marines stationed in Ravenna.
      Its standard was the capricorn and the pegasus.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 71 - 77? AD: Lindum, Brittania (Lincoln)
      II. 77? - 87 AD: Deva, Britannia (Chester)
      III. 87 - 102 AD: Acumincum or Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica), Pannonia
      IV. 102 - 106 AD: Singidunum (Belgrade), Dacia
      V. 106 - 5th C.: Aquincum (Budapest), Pannonia
      Events:
      70 AD: Suppressed the Batavian revolt of Julius Civilis at the battle of Xanten.
      71 - 87 AD: In Britain, suppressed the Brigantes revolt under Venutius, and defeated the Ordivices including the occupation of the Isle of Mona (Anglesey).
      102 - 106 AD: Fought in Trajan's Dacian campaigns.
      117 - 136 AD: Various construction projects in Pannonia druing the reign of Hadrian including the road from Singidunum (Belgrade) to Aquincum (Budapest).
      162 - 166 AD: Active in Lucius Verus' Parthian campaigns.
      171 - 173 AD: Involved in Marcus Aurelius Marcomanni wars and sustained heavy losses requiring reinforcements from Legio III in Africa.
      193 - 195 AD: Supported Septimius Severus in the civil war.
      238 AD: Likely fought with Gordian III against the Sassanids.
      269 AD: Also likely campaigned with Claudius II against the Goths.
      [top]


    Legio II Augusta


    • One of the original 28 Augustan Legions.Foundation:
      Likely formed by Consul Gaius Vibius Pansa and Octavian in 43 BC.
      Its standard was the capricorn and later awarded the pegasus under Vespasian.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 25 - 13 BC: Hispania Tarraconensis (Spain), possibly Colonia Acci which the legion built.
      II. 9 - 17 AD: Moguntiacum, Germania (Mainz, Germany)
      III. 17 - 43 AD: Argentoratum, Germania (Strasbourg, Germany)
      IV. 48 - 74? AD: Isca Dumnoniorum, Britannia (Exeter)
      V. 74 - 139? AD: Isca Silurum, Britannia (Caerleon, Wales)
      Events:
      43 - 41 BC: Civil war in support of Octavian, fought against Antonian forces at Phillipi and Perugia.
      25 - 13 BC: In Hispania fighting the Cantabrians and Asturians.
      14 - 16 AD: Served under Germanicus in his Germanian campaigns.
      43 AD: Invasion of Britannia under Claudius.
      69 AD: Civil War in support of Vitellius, after defeated by Vespasian the legion was returned to Britain.
      122 - 128 AD: Vexillations helped build Hadrian's Wall.
      139 - 142 AD: Built the Antonine Wall.
      155 - 158 AD: Widespread revolt in Britannia caused significant casualties requiring reinforcement from Legions in Germania.
      196 AD: In support of Clodius Albinus were defeated by Septimius Severus in the civil war.
      208 AD: Invasion of Caledonia (Scotland) under Severus.
      407? AD: The final defense of Britain at Rutupiae (Richborough) and the withdrawal from Britannia.
      [More info on Legio II Augusta] [top]


    Legio II Italica (Pia) (faithful)


    • Foundation:
      Founded in 165 or 166 AD by Marcus Aurelius for use in his campaigns against the Germanian Marcomanni tribe.
      Its emblem was the she-wolf with the legendary founding brothers of Rome. Remus and Romulus. Perhaps this symbol was an indication of it being founded while both Marcus Aurelius and his brother Lucius Verus were co-emperors.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 180 - 5th century AD: Lauriacum, Noricum (Lorch, Switzerland)
      Events:
      166 - 180 AD: Active in Marcus Aurelius Marcomannii campaigns and the securing of Noricum and Raetia provinces.
      193 AD: Supported Septimius Severus in the civil war.
      236 - 237 AD: Active in the Dacian Wars of Maximinus.
      269 AD: Likely active with Clodius against the Goths.
      300? AD: During the reign of Diocletian a sub-unit was transfered and established a base at Divitia (Deutz) near Cologne. It eventually became an independent legion, II Italica Divitensium, and was active in Constantine's march on Rome and the battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 AD.
      [top]


    Legio II Parthica


    • Foundation:
      Founded in 197 AD by Septimius Severus for his campaign against the Parthians.
      Its standard was the Centaur.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 202? AD: Albanum, Italia (near Rome)
      Events:
      197 - 198 AD: Parthian Campaign.
      202 AD: Became the first permanent (non-Praetorian) legion to be stationed in Italia. It not only policed central Italia but acted as a strategic reserve to fill in the gaps when other legions were active in various campaigns.
      208 - 211 AD: Britannian/Caledonian campaign of Septimius Severus.
      213 AD: Served with Caracalla vs. the Alamanni.
      214 - 214 AD: Active in the Parthian campaigns.
      231 AD: Fought the Sassanids under Alexander Severus.
      234 - 235 AD: Campaign against the Germanic Alamanni.
      235 - 238 AD: Supported Maximinus vs. the Sarmatians in Pannonia and against a Senate revolt in Italia.
      242 - 244 AD: Persian War.
      Second half of the 3rd Century AD: Various assignments throughout the empire including Gallia, Palmyra, Thracia, Numidia and Cilicia.
      312 AD: Served with Maxentius against Constantine and was likely disbanded after being defeated at the Milvian Bridge.
      4th Century AD: A legion with the same name was stationed at Bezabde (Cizre), on the Tigris. After its failing to stop the Persians from capturing Bezsabde in 360 AD, II Parthica disappears from recorded history.
      [top]


    Legio II Traiana Fortis (Trajan's strong or brave legion)


    • Foundation:
      Founded in 105 AD by Trajan, needing reinforcements for his Dacian campaigns.
      The standard was the demi-god Hercules.

      Permanent Bases:
      I. 125 - 5th Century AD: Alexandria, Aegyptus.
      Events:
      105 - 106 AD: Trajan's Dacians campaigns, and was likely garrisoned on the Danube prior to transfer to Egypt.
      115 - 117 AD: Parthian campaigns.
      117 - 125 AD: Stationed in Judaea to quell Jewish resistance.
      132 - 136 AD: Vexillations served with Hadrian against the Jews.
      194 AD: Originally supporting Pescennius Niger against Septimius Severus, it switched sides and helped swing the course of history in Severus' favor.
      213 AD: Fought with Caracalla against the Alamanni and seemed to have at least temporarily gained the cognomen Germanica.
      260 - 268 AD: In the civil war vs. the breakaway Gallic empire, it served Gallienus against Posthumus but eventually was returned to Egypt when Aurelian re-conquered Gallia.
      298 AD: Fought the Moors in Mauretania.
      Remained in Egypt until the 5th Century AD stationed in such towns as Panospolis, Thebes, Syene and Pselchis. Its final known garrison being on the southern frontier guarding the Meroitic kingdom of Nubia.
      [top]


    Legio III Augusta

    One of the original 28 Augustan Legions
    • Foundation:
      Recruited by Octavian and likely by Consul Gaius Vibius Pansa in 43 BC.
      Its emblem was the Pegasus.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 30 BC - 75? AD: Ammaedara, Africa.
      II. 75? - 98? AD: Theveste, Africa.
      III. 98? - 5th cent. AD: Lambaesis, Africa.
      Events:
      43 - 36 BC: Supported Octavian (Augustus) against Antonius in the Civil war and may have been present and Philippi. Campaigned against Sextus Pompeius in Sicilia.
      17 - 24 AD: Fought against Mauretanian and Numidian tribes organized under Tacfarinas.
      18 AD: Legatus Lucius Apronius subjected III Augusta to decimation (the killing of every tenth soldier by their fellow legionaries) after a defeat to Tacfarinas.
      69 AD: Under African Governor Clodius Macer, and with Legio I Macriana Liberatrix, revolted against Nero in favor of Galba. Galba disbanded Legio I and Legio III saw no action in the civil war that eventually saw Vespasian take the throne.
      138 - 161 AD: During the reign of Antoninus Pius, III Augusta was involved in a lengthy ongoing war with Berber tribes.
      193 AD: Awarded the title Pia Vindex (Faithful avenger) by Severus for supporting his claim to the purple. Severus oversaw the construction of a series of desert fortifications to control the Berbers.
      238 AD: Active against Gordian I and II in a bid for the throne. Gordian III, winning the civil war, disbanded the legion as punishment.
      253 AD: Reconstituted by Valerian and awarded the title Iterum Pia Iterum Vindex (Again faithful, again avenger).
      253 - 260 AD: Fought against the "5 peoples" federation of Berber tribes.
      289 - 297 AD: Under the command of Maximianus again campaigned against the Berbers.
      Maintained Roman presence in North Africa through the 5th century.
      [top]


    Legio III Cyrenaica

    One of the original 28 Augustan Legions
    • Foundation:
      Likely formed by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus or Marcus Antonius between 43 and 31 BC, as both men served as Governor of the province between those years.
      Possibly given the name Cyrenaica later as an award for service in the African province.
      The standard is unknown.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 30 BC - 7? AD: Possibly Thebes, Aegyptus.
      II. 7? - 106 AD: Alexandria, Aegyptus.
      III. 106 - 119 AD: Bostra, Arabia.
      IV. 119 - 125 AD: Alexandria, Aegyptus.
      V. 125 - 5th Cent. AD: Bostra, Arabia.
      Events:
      26 - 25 BC: Vexillations involved in the Arabia Felix (Yemen), invasion.
      24 BC: Repulsed the Nubian invasion of Egypt.
      66 - 70 AD: War against the Jews and the siege of Jerusalem.
      132 - 136 AD: Likely involved in suppressing the Jewish revolt in Judaea.
      197 - 198 AD: Possibly involved in the Parthian campaigns.
      215- 217 AD: Fought the Parthians in Caracalla's campaigns.
      260 - 272 AD: Upon the capture and death of Valerian, the eastern provinces became independent. Palmyran Emperor Odenaethus and his wife Zenobia launched an invasion of Persia. The Emperor Aurelian eventually reconquered Palmyra and sent Legio III Cyrenaica back to Egypt.
      [top]


    Legio III Gallica

    One of the original 28 Augustan Legions
    • Foundation:
      Founded by Julius Caesar in 49 or 48 BC, recruited for his effort against Pompeius Magnus and the Republicans.
      Its standard was the bull.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 58 - 66 AD: Ziata, Armenia.
      II. 66 - 70 AD: Oescus, Moesia.
      III. 70? - 219 AD: Raphanaea, Syria.
      IV. 222? - 4th Century AD: Near Damascus, Syria.
      Events:
      48 BC: Battles of Dyrrhachium and Pharsalus.
      45 BC: Battle of Munda.
      42 BC: With Marcus Antonius fought the Republicans at Philippi.
      41 BC: Retired veterans besieged and surrendered to Octavian at Perugia.
      36 BC: Involved in Marcus Antonius Parthian campaign. Possibly saved the entire army through hard fighting during retreat.
      20 BC: Under the command of Tiberius, retrieved the lost standards of Marcus Crassus from the Parthians that were captured in 53 BC.
      58 AD: War in Armenia vs. the Parthians.
      132 - 136 AD: Suppressed the Jewish revolt and besieged Jerusalem.
      161 - 166 AD: Parthian campaigns of Lucius Verus.
      197 - 198 AD: Likely involved in Severus' Parthian campaigns.
      219 AD: Legio II revolted and was disbanded by Heliogabalus.
      222 AD: Reconstituted by Severus Alexander.
      Disappears from recorded history in about 320 AD.
      [top]


    Legio III Italica Concors (Harmonius)


    • Foundation:
      Founded by Marcus Aurlelius in 165 or 166 AD for his wars against the Germanic Marcomanni.
      Its emblem was the stork.
      Permanent Bases:
      I. 171 - 5th century AD: Regina Castra, Raetia (Regensburg, Germany)
      Also active throughout the province of Raetia including Augusta Vindelicum (Augsburg, Germany)
      II. 5th Century AD: with the collapse of the Danube frontier, was transferred to Illyricum.
      [TABLE]


      Events:
      166 - 180 AD: Responsible for securing Raetia and Noricum during M. Aurelius' Marcomanni campaigns.
      213 AD: Caracalla's Alamanni campaign.
      260 AD: Likely overrun by Germanic invaders who were in turn defeated by local militia. The Legion was reinforced, however.
      273 AD: Campaigned with Aurelian against the breakaway Palmyric empire.
      End of the 4th century AD: Divided into 6 vexillations responsible for guarding river passes against Germanic invaders in Illyricum. Was the twin legion of Legio III Herculia.
      [/TD]

      [/TABLE

    Taken from:

    http://www.unrv.com/military/legions.php





















































  18. #58
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    LEGIO I AUGUSTA GERMANICUS Formed most likely by Julius Caesar. From 16BC to 9AD, it was stationed in Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne, Germany). It was deprived of its noman (title-name) in 19BC. During the Civil War of 69AD, the Legion was quartered in Bonna (Bonn) in lower (north) Germania and was disbanded in 70AD when it was found to be in collusion with a rebel element.

    LEGIO I ADIUTRIX ("Helper") Raised by Nero in 66 or 67 AD at Misenum, on the Bay of Naples, along with Legion II Adiutrix; both of which were comprised of sailors. The Legion was officially recognized by Galba in 69 AD. Known assignments were: Moguntiacum (Maintz) in upper (Alpine) Germania, 70 to 86 AD - Pannonia (Yugoslavia) and Moesia (Serbia-Bulgaria) in 86 AD - Brigetio (Komarom-Szony, Hungary) in Pannonia , 97 AD and permanently in Brigetio from 120 AD onwards. The Legion was active in the Civil Wars of 69 AD, the Dacian Wars of 101 & 102 and 105-107 AD and it is thought to have also served in the Parthian War of 114-117 AD in Arabia.
    LEGIO I ITALICA Raised by Nero in 66 AD? for a planned campaign in the Caspian region. In 68 AD, it was stationed in Gallia at Lugdunum (Lyon in south-central France). Emperor Vespasian transferred the Legion to Novae (Svistov) in Moesia (Bulgaria) where it took part in the Civil War of 69 AD.
    LEGIO I MACRIANA LIBERATRIX Instituted by the rebellious governor of Africa, L.Clodius Macer in 68 AD; it was subsequently disbanded by Galba a year later in 69 AD.
    LEGIO I MINERVA Raised by Emperor Domitian in 83 AD, the Legion was stationed in Bonna (Bonn) in Lower (north) Germany. It took part in the Dacian Wars (101-102 AD) and the Parthian (Arabian) Campaign (162-166 AD) under Co-Emperor L.Verus.
    LEGIO I PARTHICA Formed by Emperor Septimius Severus prior to 197 AD, it was stationed at Singara (Tabriz, Iran) in Mesopotamia and took part in his Parthian Campaign in Arabia.
    LEGIO II ADIUTRIX ("Helper") Raised by Nero in 66 or 67 AD at Misenum, on the Bay of Naples, along with Legion I Adiutrix; both of which were comprised of sailors. The Legion was officially recognized by Vespasian in 70 AD. Known assignments were at Lindum (Lincoln) in Britain, 71 AD and in Danube area of Germany after 87 AD. In 92 AD, it was sent to Moesia (Romania) and later to Aquincum (Budapest) in Lower Pannonia (Yugoslavia). The Legion was active in the Dacian Wars (101-102 AD) and the Parthian (Arabian) Campaign (162-166 AD) under Co-Emperor L.Verus.
    LEGIO II AUGUSTA Reconstituted by Augustus in 43 BC; the Legion dates to 30 BC in Spain. Legion II went to Germany following the Teutoburger Vald (forest) disaster of 9 AD, where Legions XVII, XVIII & XIX were lost. From 17 AD, the Legion was based at Argentorate (Strasbourg) on the Rhine and then took part in the invasion of Britain in 43 AD. It was permanently stationed at Isca Dumnonio (Exeter), circa 75 AD.
    LEGIO II ITALICA Raised by Marcus Aurelius in 165 AD, it was stationed at Albing in Noricum (Austria) and was subsequently moved by Commodus, circa 185, to Lauriacum (Lorch), on the Danube (Donau) River, west of Vindobona (Vienna).
    LEGIO II TRAIANA FORTIS ("Traianic Brave") Formed by Emperor Traian, circa 105 AD. The Legion later went to Syria and then to Nilopolis, near Alexandria in Egypt in 125.
    LEGIO III AUGUSTA Thought to have been raised by Octavian, circa 41 BC. The Legion served in Africa at Ammaedara (Tunisia), then at Theveste (Tebessa, Algeria) under Emperor Vespasian and finally, circa 97 AD, permanently at Lambaesis - Numidia (Algeria). Legion III had been victorius under Emperor Augustus. It was later disbanded by Emperor Gordianus in 218, due to its support of its rebellious Legato, but was reinstated by Emperor Valerian in 253.
    LEGIO III CYRENAICA Formed prior to 30 BC by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus or Marcus Antony. The unit served in Egypt at Nicopolis (Alexandria) with Legion XXII Deiotariana early in the reign of Augustus. The Legion was sent to Arabia when it was annexed in 106 AD. It took part in the Parthian (Arabian) Campaign of Trajan from 115 to 117, when it returned to Egypt. Finally in circa 140, the Legion was permanently stationed in Syria at Bostra (Busra), northeast of Hierosolyma (Jerusalem).
    LEGIO III GALLICA Raised by Julius Caesar, the Legion served in Gaul, 48-42 BC. In 30 BC it was moved to Syria. The Legion was stationed in Moesea (Serbia-Bulgaria) 68 - 70 AD, when it returned permanently to Syria at Raphaneae (Hamath). Legion III took part in the civil war of 69 AD for Emperor Vespasian. The Legion was cashiered for sedition against Elagabalus in 218-219; but was reconstituted by Emperor Severus Alexander, circa 230, and was quartered at Danaba near Damascus.
    LEGIO III ITALICA Formed by Marcus Aurelius, circa 165 AD, it served in Raetia (southern Germany) at Castra Regina (Regensburg, Bavaria).
    LEGIO III PARTHICA Emperor Septimus Severus brought this Legion into existence prior to 197 AD. It served in Mesopotamia (Syria-Iraq), most likely at Rhesaena (eastern Turkey).
    LEGIO IV FLAVIA FELIX "Flavian Fortunate" was raised by Vespasian in 70 AD from the former Legion IV "Macedonica". It served at Burnum in Dalmatia (Croatia-N.Yugoslavia), circa 86-101. The following year it moved east into Upper Moesia (Serbia) at Singidunum (Belgrade) to take part in the First Dacian War, 101-102; and then north into Sarmizegethusa (Colonia Ulpia Traiana) after the second invasion of Dacia (Hungary) 105-107. With the reign of Hadrian, the Legion moved permanently back to Singidunum in Moesia (Serbia-Bulgaria).
    LEGIO IV MACEDONICA Raised by Julius Caesar in 48 BC it served in Spain until circa 43 AD and then moved into upper Germany. Its name would indicate early service in Macedonia (northern Greece). The Legion took part in the Civil War of 69 AD. The Legion was disbanded by Vespasian in 70 AD and replaced by Legion IV Flavia Felix.
    LEGIO IV SCYTHICA Thought to have been instituted by Marcus Antony prior to 30 BC; it served in Macedonia (northern Greece) until 9 AD, then in Moesia (Serbia-Bulgaria) till 56-57. The Legion then served permanently in Syria at Zeugma (Birecik, Turkey) on Euphrates River.
    LEGIO V ALAUDAE "Larks" Formed by Julius Caesar in 52 BC from the native people of Transalpine Gaul (southern France). It served in Spain from 30 BC to circa 19 BC and afterwards on the Rhine frontier until 14 AD; when it moved into Lower Germany. The Legion was reconstituted by Marc Antony in 44 BC and was disgraced when it lost its "Eagle" in Gaul in 17 BC. The Legion took part in the Civil War of 69 AD when it supported Emperor Vitellius. The Legion was probably disbanded by Emperor Vespasian (69-79 AD) or later by Domitian (81-96 AD).
    LEGIO V MACEDONICA Raised in 43 BC? or by Octavian in 41-40 BC it served in Macedonia (Greece) from 30 BC until 6 AD; when it was transferred to Moesia (Romania) from 41 to 61 AD; then to Armenia (61-62). The Legion was restationed from 71 till 86 AD at Oescus (Dacia Ripensis - S/E Germany) and at Troesmis after Traian's (Trajan's) Dacian Campaign of 105-107. The Legion was in Dacia (Romania) from 167 into 275 and afterwards returned to Oescus. It also was involved in the Jewish War and took part in the Parthian Campaign (162-166) of co-Emperor Lucius Verus.
    LEGIO VI FERRATA "Ironclad" Created by Julius Caesar in 52 BC in Cisalpine Gaul (S/E France); it was reconstituted in 44 BC, taken over by Marc Antony in 43 BC and later by Octavian. The Legion was part of Octavian's army in Syria at Raphaneae (Hamath). It took part in the 69 AD Civil War and marched as part of Flavian's army on Italy. From 72 AD was probably at Samosata in northern Syria on the Euphrates River and for a time was the garrison of the new province of Arabia, after 105 AD; and subsequently was in Judea (Syria-Palaestina). The Legion supported Emperor Septimus Severus against G. Pescennius Niger in 194 AD.
    LEGIO VI VICTRIX "Victorious" Formed by Octavian 41 BC, the Legion served in Spain from 30 BC to 69 AD and then at Novaesium (Neuss-Dusseldorf) in Lower Germany from 69 till 105 AD; when it moved to Vetera (Xanton-Wesel) on the Rhine River. In 122 it was transferred to Britain and permanently based at Eboracum (York). The Legion remained loyal to Emperor Domitian in the revolt of Lucius Antonius Saturninus in 89 AD.
    LEGIO VII (no name) This unit is thought to have come into existence in 59 BC or earlier. It was reconstituted by Octavian in 44 BC and probably was stationed in the Balkans region. From 9 AD, it was in Dalmatia (Yugoslavia) at Tilurium. In 56 AD?, the Legion was transferred northward into Moesia (Hungary) and from the reign of Vespasian onward, it was at Viminacium (Kostelec, s/e of Prague, Czech). Legion VII remained loyal to Emperor Claudius in the revolt of Scribonianus, governor of Dalmatia and took part in the Civil War of 69 AD in support of Emperor Vespasian.
    LEGIO VII HISPANA later GEMINA "Twin" Raised in Spain (Hispana) by Galba in 68, the Legion was nicknamed "Galbiana". It moved to Rome and then was sent to Carnuntum (Petronell, north of Vienna) in Pannonia (Austria - Hungary). In circa 70 AD, the Legion was permanently restationed back to Spain at Legio (Leon), where it was reconstituted using soldiers from Legion I, already at Legio, and was given the name "Gemina". VII-Hispana was involved in the 69 AD Civil War and accompanied Emperor Galba back to Rome. It later fought for Emperor Vespasian.
    LEGIO VIII AUGUSTA was created circa 59 BC and reconstituted by Octavian in 44 BC. It was stationed in the Balkans after 30 BC and in 9 AD, went to Poetovio (Ptuj) in Pannonia-Slovenia (Austria - Hungary). The Legion was victorious under the command of Augustus and went to Novae (Svistov) in Moesia (Hungary) circa 49 AD, and from 70 AD, was at Argentoratum (Strasbourg) France.
    LEGIO IX HISPANA could have been descended from Caesar's Legion IX, disbanded in 46-45 BC or was a new formation by Octavian in 41-40 BC. The Legion was in Spain from 30 to 19 BC and was subsequently sent to Siscia? (Sisak) in Pannonia (Croatia-Austria-Hungary) after 9 AD. It was sent to Africa in 20-24 AD to take part in the war against Tacfarinas and later participated in the invasion of Britain in 43, where it suffered heavy losses in Boudicca's rebellion. The Legion was quartered in Britain at Lindum (Lincoln) and later moved north to Eboracum (York). Its base at Eboracum was taken over by Legion VI Victrix circa 122 and it survived to about 126; but its fate is unknown.
    LEGIO X FRETENSIS "Fretum-Channel" Raised by Octavian in 41-40 BC; it served in Macedonia (Greece) after 30 BC and by 14 AD was stationed in Syria at Cyrrhus (N/E of Antioch) and later at Zeugma (north of Cyrrhus), and after the Jewish Wars, was stationed in Jerusalem (Hierosolyma). In the later 3rd Century AD, it went to Aelia on the Red Sea Coast.
    LEGIO X GEMINA "Twin" came into existence in 59 BC or earlier and was reconstituted in 44 BC. After the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, the Legion became a part of Octavian's Army, hence the title of Gemina "Twin". From 30 BC, it was in Spain, probably at Petavonium. By 64 AD it had been restationed to Carnuntum (Petronell S/E of Vienna) in Pannonia (Austria-Hungary); but was sent back to Spain in 68. The Legion soon found themselves in Lower Germany at Noviomagus (Neumagen-Drohn, Rhineland) in 70 AD. The Legion kept its allegiance to Emperor Domitian in the rebellion of Saturninus in 89 AD. Circa 103, it went back to Pannonia, first at Aquincum (Budapest) and later in Vindobona (Vienna).
    LEGIO XI (no name) was possibly descended from Caesar's Legion XI raised in 58 BC; but may have been formed by Octavian in 41-40 BC. The Legion was stationed in the Balkans and from 9 AD was at Burnum in Dalmatia. It maintained its loyalty to Claudius in the revolt of Scribonianus, governor of Dalmatia (Yugoslavia) in 42 AD and supported Vespasian in the Civil War of 69. In 70 AD, it went to Vindonissa (Windisch, Switzerland) in upper (Alpine) Germania to assist in the suppression of the rebellion by Iulius Civilis; and in 101, moved to Brigetio (Komarom-Szony) in Pannonia (Austria-Hungary) and still later into lower Moesia (Bulgaria) at Durostorum (Silistra).
    LEGIO XII FULMINATA "Thunderbolt Armed" most likely had its origins in the 12th Legion founded by Julius Caesar in 58 BC and was reconstituted in 44-43 BC. The Legion served with Antony in the East and is thought to have been sent to Egypt by Augustus; however, by the end of his reign the Legion was in Syria. It took part in the failed invasion of Armenia in 62 AD and was disgraced by its capitulation to the Parthians at Rhandiea. It also fought in the Jewish Wars and may have temporarily lost its "Eagle" in the retreat from Jerusalem in 66. After 70 AD, the Legion was stationed at Melitene (Malatya) in Cappadocia (eastern Turkey) and took part in the campaigns of Marcus Aurelius against Quadi in the 170's AD.
    LEGIO XIII GEMINA "Twin" Its origin is uncertain and it may have come out of Caesar's 13th, raised in 57 BC or was formed by Octavian in 41-40 BC. It was amalgamated with another legion after the Battle of Actium. It was stationed in Illyricum (coastal Balkans) in the early Empire and after 9 AD was moved to the Rhine at Vindonissa (Windisch, Switzerland) in upper (Alpine) Germania. It was transferred to Vindobona (Vienna, Austria) by Emperor Domitian circa 85 AD. After the Dacian Wars, in which it took part, it was based at Apulum (Alba Iulia, central Romania) as part of the first garrison of Dacia and when Dacia was abandoned in 274 AD, the Legion moved to Ratiaria in the new Province of Dacia Repensis (Austria).
    LEGIO XIV GEMINA "Twin" Its origin is uncertain and it may have come out of Caesar's 14th, raised in 57 BC or was formed by Octavian in 41-40 BC. It was perhaps amalgamated with another legion after the Battle of Actium. It was stationed in Illyricum (coastal Balkans) in the early Empire and after 9 AD was moved to Mogontiacum (Mainz) in Upper Germany. It took part in the invasion of Britain in 43 AD and later served in suppressing the rebellion of Boudicca in 60-61, being based at Viroconium (Shrewsbury) and in 67 was moved by Nero for his intended eastern campaign; but was sent back to Britain by Emperor Vitellius in 69 AD. It participated in the campaign against Iulius Civilis in 70 AD and supported the rebellion of Saturninus in 89. During the years 70 into 93, the Legion was mobile going to Mogontiacum (Mainz) on the Rhine River and then to Mursa? (Osijek, Croatia) on the Danube River in Upper Moesia. In 101 the Legion moved to Vindobona (Vienna) where a detachment took part in the Dacian Wars (101-102 & 105-106 AD) of Emperor Traian (Trajan) and by 114 was based at Carnuntum (Petronel
    l, S/E of Vienna) in Upper Pannonia (Hungary).
    LEGIO XV APOLLINARIS "Apollo's" was formed by Octavian in 41-40 BC or maybe earlier. It was in Illyricum (coastal Balkans) in the early Empire and after 9 AD, was stationed in Pannonia (Austria-Hungary) at Emona? (Ljubljana/Laibach) in Slavonia, western Yugoslavia, then at Saveria and during the reigns of Tiberius? and Claudius, maybe at Carnuntum (Petronell near Vienna). It fought in the Jewish Wars (66-70). The Legion or a detachment was probably transferred to the East for the Parthian Campaigns (101-102 & 105-106) of Emperor Traian (Trajan) and after 117 AD was based at Satala in Cappadocia (eastern Turkey-Iraq).

    LEGIO XV PRIMIGENIA "First Born" was the first of a new group of legions formed by Emperor Gaius in 39 AD for his intended German Campaigns. The Legion was stationed at Moguntiacum (Mainz) on the Rhine frontier; then moved to Bonna (Bonn) and finally to Vetera (Xanten) in Lower Germania. A detachment took part in Emperor Vitellius's invasion of Italy in 69 AD. The remainder of the Legion surrendered to the rebel Iulius Civilis in 69 and the Legion disappeared from the Army lists.

    LEGIO XVI GALLICA Raised by Octavian in 41-40 BC; the Legion, from 30 BC onwards, was stationed on the Rhine frontier. It spent some time in Gaul (France) and after 9 AD, was at Moguntiacum (Mainz) in Upper Germania, then was moved by Emperor Claudius to Novaesium (Neuss-Dusseldorf) in Lower Germany. A portion of the unit took part in Emperor Vitellius's invasion of Italy in 69 AD. The remainder of the Legion surrendered to the rebel Iulius Civilis in 69 and was subsequently disbanded by Emperor Vespasian and reconstituted as Legion XVI Flavia Firma "Flavian Steadfast".

    LEGIO XVI FLAVIA FIRMA "Flavian Steadfast" Reconstituted circa 71 AD by Emperor Vespasian from the remains of Legion XVI Gallica following its surrender to the rebel Iulius Civilis in 69 AD. The Legion was in Syria in 75 AD and later was at Satala in Cappadocia (eastern Turkey-Iraq). After the Parthian Campaigns of Traian (Trajan), 114-117; the Legion was permanently stationed at Samosata in northern Syria on the Euphrates River.

    LEGIO'S XVII - XVIII - XIX These three Legions were probably created by Octavian in 41-40 BC. As of 30 BC, all three were most likely stationed along the Rhine frontier and took part in the invasion of Germany between the Rhine and Elba Rivers. In 9 AD all three of the Legions (20,000 men) were ambushed and destroyed by the forces of Arminius (Hermann) a German barbarian chief of the Cherusi in the Teutoburger Vald (forest) in the Grotenburg region. The legions were on march from summer to winter quarters. Their commander, Publius Quinctilius Varus committed suicide and the Legion's Numbers were retired and not used again. The "Eagles" of Legion XIX and one of the others were subsequently recovered by Germanicus in 15-16 AD and the remaining one in 42 AD.
    The Teutoburger Vald disaster was largely the result of treachery and treason of Arminius, a Germanic who had obtained the trust of Rome; and that the Legions were attacked in a forest swamp, a closed-in and restricting environment where the Roman Army was unaccustomed to doing battle.

    LEGIO XX VALERIA VICTRIX "Valour Victorius" Raised by Octavian in 41-40 BC possibly after Actium, it served in Spain from 30 to 20 BC; then at Burnum in Illyricum (coastal Balkans) until 9 AD. The Legion was restationed to Ara Ubiorum in Lower Germania and later, during the reign of Tiberius, to Novaesium (Nuess-Dusseldorf). The Legion took part in the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, being based at Camulodunum (Colchester) till 49 AD, when it moved to Glevum (Gloucester). After 80 AD, it was in Scotland and took part in the campaigns of Agricola and may have constructed the fortress of Inchtuthil (Perth) in Scotland circa 83-87. After the withdrawal of Legio II Adiutrix from Britain in 87, the Legion was at Deva (Chester).

    LEGIO XXI RAPAX "Predatory" Created in 41-40 BC or after Actium by Octavian, the Legion is thought to have served in Raetia (upper Germania) in the early Empire. After 9 AD, it was transferred to Vetera (Xanten) in lower Germania and in circa 46, to Vindonissa (Windisch, Switzerland) in upper (Alpine) Germania. The Legion was involved in the invasion of Italy by Emperor Vitellius in 69 and a year later fought against Iulius Civilis being based at Bonna in lower Germania. In 89, it supported the rebellion of Lucius Antonius Saturninus after which it was stationed on the Danube (Donau) River.

    LEGIO XXII DEIOTARIANA Was formed by King Deiotarus of Galatia and was trained and equipped on the Roman model and incorporated by Augustus into the Roman Army probably before 25 BC. The Legion was in Egypt at Nicopolis after 25 BC. Its fate is unclear. It may have been destroyed in the Jewish Revolt of 132-135 AD.

    LEGIO XXII PRIMIGENIA "First Born" Was formed along with Legio XV "Primigenia" circa 39 AD. From 43 AD, the Legion was located at Moguntiacum (Mainz) in upper (Alpine) Germania and from 69 to71 was at Carnuntum, (Petronell-Altenburg) near Vienna; and then in a new station at Vetera (Xanten) in lower Germania. "Primigenia" took part in the march of Emperor Vitellius to Rome in 69 AD. In 92-93 AD it was transferred back to Mogontiacum following the transfer of Legio XIV "Gemina" to the Danube River frontier.

    LEGIO XXX ULPIA VICTRIX "Ulpian Victorius" was created in 105 AD by, and named for Emperor Trajan (Traian). The number XXX indicates it was the 30th legion in chronological order to be formed in the Roman Army. It was at Brigetio (Komarom-Szony) in upper Pannonia (Austria-Hungary) and then in Dacia during the Second Dacian War (105-106). In 122, it was transferred to Vetera (Xanten) in lower Germania when Legio VI was sent to Britain.


    http://www.roman-empire.net/army/leg-names.html

    http://www.unrv.com/military/legions.php









    http://peter.mackenzie.org/history/hist1501.htm
    Last edited by The Wandering Storyteller; July 18, 2014 at 11:12 AM.





















































  19. #59
    The Wandering Storyteller's Avatar Protector Domesticus
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    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    Right now that I have done all 3 Roman armies, here is what I intend to do:

    Research on Roman Navies
    Big overhaul research on armour/equipment
    Research on Roman Siege Equipment.
    Research on Roman forts

    That is what I will do after a few days later.





















































  20. #60

    Default Re: [Research] Roman Armies

    wow , amazing work & research guys, impressive.

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