"start_pos_factions_description_2120135084" "Antiochus I Soter, son of the Alexandrian Successor Seleucus ‘Nicator’, rules a vast and culturally diverse territory formed from the remnants of the great Macedonian conqueror's eastern empire. Rapidly becoming Hellenised by its ruling Macedonian elite, the Seleucid Empire is an industrious centre of city building and civil engineering, attracting many Greek colonists. Such immigration provides the missing infantry support required to compliment the expert light and heavy cavalry of Seleucid armies. Despite an, at times, precarious position at home, the Seleucids now look to expand into Ptolemaic Egypt and beyond, to Alexander’s former western empire in Greece and Macedon." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135144" "The Ardiaei are an Illyrian tribe, residing inland, that eventually settled on the Adriatic coast. Polybius (203 BC–120 BC) writes that they were subdued by the Romans in 229 BC. Appian (95–165) writes that they were destroyed by the Autariatae and that they had serious maritime power. In the Epitome of Livy they are said to have been subdued by the consul Fulvius Flaccus. They are located in present day Montenegro, most likely around the gulf of Rhizon, although Strabo places them on the right bank of the Neretva. Their initial inland residence was located along the Naro River up to the Konjic region, in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Because their piratical bands pestered the sea, the Romans campaigned against them in the events of the Illyrian Wars. They drink heavily and are seen as pirates by the Greeks. The Ardiaei were enemies of the Autariatae for a long time over trade resources. The Ardiaei had briefly attained military might during 230 BC under the reign of king Agron. His widow, Queen Teuta, attempted to gain a foothold in the Adriatic but failed due to Roman intervention. Historic accounts hold that King Agron was hired by king Demetrius of Macedonia repel the invasion of Macedonia by the invading Aetolians. The ancient geographer, Strabo, lists the Ardiaei as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples – the other two being the Autariatae and the Dardani. Strabo writes, "Because they pestered the sea through their piratical bands, the Romans pushed them back from it into the interior and forced them to till the soil. But the country is rough and poor and not suited to a farming population, and therefore the tribe has been utterly ruined and in fact has almost been obliterated. And this is what befell the rest of the peoples in that part of the world."" "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135175" "Baktria, land of a thousand golden cities, grown rich on agriculture and trade, sits at a cultural crossroads between the Hellenic, Indian and Chinese worlds. A protectorate of the Seleucid Empire, the agents and dignitaries of the satrap of Baktria travel far and wide, along the emerging Silk Road. Heavily colonised by the Greeks, its armies follow a blend of both Alexandrian and Persian patterns. With the Seleucids and Ptolemaic Egypt at each other’s throats, Baktria has the opportunity to throw off its yoke, and with its vast wealth expand into the Seleucid Empire, Parthia or beyond into the Mediterranean." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135209" "The Boii are a Gallic tribe of the later Iron Age, attested at various times in Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy), Pannonia (Hungary and its western neighbours), in and around Bohemia (after whom the region is named), and Transalpine Gaul. In addition, the archaeological evidence indicates that in the 2nd century BC Celts expanded from Bohemia through the Kłodzko Valley into Silesia, now part of Poland. They first appear in history in connection with the Gallic invasion of north Italy, 390 BC, when they made the Etruscan city of Felsina their new capital, Bononia (Bologna). After a series of wars they were decisively beaten by the Romans in a battle near Mutina (Modena) and their territory became part of the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul. According to Strabo, writing two centuries after the events, rather than being destroyed by the Romans like their Celtic neighbours, "the Boii were merely driven out of the regions they occupied; and after migrating to the regions round about the Ister, lived with the Taurisci, and carried on war against the Daci until they perished, tribe and all — and thus they left their country, which was a part of Illyria, to their neighbours as a pasture-ground for sheep." Around 60 BC, a group of Boians joined the Helvetians' ill-fated attempt to conquer land in western Gaul and were defeated by Julius Caesar, along with their allies, in the battle of Bibracte. Caesar settled the remnants of that group in Gorgobina, from where they sent two thousand to Vercingetorix's aid at the battle of Alesia six years later. The eastern Boians on the Danube were incorporated into the Roman Empire in 8 AD. In the second half of the 3rd century BC, the Boii allied with the other Cisalpine Gauls and the Etruscans against Rome. They also fought alongside Hannibal, killing (in 216 BC) the Roman general L. Postumius Albinus, whose skull was then turned into a sacrificial bowl. A short time earlier, they were defeated at Telamon in 224 BC, and again at Placentia in 194 BC (modern Piacenza) and Mutina in 193 BC (modern Modena). After the loss of their capital, according to Strabo, a large portion of the Boii left Italy. Contrary to the interpretation of the classical writers, the Pannonian Boii attested in later sources are not simply the remnants of those who had fled from Italy, but rather another division of the tribe, which had settled there much earlier. The burial rites of the Italian Boii show many similarities with contemporary Bohemia, such as inhumation, which was uncommon for the other Cisalpine Gauls, or the absence of the typically western Celtic torcs. This makes it much more likely that the Cisalpine Boii had actually originated in Bohemia, rather than the other way round. Having migrated to Italy from north of the Alps, some of the defeated Celts simply moved back to their kinsfolk. The Pannonian Boii are mentioned again in the late 2nd century BC, when they repelled the Cimbri and Teutones (Strabo VII, 2, 2). Later on, they attacked the city of Noreia (in modern Austria) shortly before a group of Boii (32,000 according to Julius Caesar - the number is probably an exaggeration) joined the Helvetii in their attempt to settle in western Gaul. After the Helvetian defeat at Bibracte, the influential Aedui tribe allowed the Boii survivors to settle on their territory, where they occupied the oppidum of Gorgobina. Although attacked by Vercingetorix during one phase of the war, they supported him with two thousand troops at the battle of Alesia." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135277" "Cimmeria, also known as Taurica, is inhabited by a variety of peoples. The inland regions are inhabited by Scythians and the mountainous south coast by the Taures, an offshoot of the Cimmerians. Greek settlers inhabit a number of colonies along the coast of the peninsula, notably the city of Chersonesos (modern Sevastopol). In the 2nd century BCE the eastern part of Taurica became part of the Bosporan Kingdom, before being incorporated into the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC. During the 1st, 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, Taurica was host to Roman legions and colonists in Charax, Crimea." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135078" "Egypt is the oldest empire in the world. The Nile gave birth to its civilisation and sustains the land still. When other empires are long forgotten, the monuments of Egypt will still awe lesser men. Now ruled by a Greek dynasty founded by one of Alexander the Great’s generals, Egypt remains what it has always been: rich, powerful, and influential. Every year the Nile renews the farmlands of Egypt. Every year the Pharaohs can be sure that their people will prosper, and reach out for new lands and new wealth. Egypt is a power of might, majesty and continuity." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135060" "Etruscan civilisation is the modern name given to a civilisation of ancient Italy in the area corresponding roughly to Tuscany, western Umbria, and northern Latium. The ancient Romans called its creators the Tusci or Etrusci. Their Roman name is the origin of the terms Tuscany, which refers to their heartland, and Etruria, which can refer to their wider region. In Attic Greek, the Etruscans were known as Tyrrhēnioi, from which the Romans derived the names Tyrrheni (Etruscans), Tyrrhenia (Etruria), and Mare Tyrrhenum (Tyrrhenian Sea). The Etruscans called themselves Rasenna, which was syncopated to Rasna or Raśna. As distinguished by its unique language, this civilisation endured from the time of the earliest Etruscan inscriptions (ca. 700 BC) until its assimilation into the Roman Republic in the early 3rd century BC. At its maximum extent, during the foundational period of Rome and the Roman kingdom, it flourished in three confederations of cities: Etruria, the Po valley with the eastern Alps, and Latium and Campania. Culture that is identifiably Etruscan developed in Italy after about 800 BC approximately over the range of the preceding Iron Age Villanovan culture. The latter gave way in the 7th century to a culture that was influenced by Greek traders, Greek neighbours in Magna Graecia, and the Hellenic civilisation of southern Italy." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135620" "Every man has his day in the sun, and the same is true of entire tribes. As the Scythians grow weak, the Roxolani and others, like the Sarmatians, are ready to take up the sword in their place. From astride their hardy steppe horses, they are right to see the whole of the “civilised” world as being filled with riches. What glorious battles await\?" "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135360" "In many ways, Galatian means nothing more than Gallic. True to this, the Galatians were originally a confederacy of three Gallic tribes; the Trocmi, Tolistobogii and Tectosages. These tribes split off from the great Celtic migration into Macedonia led by Brennus and arrived in Asia Minor after plundering their way through Thrace under Lutarios and Leonnorios. They crossed into Asia Minor as mercenaries for Zipoites II of Bithynia, in the conflict with his brother; after assisting Zipoites they made several plundering excursions before being defeated in battle by the Seleucids. After this, they settled, establishing themselves as a military aristocracy in the region that would be called Galatia from then on, leaving the local Cappadocians in control of their towns and most of their lands while paying tithes to the Galatians. They are fresh arrivals and have already made a name for themselves as fierce warriors; respected and feared, they often plunder their neighbors and serve as mercenaries in nearly all great battles. Until now their plundering has gone unchecked and it seems they only need a visionary leader to bring them to greatness, perhaps even an empire! Historically, their raiding across Asia Minor went unchecked for more than a generation until they sided with a renegade Seleucid prince, Antiochus Hierax, against a Greek federation led by Attalus of Pergamon. Suffering severe defeats, they were forced to confine themselves to Galatia. The famous statue the Dying Gaul is a depiction of a Galation warrior, and is a prime example of the respect given to the Galatian skill at arms even in defeat." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135464" "The Lusitani are a group of pre-Roman, Indo-European inhabitants of the western portion of the Iberian Peninsula, who have lived there since the Iron Age. In 29 BC, following a Roman invasion, the Roman province of Lusitania was created within their territories, accounting for much of current Portugal. The ancestors of the Lusitani comprised a mosaic of different tribes that inhabited Portugal since the Neolithic period. No one knows for certain the origin of these Celtic tribes, but most likely were from the Swiss Alps and had migrated due to warmer climate in the Iberian Peninsula. Partially amalgamated with the invading Celts, they gave rise to the Lusitani. People or tribes that comprised the Lusitano (Lusitani) are described in the Bridge of Alcantara (CIL II 760): Igaeditani, Lancienses Oppidani, Tapori, Coilarni or Colarni, Lancienses Transcudani, Arava, Meidubrigenses, Arabrigenses, and Paesures. Livy (218 BC) describes the Lusitani first as mercenaries in the service of the Carthaginians, in the war against the Romans. The Lusitani were regarded by historians as skilled in guerrilla warfare. The guerrillas are young individuals in the fullness of strength and agility, selected from among the strongest. Therein lies the key to defense of the community when it is threatened. The military training of young warriors occured at specific places in the mountains. "In wartime they march observing time and measure, and sing hymns (paeans) when they are ready to invest on the enemy."" "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135494" "Massilia is a colony of Ionian Greeks founded in 600 BC as one of the first ports in western Europe. According to the story, the Greek Protis was invited by King Nannus of the Segobridges to a banquet at which his daughter, Gyptis, was to choose a spouse. To everyone's surprise she chose Protis, and the king gave them the land where Massilia would be founded. After Nannus' death, his son saw the city as a threat, and planned to sneak into the city and kill all within; again it was love between a relative of the king and a young Greek that brought fortune to the city, as this relative warned the city and the plot was foiled with the death of the king and the conspirators. The city prospered and even started colonies of its own in southern Gaul, and sailors from Massilia are rumored to have even travelled to the western coast of Africa. This feat is attributed to a citizen name Pythias who also wrote a book "On the Ocean" in which he details his travels along the British Isles, and it is possible he even went as far as Iceland. In its history, Massilia has come in conflict with the locals, but also Carthage, and proved itself a dominant player in the region. Profiting greatly from exporting Roman goods to Gaul, and slaves and goods to Rome, as well as sharing Rome's enemies, Massilia is a friend to Rome as Rome is to her. Now with conflict on the horizon, she might need to call upon the protection of Rome or perhaps she will find strength within herself and become a truly great player amongst the great powers." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135541" "The Nervii are one of the most powerful Belgic tribes, living in the north of Gaul at the time of its conquest by Rome. Their territory corresponds to the central part of modern Belgium, including Brussels, with its western and northwestern border on the Scheldt (French Escaut) river, stretching southwards into French Hainault to the forests of Arrouaise and Thiérache. To the east, the boundaries are not clear but it has been proposed that they stretched as far as the Dyle river valley in the north, near Louvain, and the Meuse in the south in modern Wallonia, near Namur. During the 1st century BC Roman military campaign, Caesar's contacts among the Remi stated that the Nervii were the most warlike of the Belgae, and very distant. In times of war, they are known to trek long distances to take part in battle. Being one of the northern Belgic tribes, with the Menapii to the west and the Eburones to their east, they were considered by Caesar to be relatively uncorrupted by civilisation. An oppidum near Asse may have belonged to the Nervii, but it is isolated and near the territory of the Menapii. The bigger concentration of population is in the south of the territory, near the river Sambre, with the biggest being at Avesnelles, near Avesnes-sur-Helpe. Caesar names some smaller tribes who were expected to contribute troops to Nervian forces: Levaci, Pleumoxii, Geidumni, Ceutrones, and Grudii, but their locations are unknown. Caesar considers the Belgic tribes the bravest in Gaul, and says that their culture was a Spartan one: they would not partake of alcoholic beverages or any other such luxury, feeling that the mind must remain clear to be brave. He also says they dislike foreign trade and have no merchant class. Archaeologists have sought to define the territories of the northern Belgic tribes by looking at the coins they used. The Nervii are associated with a stater type that uses a Greek epsilon. Remarkably, given the archaeological evidence of a Celtic La Tène culture having been present in the pre-Roman past, Caesar reports that the Nervii had no cavalry. In fact they established hedges throughout their lands in order to make them difficult for cavalry. The Nervii were part of the Belgic alliance that resisted Julius Caesar in 57 BC. After the alliance broke up and some tribes surrendered, the Nervii, under the command of Boduognatus and aided by the Atrebates and Viromandui, came very close to defeating Caesar (the Atuatuci had also agreed to join them but had not yet arrived). At the battle of the Sabis (now identified as the river Selle, near modern Saulzoir; previously identified as the Sambre) in 57 BC, they concealed themselves in the forests and attacked the approaching Roman column at the river. Their attack was so quick and unexpected that some of the Romans didn't have time to take the covers off their shields or even put on their helmets. The element of surprise briefly left the Romans exposed. However, Caesar grabbed a shield, made his way to the front line, and quickly organised his forces; at the same time, the commander of the tenth legion, Titus Labienus, attacked the Nervian camp. The two legions who had been guarding the baggage train at the rear arrived and helped to turn the tide of the battle. Caesar says the Nervii were almost annihilated in the battle and is effusive in his tribute to their bravery, calling them "heroes." When Ambiorix and the Eburones rebelled in 53 BC, the remaining Nervii joined the uprising and besieged Quintus Tullius Cicero – brother of the orator – and his legion in their winter camp until they were relieved by Caesar in person. The Nervian civitas was at Bagacum. The city was founded probably outside the traditional Nervian territory and is now known as Bavay. The forum has been excavated. The town was founded in c.30 BC and rapidly became a center of Roman civilisation. Towns belonging to the Nervian territory were Fanum Martis (Famars), and Geminiacum (Liberchies). The Nervians are well known for the export of grain; an interesting tombstone of a frumentarius was excavated as far away as Nijmegen. They also produce ceramics (terra nigra). Inscriptions found on artifacts recovered at Rough Castle Fort along the Antonine Wall across the Central Belt of Scotland indicate that in the 2nd century the fort was the base for 500 men of the Sixth Cohort of Nervii, an infantry unit. According to Tacitus, the Nervians also served in cohorts based along the Rhine border. After the disastrous attacks by the Franks in 275, a new civitas was built at Camaracum (Cambrai). In 432 the country of the Nervians was officially taken over by the Franks. Their king Childeric I was buried in Tournai. The medieval Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai continued to cover the same approximate area as the Roman civitas until 1559. The Nervii and Menapii are the main subjects of the comic book, "Asterix in Belgium." In it, a competition between the Belgians and the Gauls from Armorica takes place to decide who is the bravest under the unlikely adjudication of Julius Caesar." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135563" "The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes that endured between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC. It consisted largely of present-day Bulgaria, spreading to parts of Northern Dobruja, parts of Northern Greece and modern-day European Turkey. King Seuthes III later moved the capital to Seuthopolis. The Odrysians were one of the most powerful Thracian tribes that dwelled in the plain of the Hebrus river. This would place the tribe in the modern border area between southeastern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and European Turkey, centered around the city of Edirne. The river Artescus passed through their land as well. Xenophon writes that the Odrysians held horse races and drank large amounts of wine after the burial of their dead warriors. Thucydides writes on the custom, practised by most Thracians, of giving gifts for getting things done. Herodotus is the first that mentions the Odrysae. Thrace had nominally been part of the Persian empire since 516 BC and was re-subjugated by Mardonius in 492 BC. The Odrysian state was the first Thracian kingdom that acquired power in the region, through the unification of many Thracian tribes under a single ruler, King Teres in the 5th century BC. Initially, during the reign of Teres or Sitalces, the state was at its zenith, and extended from the Black Sea in the east, to Danube in the north, the region populated by the Triballi in the northwest, and the basin of the river Strymon in the southwest and towards the Aegean. Later its extent changed to present day Bulgaria, Turkish Thrace, and Greece between the Hebrus and the Strymon, except for the coastal strip the Greek cities occupied. Sovereignty was never exercised over all of its lands as it varied in relation to tribal politics. This large territory was populated with a number of Thracian and Daco-Moesian tribes that united under the reign of a common ruler, and began to implement common internal and external policies. Those were favourable conditions for overcoming the tribal divisions which could lead gradually to the formation of a more stable ethnic community." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135584" "Pergamon is an ancient Greek city in Aeolis, currently located 26 kilometres from the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus. Today, the main sites of ancient Pergamon are to the north and west of the modern city of Bergama in Turkey. Some ancient authors regarded it as a colony of the Arcadians, but the various origin stories all belong to legend. The Greek historians reconstructed a complete history for it, due to confusion with the distant Teuthrania. It became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 281–133 BC. Pergamon is cited in the Book of Revelation as one of the seven churches of Asia. Pergamon is mentioned for the first time by Xenophon. Captured by Xenophon in 399 and immediately recaptured by the Persians, it was severely punished in 362 after a revolt. It did not become important until Lysimachus, King of Thrace, took possession in 301 BC, but soon after his lieutenant Philetaerus enlarged the town, the Kingdom of Thrace collapsed and it became the capital of the new kingdom of Pergamon which Philetaerus founded in 281, beginning the Attalid dynasty. In 261 he bequeathed his possessions to his nephew Eumenes I (263-241 BC), who increased them greatly, leaving as heir his cousin Attalus I (241-197 BC). The Attalids were among the most loyal supporters of Rome in the Hellenistic world. Under Attalus I (241–197 BC), they allied with Rome against Philip V of Macedon, during the first and second Macedonian Wars, and again under Eumenes II (197–158 BC), against Perseus of Macedon, during the Third Macedonian War. For support against the Seleucids, the Attalids were rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. As a consequence of its rise to power, the city was greatly expanded. When Attalus III (138–133 BC) died without an heir in 133 BC, he bequeathed the whole of Pergamon to Rome, in order to prevent a civil war. Not everyone in Pergamon accepted Rome's rule. Aristonicus, who claimed to be Attalus' brother as well as the son of Eumenes II, an earlier king, led a revolt among the lower classes with the help of Blossius. The revolt was put down in 129 BC, and Pergamon was divided among Rome, Pontus, and Cappadocia. Pergamon was briefly the capital of the Roman province of Asia, before the capital was transferred to Ephesus. After a slow decline, the city was favoured by several imperial initiatives under Hadrian (117 - 138). It was granted the title of metropolis, and as a result of this, an ambitious building programme was carried out: massive temples, a stadium, a theatre, a huge forum, and an amphitheatre were constructed. In addition, at the city limits, the shrine to Asclepius (the god of healing) was expanded into a lavish spa. The Sanctuary of Asclepius grew in fame and was considered one of the most famous therapeutic and healing centers of the Roman world. Galen, after Hippocrates the most famous physician of antiquity, was born at Pergamon and received his early training at the Asclepeion. Pergamon reached the height of its greatness under Roman Imperial rule and was home to about 200,000 inhabitants." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135094" "Sons of Herakles, bred for war and raised to be soldiers, the citizens of Sparta are the finest infantry in the ancient world. Every aspect of Spartan life and society is geared towards warfare, their helot slaves enabling the citizens to pursue warrior perfection in the agoge and krypteia. Although neither Phillip II nor his son Alexander the Great conquered Sparta itself, the Spartans were nevertheless eventually forced to yield to the League of Corinth. With the Greek world in turmoil following Alexander’s death, they are once more free to reclaim their former glory, leading Greece and the world beyond." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135713" "Syracuse is a historic city in Sicily and is notable for its rich Greek history, culture, amphitheatres, and architecture, as well as being the birthplace of the preeminent mathematician and engineer Archimedes. This 2,700-year-old city played a key role in ancient times, when it was one of the major powers of the Mediterranean world. Syracuse is located in the southeast corner of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Syracuse next to the Ionian Sea. The city was founded by ancient Greek Corinthians and Teneans, and became a very powerful city-state. Syracuse was allied with Sparta and Corinth, exerting influence over the entire Magna Graecia area, of which it was the most important city. Once described by Cicero as "the greatest Greek city and the most beautiful of them all", it later became part of the Roman Republic and Byzantine Empire. A democratic government was installed by Timoleon in 345 BC. The long series of internal struggles had weakened Syracuse's power on the island, and Timoleon tried to remedy this, defeating the Carthaginians in 339 BC near the Krimisos river. But the struggle among the city's parties restarted after his death, and ended with the rise of another tyrant, Agathocles, who seized power with a coup in 317 BC. He resumed the war against Carthage, with alternate fortunes. However, he scored a moral success, bringing the war to the Carthaginians' native African soil, and inflicting heavy losses to the enemy. The war ended with another peace treaty which did not prevent the Carthaginians interfering in the politics of Syracuse after the death of Agathocles (289 BC). The citizens called Pyrrhus of Epirus for help. After a brief period under the rule of Epirus, Hiero II seized power in 275 BC. Hiero inaugurated a period of 50 years of peace and prosperity, in which Syracuse became one of the most renowned capitals of Antiquity. He issued the so-called Lex Hieronica, which was later adopted by the Romans for their administration of Sicily; he also had the theatre enlarged and a new immense altar, "Hiero's Ara," built. Under his rule lived the most famous Syracusan, the mathematician and natural philosopher Archimedes. Among his many inventions were various military engines, including the claw of Archimedes, later used to resist the Roman siege of 214 BC–212 BC. Literary figures included Theocritus and others. Hiero's successor, the young Hieronymus (ruled from 215 BC), broke the alliance with the Romans after their defeat at the Battle of Cannae, and accepted Carthage's support. The Romans, led by consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus, besieged the city in 214 BC. The city held out for three years, but fell in 212 BC. The successes of the Syracusans in repelling the Roman siege had made them overconfident. In 212 BC, the Romans received information that the city's inhabitants were to participate in the annual festival to the goddess Artemis. A small party of Roman soldiers approached the city under the cover of night and managed to scale the walls to get into the outer city, and with reinforcements soon took control, killing Archimedes in the process, but the main fortress remained firm. After an eight-month siege and with parleys in progress, an Iberian captain named Moeriscus is believed to have let the Romans in, near the Fountains of Arethusa. On the agreed signal, during a diversionary attack, he opened the gate. After setting guards on the houses of the pro-Roman faction, Marcellus gave Syracuse to plunder." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135230" "The Cantabri are a pre-Roman Celtic people which live in the northern Atlantic coastal region of ancient Hispania, known for their fierce independence." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135153" "The legendary founder of Hayasdan was Hayk, a chieftain who called on his kinsmen to unite into a single nation, thus forming Hayasdan or Armenia. Urartu and subsequent kingdoms were centered around Mt. Ararat, a mountain still considered sacred by the Armenisches. For now the greatest enemies of Armenia are the Seleucids and Pontus. After the destruction of the Seleucid Empire, a Hellenistic Armenische state was founded in 190 BC. It was a Hellenistic Greek successor state of Alexander the Great's short-lived empire, with Artaxias becoming its first king and the founder of the Artaxiad dynasty (190 BC – AD 1). At the same time, a western portion of the kingdom split as a separate state under Zariadris. The new kings began a program of expansion which was to reach its zenith a century later. Their acquisitions are summarized by Strabo. Zariadris acquired Acilisene and the "country around the Antitaurus," possibly the district of Muzur or the area west of the Euphrates. Artaxias took lands from the Medes, Iberians, and Syrians. He then had confrontations with Pontus, Seleucid Syria, and Cappadocia, and was included in the treaty which followed the victory of a group of Anatolian kings over Pharnaces of Pontus in 181 BC. Pharnaces thus abandoned all of his gains in the West. At its zenith from 95 to 66 BC, Greater Armenia extended, forming the second Armenische empire. For a time, Armenia was one of the most powerful states in the Roman East. It eventually confronted the Roman Republic in a war, which it lost in 66 BC, but nonetheless preserved its sovereignty. Tigranes continued to rule Armenia as an ally of Rome until his death in 55 BC." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135478" "The Masaesyli are a North African tribe of western Numidia who provide mercenaries to Carthage. They initially sided with Rome during the Second Punic Wars; however, the tribe eventually sided with Carthage in that conflict." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135488" "The Saka Rauka are a confederation of nomadic tribes, and fierce steppe warriors all. They are an eastern Scythian people who have recently migrated westwards from central Asia, and have remained a dangerous people, feared and respected by their neighbours." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135456" "Throughout all the nations of the Lugiones, society was ordered by the conventions of kinship, and within the limits of law, freemen ruled themselves as they saw fit. Herein, a small ruling class lived much as those they governed, of which the latter were exceedingly great in number. The tribes bore weapons and in full measure prepared and participated in what was a constant state of endless war. To affect this cause, all men served as warriors, levied every year to defend and extend their realm. Otherwise, they remained to tend their farmsteads, so that neither the pursuit of war nor subsistence was ever neglected. They owned a few slaves as well, a small number of which were kept as tenants, while the greater portion thus ensnared were sold to satisfy local needs or the bottomless greed of the Mediterranean markets. Also, the Lugiones did not build large walled capitals or towns by choice, and forbade the private ownership of land. Of the common land that was tilled, fields and farmsteads were often relocated, so that the ties that bind kith and kin to the land would not risk the survival of their nations. To a great extent these people lived off the milk and beef produced by their cattle. In addition some fished, and many hunted the game that abounded throughout their vast wilderness." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120136977" "The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes that endured between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC. It consisted largely of present-day Bulgaria, spreading to parts of Northern Dobruja, parts of Northern Greece and modern-day European Turkey. King Seuthes III later moved the capital to Seuthopolis. The Odrysians were one of the most powerful Thracian tribes that dwelled in the plain of the Hebrus river. This would place the tribe in the modern border area between southeastern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and European Turkey, centered around the city of Edirne. The river Artescus passed through their land as well. Xenophon writes that the Odrysians held horse races and drank large amounts of wine after the burial of their dead warriors. Thucydides writes on the custom, practised by most Thracians, of giving gifts for getting things done. Herodotus is the first that mentions the Odrysae. Thrace had nominally been part of the Persian empire since 516 BC and was re-subjugated by Mardonius in 492 BC. The Odrysian state was the first Thracian kingdom that acquired power in the region, through the unification of many Thracian tribes under a single ruler, King Teres in the 5th century BC. Initially, during the reign of Teres or Sitalces, the state was at its zenith, and extended from the Black Sea in the east, to Danube in the north, the region populated by the Triballi in the northwest, and the basin of the river Strymon in the southwest and towards the Aegean. Later its extent changed to present day Bulgaria, Turkish Thrace, and Greece between the Hebrus and the Strymon, except for the coastal strip the Greek cities occupied. Sovereignty was never exercised over all of its lands as it varied in relation to tribal politics. This large territory was populated with a number of Thracian and Daco-Moesian tribes that united under the reign of a common ruler, and began to implement common internal and external policies. Those were favourable conditions for overcoming the tribal divisions which could lead gradually to the formation of a more stable ethnic community." "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135523" "Placeholder - Nabatea" "True"
"start_pos_factions_description_2120135624" "The earliest Sabaean kingdom we know about is that of Saba (Sheba) with its capital city called Marib. This city was built on the edge of the desert in the dry delta of Wadi Adana. In this area, there is little rainfall, but twice a year, the wadi fills with water from the biannual rains that occur higher up in the mountains. The water in the wadi is then used to irrigate the rainless, arid area around the wadi making cultivation possible. Examination of the sediments found around Marib has shown that irrigation in this region goes back to the third millennium BC.\n\nAgriculture in Arabia is difficult and costly to say the least. It presupposes the power to control and exploit the seasonal rain-floods with the aid of complex irrigation systems. Again and again these installations are threatened by unusually strong floods. Canals and dams have to be maintained in good working order or the whole thing does not work. Finally, one has to reckon with periods of drought, when rain does not fall for several years at a time.\n\nMarib's position however, has less to do with access to water, and more to do with incense. The city holds a commanding position on the inland caravan route that runs from the areas on the Indian Ocean (eastern Yemen today) which export frankincense across the desert to the Mediterranean. This route winds its way along a chain of watering places between the mountains and the desert.\n\nThe caravan trails depend as much on the political situation and trade connections as on the geography of the area. In order to make one's way from the main centers of production (in eastern Yemen) to the Mediterranean Sea, one has to avoid the mountains with their difficult passes, feuding tribes, and frequent dens of thieves. At the same time, one has to find enough water and food for men and beasts. There is practically only one trail in South Arabia which fulfills all these requirements: from Shawl, the capital of the Hadramaut, it goes through the desert, following the Yemenite mountain ridge to Timna, the capital of Qataban. From there, it passes Marib, the capital of Saba, to Baraqish, and on past Jebal al-Lawdh, to Najran.\n\nAs money became available through the sale of incense, the Sabaeans began to erect large sanctuaries, which were entered through impressive monolithic pillars. Work was started on the stone walls which were to be the fortifications of the towns. At the same time (6th century B.C.), the first written documents in the form of stone inscriptions appear. The oldest of these are very short and invariably refer to religious rites or construction projects. These inscriptions are in Sabaean characters, which later became widespread, extending even to Ethiopia. Some experts feel that the Sabaean characters may have been derived from alphabets existing in Southern Mesopotamia.\n\nOver time, various groups splinted from the Sabaean Kingdom. Ma'in was originally a Sabaean territory, but towards the end of the 5th century BC, it gradually began to sever its ties with Saba. For more than a century it enjoyed a period of tremendous economic prosperity. During this period, the Minaean Empire controlled most of the incense trade routes in southern Arabia. To control and protect this route the Minaeans established a colony far out in the northwest of Arabia, in the oasis of Dedan. In the early Greek and Roman world, historians spoke of "Minaean frankincense" because it was mainly the Minaeans who produced this much demanded product.\n\nAround 400 BC, Ma'in and Qataban broke free of the Sabaean yoke and expanded their territories considerably. At the height of their power in the third and second centuries B.C., Qataban extended its power as far as the Indian Ocean in the south and to within a day's journey of the Sabaean capital Marib in the north. As these other ancient kingdoms of Southern Arabia grew in strength, it became urgent for the Sabaeans, seeing themselves hemmed in, to fortify Marib, their easternmost base. They also managed to bring the routes leading into the Yemenite highlands more and more under their control.\n\nFor centuries, the Arabische kingdoms have been more or less equal in strength. They rival one another for control of Southern Arabia, but in a shift of power is about to take place…" "True"