End of Antiquity Campaign: The First Crusade (612 - 710)

[Rampante-Cid]

i myself and my friends in türktotalwar forum ve been searching.

So this link about the gokturk army can be useful : http://z13.invisionfree.com/Turkic_Dawn/ar/t59.htm

[karaislam]

thanks man.but i already know these.+rep for ur effort.

[Caudillo87]

Yes thank you.

[Caudillo87]

Hi all, If anyone knows can you please tell me what, if any, imperial legions were still operating in the east in the early 7th century I would be much obliged specifically for Syria, Egypt and Europa as I was hoping to make them unique units for those regions. Thanks!

[Vladyvid]

This mod looks MAGNIFICENT. + rep

[karaislam]

This mod looks MAGNIFICENT. + rep

u are so.not the mod.

[Rampante-Cid]

There another post about the turkic armours :

(Source: http://kronk.narod.ru/library/gorbunov-vv-1998.htm )

Part 1

VV Gorbunov
Heavily armed cavalry of the ancient Turks
(Based on the rock art of Gorny Altai).
/ / Equipment rideable horses in the Altai in the early Iron Age and Middle Ages. Barnaul: 1998. Pp. 102-128.


To date, the fine monuments of Altai distinguished representative series of rock carvings made in the technique graffiti on military issues. This is a multi-figure compositions and single pictures with scenes of battles, builds and campaigns. Chronologically, this series belongs to the era of "the great migration of peoples» (III-V cc. BC) and the early Middle Ages (VI-XI centuries. BC).


Iconographic material on military training and arming of the population of Gorny Altai is not actually exposed systemic analysis by experts. Between visual sources allow a complete picture about the sets and weapons systems, which is not always possible in the real and the written data. Rock paintings is a certain stylized image due to material and technique. The least informative carved figures, which the only difference is the outer loop. Graffiti in this area in more detail and provide an opportunity to consider not only the objects in general, but the details of their internal structure. Of course, a reasonable interpretation of these images requires involvement of the real analogy, writing and more naturalistic iconographic sources. This work is facilitated by the published material on arms (especially fine) from the territory of Korea, North China, East Turkestan, Sogdiana I millennium AD [Gorelick, 1993a, 1995; Raspopova, 1980, Dyakonov, 1984]. Of neighboring Altai Mountains land, the best coverage was given to the image of soldiers Tashtyk Minusinsk depression [Kyzlasov IL, 1990]. Of areas, was a historical whole Altai Mountains: Mongolian and Gobi Altai, studied only one monument depicting soldiers - Har Hud, dated VI-VII centuries. BC or V-VI centuries. BC [Novgorodova Gorelik, 1980, Gorelick, 1993a]. Great opportunities opens comparison gornoaltayskih drawings of drevnehakasskih and kurykanskih warriors [Yevtyukhova, 1948 Kyzlasov LR, 1969 Okladnikov Zaporozhye, 1959].


For systems analysis panoplii gornoaltayskih Warriors select precisely the published drawings of war scenes. The latter fact would like to emphasize, as hunting scenes by deliberately excluded from their collections, as in these people (and horses) are represented not in combat gear and therefore they do not really illustrate the existing military practice. Of course hunting used military weapons - bows, arrows, spears, daggers, swords, sometimes, to use the same equipment - case for a bow, quivers, scabbards, save wear and how they organize, to pass over even the individual parts of armor (especially hazardous hunting large predators). These items should be used in the analysis of weapons. But, in general, the full battle dress hunting was not applied and was unnecessary. Therefore, when many researchers reconstructed on the basis of light-armed cavalry horsemen images of hunters (and the same happens with foot), they are making a mistake. Famous "kudyrginskie" and "kopenskie" archers (and the list goes on) are not warriors in these illustrations and weapons shown they are not all that they could have went out on the field.


Specific exception in the selection of the material was a burial scene with kudyrginskogo boulder sculptures. It also illustrates the military situation, but the picture on it in the armor of a warrior (lower right figure) and the horse (the upper figure), and possibly all three horses in battle attire [Gavrilova, 1965, pl. VI. - 2], making it an important monument to military sources. If we take into account that the memorial scene associated with the male disguise a statue, and this combination are similar

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[Kubarev VD, 1995, p. 160-162, pl. I], then we can come to a conclusion about the relationship depicted memorial to the deceased soldier, and therefore the military theme. [1]


Accounted for 34 total figures of warriors and horses 22 figures. The largest monument in the number of military images - Kara Oyuk. With him were 6-figured compositions and 3 single figure [Okladnikova, 1988, Fig. 2. - 3, Fig. 3. - 1, 4, Fig. 4. - 1, 4, 5, 6]. The second monument Zhalgys Tobe. Here is fixed: 1 multi-figure composition, and 3 single figure [Okladnikova, 1986, Fig. 4. - 2; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46]. The drawings (Fig. 2. - 1, 4), this monument has been copied by the author during routing works on the Altai Mountains in 1994 as part of the Khakassia expedition leader IL Kyzlasov [Kyzlasov, 1995]. Then copied the four figures with Bichektu-Bohm effect, the two (Fig. 1. - 4, Fig. 2. - 2) with plates stored in the Gorno-Altai Republic Regional Museum of. Anokhin and two (Fig. 1. - 5, Fig. 3. - 7) in place of the village, above the runic inscriptions. Two recent figure published EA Okladnikova [Okladnikova, 1987, Fig. 2. - 17, 18] and, in general, if our drawing match, in detail, there are significant differences. Single image of the soldier posted with Bosch-Tuu [Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 6], the war horse from Shalkoby [Okladnikova, 1989, Fig. 10. - 4] and two-figure composition with Yustyda [Kubarev VD, 1984, pl. XLVII. - 2].


Items of arms depicted in these figures can be divided into three categories: protective armor, offensive weapons, military equipment.


Protective armor. By appointment is divided into two superspecies: I. Armor of a warrior. II. Armor rideable horse.


I. The armor of their placement is presented in two forms: 1. Armor (protection case). 2. Helmet with barmitsa (head and neck protection).


1. Shells in the images transmitted general outline, which either coincides with the human body, or, more often, a separate outline and shading, which fills the shell path or person. Hatch applied horizontal, vertical or intersecting lines. The latter are a "grid" slanted or straight, pass a structure of booking separate plates. Still present in the form of dashes hatching (Fig. 2. - 2, Fig. 3. - 7), apparently also transmitting plate. Horizontal shading can be considered as booking by long strips - laminar structure [Gorelick, 1993a, p. 151]. "Grid", short strokes and vertical lines convey a lamellar structure [Gorelick, 1993a, p. 151] reservation. That lamellar iron plates found in the monuments of Altai III-XI centuries. BC [Gorbunov, 1993a, p. 43, Gorbunov, 1994, p. 110]. For the classification of the shells used in the main signs marked MV Gorelik [Gorelick, 1993b, p. 92]. Most of our shells belong to the group - made of hard materials (iron, possibly thick hard skin). This is indicated, as an archaeological material, and more naturalistic analogies [Gorbunov, 1994, p. 110, Gorelick, 1993a, p. 151]. Of the 34 pieces gornoaltayskih soldiers, "hard" shells are shown in 24 [Fig. 1. - 1a, 2, 3, 5, Fig. 2. - 1, 2, 3, 4, Fig. 3. - 1, 2, 3a, b, 4, 6a, 7, Gavrilova, 1965, pl. VI. - 2; Okladnikov, 1988, Fig. 3. - 1; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 6]. The two figures [Fig. 3. - 6b; Kubarev VD, 1984, pl. XLVII. - 2] hatched shells not completely unmade. Two more figures (Fig. 1. - 1b, Fig. 3. - 3g) have separate armored parts: laminar short Wristbands a foot archer (Fig. 3. - 3 g) and the laminar hem or lamellar belt straps (?) For dismounted Archer (Fig. 1 - 1b). Apparently, these details reinforce the shells of soft materials (the second group), which have assumed an 8 unshaded shapes (Fig. 1. - 1b, c, d, 4, Fig. 3. - 3, c, d, B. Kubarev D., 1984, Table. XLVII. - 2; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46). Their style could be in the form of "jackets" or "suit" intercepted in the waist belt. In wide use of soft armor, no doubt [Gorelick, 1993a, p. 151, 172, Gorelick, 1993b, p. 83, 90, 91; Kyzlasov IL, 1990, p. 188], but for a detailed analysis in our material data is not enough. Shells of solid materials are of the same category - without soft base (shell parts are connected directly to each other) and one section - heterogeneous (shell consists of a relatively small parts, not directly related to the shape of the human body). According to the structure booking divided into sections: I - lamellar (shell is collected from individual plates, which are connected in a horizontal, less

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vertical rows of bands, then these bands are interconnected. The plates are connected via through-holes with straps, straps or cords); II - laminar (carapace recruited from continuous horizontal, less vertical plates, strips, which are linked together by the above principle); III - combined, the lamellar-laminar (in recruiting shell uses two structures are usually more important parts are made up of individual plates, and the less important of the plates of the bands). By the cut, within each department, distinguished types of shells, the latter - options that indicate the presence of additional components and their structure.


Division I.

Type 1 - "Breastplate", consists of two parts: Chest and naspinnika connected oplechnymi and side straps (Fig. 6. - 11). Protects the body of a warrior to the waist or the hips inclusive. Clearly readable at 5 figures (fig. 2. - 1, and, in, Fig. 3. - 2, 4b, c). And the one in question, because the image is blocked knockout (Fig. 2. - 4) One "cuirass" shows triangular Mantle okantovyvayuschie armholes rest (Fig. 2. - 1). They had to have cuts on her shoulders, who after putting laced and replace or supplement the seat belts. Option a) - with full laminar Wristbands (Fig. 3. - 4c). By oplechnym belts fastened lobe, often in the form of a rectangle, the extra details that covered his hands up to the elbows - short, or up brushes - full. On the inner side of the arm-like blades Wristbands could strap. They do not directly affect the protection of housing style, without writing a single whole, and their presence or absence is not tipoobrazuyuschim sign.


Type 2 - "long-skirted cataphract" with the two-part skirt consists of a breastplate and naspinnika hem of two rectangular blades which are an extension of bib and cover the front and sides of the feet to the legs included (Fig. 6. - 15). Shown in the four figures (Fig. 2. - 2, 3, Fig. 3. - 7, Gavrilova, 1965, table, VI. - 2). Option a) - with full laminar Wristbands (Fig. 2. - 3). Option b) - with full lamellar Wristbands (Fig. 3. - 7).


Type 3 - "a long-skirted gown" tailored one-piece with a solid vertical slit in front and a cut from the sacrum to the edge of the hem at the back. Length hem to shin inclusive. Had oplechnye straps and lace-up front. For the free movement of hands envisaged cuts (Fig. 6. - 10). It is understood the three figures (Figure 1. - 3; Okladnikova, 1988, Fig. 3. - 1). Option a) - with a high stiff collar of the plates (Fig. 1. - 3). These collars were recruited from lamellar plate is fastened to a leather or metal base, replacing oplechnye straps with a cut to the throat (Fig. 6. - 10).


Division II.

Type 4 - "Breastplate" (Fig. 6. - 8). Shown in three figures (Figure 1. - 1a, 2a, Fig. 3. - 1)


Type 5 - "long-skirted cataphract" with the two-part skirt (Fig. 6. - 12). Read on two figures (Figure 3. - 3a, 4a). Option a) - with short laminar Wristbands (ryas. 3. - 4a).


Type 6 - "korotkopoly robe", by the cut in all similar type 3, but with a short skirt to the knee (Fig. 6. - 9). It is understood the three figures (Figure 1. - 2b, 5; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 6).


Division III.

Type 7 - "long-skirted cataphract" with a two-part skirt (Fig. 6. - 14). Displayed on the same figure (Fig. 3. - 6a). Option a) - with full laminar Wristbands.


Type 8 - "long-skirted cataphract" with the four-hem. Apart from the two blades continue bib hem, two blades continued naspinnik, covering legs from behind. After putting on the hem side slits can contact (Fig. 6. - 13). Displayed on the same figure (Fig. 2. - 1b). Option a) - with short laminar Wristbands.



"Breastplate" is the oldest cover shell, deeply traditional East Asian region [Gorelick, 1993a, p. 161, Gorelik, 19936, p. 125]. Similar gornoaltayskim (Type 1.4) Image "cuirasses" are known from China IV-VI centuries. AD Korea Ser. IV. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 1. - 16, Fig. 3. - 9, 10, 11, 13, Fig. 4. - 2], Minusinsk depression III-V centuries. BC, [Kyzlasov IL, 1990, Fig. 2. - 5, Fig. 4. - 1]. From real shells this cut should be called an instance of Laoheshen II-III centuries AD and a copy of the burner VII-VIII centuries. BC [Laoheshen, 1987, p. 138, 139; Chindina, 1991, Fig. 31. - A; Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 13. - 4]. In areas with developed traditions bronnicheetva "Breastplate", as a separate type of armor that was rarely used. In China, the peak of its accounts for the VI. BC (Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 3. - 9, 10, 11, Fig. 4. - 2, Grave with frescoes ..., 1995, p. 29, Fig. 2]. Key

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tae IV-VI centuries. BC, and even more in Korea IV-V centuries. BC "Breastplate" and intensified nanozhnikami Wristbands [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 1. - 14, 15, Fig. 3. - 8, 12, 15, 16, Fig. 4. - 6, 7, 8, 9, Fig. 6. - 1, 4, 7; tomb with frescoes, ..., 1995, p. 29, fig. 4]. From the middle of I millennium BC "Breastplate" is beginning to replace more comprehensive types of shells and in the VIII. BC practically disappears. Regarding the structure of reservations "cuirasses", the most ancient and most numerous are the lamellar, laminar "cuirass" appear, apparently, in the IV. BC China and longest used Central nomads [Gorelick, 1993a, p. 171; Gorelick, 1993b, p. 129, Gorelik, 1987, p. 175].


"Long-skirted cataphract" - the most popular cut of the shell in the middle ages. It is widely used in East Turkestan in the VII-X centuries. AD Sogdiana VI-VIII centuries. BC, Northern China in VI-VIII centuries. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 5. - 11, Fig. 6. - 2, 5, 8, Gorelik, 1995, pl. 52. - 14, 15, 19, Dyakonov, 1984, Fig. 12, Gumilev, 1949, Fig. 1. - 4, 6; Raspopova, 1980, Fig. 56, 60]. There are shells at Tashtyk Warriors III-V centuries. BC, we can assume their application warriors Odintsovo Altai steppe culture in the middle. IV-V centuries. BC Culture and kenkolskoy Semirechie to III-V centuries. BC [Kyzlasov IL, 1990, Fig. 4. - 3; Gorbunov, 1993b, Fig. 4. - 6; Kozhomberdiev, Khudyakov, 1987, Fig. 8-10]. Shows they have riders on the mountain Har Hud, VI-VII centuries. BC [Novgorodova Gorelik, 1980, Fig. 6, Fig. 9. - 1]. This style was used and in the II millennium BC in Khitan and Mongol armor [Gorelick, 1987, Fig. 2. - 1, 2, 4]. The structure of the set of "long-skirted cataphract" is very diverse - it is entirely lamellar (type 2), laminar (type 5) and combined (type 7, 8) shells. In the latter case, protection case (naspinnik and breastplate) often drawn from a lamellar structure, and protection of the legs (skirt) make the laminar. Additional protective detail - Wristbands, judging by the images gornoaltayskih shells, were more often laminar, less frequently - lamellar.


Shells cut "robe" (Type 3.6) appear in North China from II. BC and by the middle of I millennium BC widely distributed among the nomads of Central and Middle Asia [Gorelick, 1987, p. 180]. "Korotkopoly robe" (type 6) was used in Japan, IV-V centuries. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 1. - 21, Fig. 3. - 17], where it was made, and could be supplemented by lamellar nanozhnikami Wristbands and short of the same structure and a low collar. Closest gornoaltayskim "korotkopolye robes" Tashtyk Warriors III-V centuries. BC, which differ only by the structure of armor instead of lamellar laminar [Kyzlasov IL, 1990, Fig. 3. - 1, 2]. Shells of type 6 was most commonly used during the "Great Migration" and is very rare in the early Middle Ages, although the idea was short hem in the last quarter of the I millennium BC wide development. "Long-skirted gowns" (type 3) are known in East Turkestan in IV-X centuries. AD Sogdiana IV-VIII centuries. BC, Northern China in the IX. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 2. - 6-10; Gorelik, 1995, pl. 52. - 1, 3, 7, 17, 18, Dyakonov, 1984, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9; Raspopova, 1980, Fig. 55, 57]. They have a different set of structure, more lamellar, sometimes laminar and more complex, Wristbands are provided, and some of them high collar. Similar shells were used Tashtyk warrior culture in III-V centuries. BC [Kyzlasov IL, 1990, Fig. 4.1 and Fig. 3. - 3, 4, 5]. There is a "long-skirted coat," and one of the soldiers with the Har-Hada, VI-VII centuries. BC [Novgorodova Gorelik, 1980, Fig. 7, Fig. 9. - 2]. Such detail as the stand-up collar, out of use by the turn of V-VI centuries. BC, remaining some time in East Turkestan and much longer in China [Gorelick, 1995, p. 409.410].


Image analysis gornoaltayskih shells and considered analogy can come to the following conclusions. Shells of the 1,4 dated within the III-VIII centuries. BC (Type 4, probably with the IV. BC). The place of origin is the North China and possibly Korea, from across Central Asia they were in southern Siberia and the Altai Mountains in particular. In the transfer of these types of armor critical role probably belonged to the Huns and Syanbi. Shells of type 2, 5, 7, 8, appear in southern Siberia on or after the III. BC and are a product of the development of the Central Asian armor based on borrowed "breastplate." We can assume that a significant role was played by the peripheral area to the Central Asia itself: Seven Rivers, south of Western Siberia, Altai Mountains, Minusinsk depression. Much typological variability "cataphracts long-skirted" and continued existence in time for these lands say this about the autochthonous breed in relation to

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Central Asian region. Ethnic groups most actively used "cataphracts" in his panoplii were Turks, Khitan, Mongols. Type shells were 3.6 in southern Siberia is not as broad and long-term use. Type 6 was common in III-V in. BC and Gorny Altai and Cons could be autochthonous armor, although it is possible influence of the Far East (perhaps Japan via Korea). Type 3 is fixed on the South Siberian images also in the III-V centuries. BC, which is further evidenced by a number of stand-up collar shells of this type, but without them, could be applied at a later time, judging by the picture with the Mongolian Altai. The emergence of "a long-skirted coat" should not connect either to the territory of Central Asia, or from northern China through Central Asia.


2. Helmets on gornoaltayskih petroglyphs depict the general outline and tend to merge with a human head. The helmet has an inner hatch as a "mesh" - a lamellar structure (Fig. 3. - 2) or in the form of lines dividing the helmet on the sector (see Figure 1. - 3, Fig. 2. - 1a, 3, Fig. 3 . - 6a). Some figures of "netting", horizontal lines or vertical lines shown Barmitsa - lamellar and laminar flow (Figure 1. - 5, Fig. 2. - 1b, c, 2, Fig. 3. - 2, 6a) In cases when the circuit spherical helmet and without shading, you can not always say with full confidence that it is a helmet, but the presence of a plume in a number of these images clearly indicates the battle decisively. Apparently, and where there is no plume also means helmets, even spit, available on the head (Fig. 1. - 2a, Fig. 2. - 1c and Fig. 3. - 7). This is supported by figures and spheroconical conical helmets, which are shown flowing tresses (Figure 1. - 3, Fig. 2. - 2, Fig. 3. - 1). This is probably one of the art methods for the transmission of combat decisively and hair at the same time, although we can assume that braided hair peeking out from under Barmitsa. Finds authentic helmets are rare, in the monuments of Altai VI-IX centuries. BC met with iron plates of lamellar Barmitsa and debris from the lamellar and riveted helmet [Gorbunov, 1994, p. 111, Soen, Ebel, 1997, Fig. 3. - 2; Kubarev GV, 1991, p. 61]. Classification helmets largely coincides with the features selected for the shells. Gornoaltayskie helmets can be attributed to one group - from solids to one category - without soft basis (meaning that the dome helmet liner is not sewn on). According to the principle components of the helmet attachment to partition: I - on a belt attachment (parts, forming a dome pommel, hoop helmet fastened together with straps, cords, braid, that is quite soft and elastic material), II - riveted (the helmet connected metal studs, hard fixed mount). On the main structure of the set of the helmet - the dome-crown highlighted sections: I - lamellar (dome dialed from 2-3 horizontal series, consisting of separate plates, the shape and the system of holes that are similar to armored); II - from the narrow-band plates (dome composed of vertically arranged plates, forming a single horizontal row, the width of the plates is small, and the number from 8-10 and up); III - from wide plate-sectors (large dome shape of the plate number from 2 to 6); IV - tselnokovannye (dome helmet forged from a single piece of iron required shape). The exact relationship between sections and departments in the fine material is difficult. Given the original helmets can say that I could not include the section Division I and II, and in the department I applied only strap mount. Section II to include the Division II, III, IV, of which the last two were going only with rivets. One could say that tselnokovannye helmets generally refer to independent section, but this is only in relation to the construction of the dome, while other parts of the helmet - the hoop, pommel, were connected to the same crown rivets and, therefore, should be riveted. Typologically important design detail is the helmet shell, connecting the ring with a top and sealed sector of the dome. However, the rock paintings highlight a detail impossible. Considering the original helmets, it should be noted that the framework is not specific to lamellar and uzkoplastinchatyh helmets and do not need tselnokovannym [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 7. - 21, 23, Fig. 9. - 9, 11, 22, 23, 24, 32, 35]. Many more special helmet design features, such as no hoop, tops, the presence of the frontal plate nakosnikom etc. are also not visible on the rock art. In lamellar metal helmets and uzkoplastinchatyh

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ring could be replaced trim and leather material or absent [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 9. - 9, 23, 32, ... Review, 1993, Fig. 20; Laoheshen, 1987, p. 140]. Tselnokovannye helmets sometimes did without some hoop and pommel [Gorelick, 1987, Fig. 11. - 15, 16]. Have not been studied real gornoaltayskie helmets, judgments about their design features are only very preliminary. Much better is the case with a form of combat decisively shown in Figures gornoaltayskih. It is traditional and easily recognizable even in a stylized form. The shape of the dome-tops and crown our helmets are divided into types, and by the cut and structure complemented Barmitsa options.


Type 1 - spherical, with a flattened knob having a sleeve for a plume or without (Fig. 6. - 2). A) - closed lamellar barmitsa (Fig. 2. - 1c and Fig. 3. - 2). Barmitsa protects the neck entirely, leaving open the face, tying straps on a vertical incision in the throat. It is understood by 17 shapes (Fig. 1. - 1b, d, 2, Fig. 2. - 1c and Fig. 3. - 2, 3, 4, 6B, 7; Okladnikova, 1988, Fig. 3. - 1). The construction techniques to judge one figure (Fig. 3. - 2). He wore a helmet shaded "grid", therefore, refers to the section of lamellar and section on a belt holder. More on the same figure may show band frame (Fig. 3. - 6b) and logical to assume Riveted (Section III) helmet dome with sector (Department III). The other images have no internal parts. The only assumption in this case - tselnokovannye helmets but rare finds such helmets, and their detailed images in the I millennium BC [Gorelick, 1993a, p. 165, 166] does not allow to attribute our helmets to the IV Division. Most likely, we have a stylized image of helmets I, II, perhaps, III divisions.


Type 2 - spheroconical with hemispherical knob (Fig. 6. - 1). A) - with lamellar barmitsa (Figure 1. - 3). Option b) - open laminar barmitsa (Figure 1. - 5). Barmitsa protect neck from behind and sides, leaving open the face and throat. Shown in three figures (Figure 1. - 1a, 3, 5). Judging by analogy, the crown of helmets collected from specially curved plates narrow bands (Department II), were fastened with straps (Section I) or rivets (section II). Band dome bent so that the helmet gave layering. Lower level has a spherical shape, the top - a conical [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 7. - 21, Fig. 9. - 9, 22].



Type 3 - spheroconical, with a spherical dome and cone finial, deaf or in the form of a sleeve for a plume (Fig. 6. - 5). In some specimens sleeve goes into high spire, which is attached box (Figure 2. - 3, Figure 6. - 6). A) - with lamellar barmitsa (Fig. 2. - 3). Option b) - with laminar barmitsa (Fig. 3. - 6a). Read the four figures (Figure 1. - 1c, 4, Fig. 2. - 3, Fig. 3. - 6a). The two images are shaded by vertical lines (Fig. 2. - 3, Fig. 3. - 6a), transmitting uzkoplastinchatuyu structure (Section II). The other two or sector (Department III) or, most likely, too uzkoplastinchatye.


Type 4 - conical shape of the dome and the tops are the same, the latter may have a sleeve for a plume or not (Fig. 6. - 4). A) - with lamellar barmitsa (Fig. 2. - 2). Shown in the four figures (Fig. 2. - 2, Figure 3. - 1, Gavrilova, 1965, Table. VI. - 2; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 6). All the figures have no shading of probability in these helmets uzkoplastinchatuyu or sectoral structure.


Type 5 - vognutokonichesky, frontal part of the crown and the backplate have a characteristic bend, giving the helmet specified form (Fig. 6. - 7). Read on one figure (Figure 2. - 4). The design of the helmet is not clear, the least likely it belongs to the department IV, most likely the image of sector dome (Department III) without the details.


Type 6 - yaytsevidnopriostrenny, with an egg-shaped dome and tapered hollow pommel (Fig. 6. - 3). Fixed on one figure (Figure 2. - 1a). Inside the helmet has a hatch pattern in the form of a "/ \", sending four quadrant structure of the dome. This type, respectively, related to, III and Division II section.


Total of 34 examined figures of warriors, helmets refers to 30. One figure soldier, apparently shows no helmet [Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46]. Three images of the head of soldiers damaged (Figure 2. - 16 VD Kubarev, 1984, Table. XLVII. - 2). True, two of these soldiers read Barmitsa lamellar (Fig. 2. - 1b; Kubarev VD, 1984, Table. XLVII. - 2), which certainly indicates the presence of helmets.


Spherical helmets (type 1) - one of the most common and oldest forms of combat to pieces. In lamellar (Department I)

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they performed their first appearance in China in the III. BC [Gorelik. 1993a, p. 166], later known in North India in Kushan III-IV centuries. BC, in China - VI and XI centuries. BC, [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 3. - 10, Fig. 4. - 1, Fig. 7. - 6, Fig. 9. - 32]. More common spherical helmets uzkoplastinchatoy design (Front II); in Sogdiana - in the IV. AD, the East Turkestan - in IV-VII centuries. AD, China - III-VIII centuries. AD Korea - IV-V centuries. BC, Japan - IV-VI centuries. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 2. - 6, 9, Fig. 3. - 4, 7, 16, Fig. 5. - 11, Fig. 9. - 14, 19, 20; Gorelik, 1995, pl. 54. - 16 Dyakonov, 1984, Fig. 8, 9]. Helmets are the first type with a dome made of sectors (Division III), have been used in East Turkestan to VII-X century, AD, China - VI. AD Korea - VIII-IX centuries. BC, the Khitan - in X-XII centuries. BC and Mongols - in XIII-XIV centuries. BC, [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 3. - 9, Fig. 6. - 7, 8, Fig. 7. - 25, 26, Gorelik, 1995, pl. 54. - 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 28, 31, 32, Dyakonov, 1984, Fig. 12, Gorelik, 1987, Fig. 2. - 1, 4, Fig. 6. - 1, 18, Fig. 11. - 8]. Finally, tselnokovannye spherical helmets (Department IV) occasionally recorded on the visual material Sogdiana in the IV. BC and China in the VI. BC and is much more common in the Mongolian soldiers XIII-XIV centuries. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 2. - 8, Fig. 3. - 11, Fig. 6. - 6; tomb with frescoes, ..., 1995, p. 29. - 4; Gorelik, 1987, Fig. 6. - 7, 8, 11, 12, Fig. 11. - 10, 11, 12]. In one case, a spherical helmet Tashtyk warrior depicted in III-V centuries. BC [Kyzlasov, 1990, Fig. 4. - 5], but as in many gornoaltayskih, its structure is not clear.


Spheroconical helmets of the second type with a massive hemispherical pommel finial are original martial characteristic in Korea and Japan, IV-V centuries. BC, on the one hand, and the North Caucasus III-V centuries AD and Central Europe VI-VII centuries. BC, on the other [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 4. - 6, 8, Fig. 7. - 21, Fig. 9. - 9, 10, 22]. They always uzkoplastinchatoy structure (Section III). In Southern Siberia, Altai addition, such helmets are depicted in the soldiers Tashtyk culture Cons III-V centuries. BC There, in one case, the structure of the helmet is not shown, and the other picture shows lamellar dome with forehead-plate nakosnikom and nazatylnikom-barmitsa [Kyzlasov IL, 1990, Fig. 2. - 3, Fig. 4. - 2], strongly reminiscent of the Avar pattern [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 7. - 21].


Spheroconical helmets third type - the most popular martial utterly, from the Middle Ages. They are known in Sogdiana VI-VIII centuries. AD, the East Turkestan - in VII-IX centuries. AD, China - III-VI centuries. AD Korea - IV. BC, the Khitan in the X-XII centuries. BC and Mongols in XIII-XIV centuries. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 3. - 5, 6, rie.4. - 7, Fig. 6. - 2, 3, Gorelik, 1995, pl. 54. - 7, 17, 22, 29; Raspopova, 1980, Fig. 50. - 1, 51, 56, 57, 59, Gorelik, 1987, Fig. 2. - 3, 10, 11-17, 9, 14-16]. For them, any inherent structure of the dome, with the exception, perhaps, of lamellar. In the neighboring mountainous Altai territories helmets third type used Tashtyk soldiers in III-V centuries. AD, the Turkic Mongolian Altai in VI-VII centuries. BC, warriors relkinskoy culture in VI-IX centuries. BC [Kyzlasov, lp, 1990, Fig. 1. - 2, Fig. 2. - 4, Fig. 3, 5, Fig. 4. - 1, 3; Novgorodova Gorelik, 1980, Fig. 10. - 1; Chindina, 1991, Fig. 31. - 10].


Conical helmets (type 4) is widely used since the epoch of late antiquity. In IV-V centuries. BC in East Turkestan in China - III-IV centuries. AD Korea - IV-V centuries. BC, Japan - V-VI centuries. BC, have soldiers Minusinsk basin - III to X centuries. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 2. - 3-5, Fig. 3. - 4, 12, 15, Fig. 4. - 9, Fig. 9. - 6, 8, 11, 15-17; Kyzlasov IL, 1990, Fig. 1. - 4, Fig. 3. - 1; Yevtyukhova, 1948, Fig. 187; Kyzlasov LR, 1969, Fig. 41]. Often they had uzkoplastinchatuyu design (Department II), at least - lamellar, pie, and perhaps tselnokovannuyu design.



Battle utterly vognutokanicheskoy form (type 5) are very rare. In East Turkestan is the image the helmet is the same shape, the lamellar structure on the statuette Turkish rider VII-VIII centuries. BC [Gumilev, 1949, Fig. 6]. Helmets of this form, a lesser height, used by European knights in the XI-XII centuries. BC


Egg-shaped helmets are known in China in II-VI centuries. BC, Japan - V-VI centuries. BC, on the one hand, and Eastern and Central Europe - in the IV-VI centuries. BC, on the other [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 3. - 17, Fig. 6. - 5, Fig. 9. - 5, 13, 23, 27, 28; Laoheshen, 1987, p. 140]. The design of the dome uzkoplastinchataya or pie. More accurate analogy gornoaltayskomu image Slam sixth type found in minus and East Turkistan - is ovate-acuminate utterly lamellar structure in Tashtyk Warriors III-V centuries. BC and statuettes Turkic warriors VII-VIII centuries. BC [Kyzlasov IL, 1990, Fig. 3. - 4; Gumilev, 1949 Fig. 1. - 4; Lubo-Lesnichenko, 1984, Fig. 48a, 49: Gorelik, 1995, pl. 54. - 35, 37, p. 425].

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Having considered the material on the image gornoaltayskih helmets can identify the chronological framework of the existence of separate types, as well as possible ways to relate to their origin. Helmets are the first type existed for a very long time - since the end of I century BC to mid-II millennium BC Their appearance in the Altai Mountains is associated with the era of the "Great Migration", probably not before the III. BC from China and the Far East, through Central Asia by the Huns and Syanbi. Nor can we exclude the impact through Central Asia. Various combinations of forms of these helmets with the design crown have a specific time of application: I Division - III century. BC -IX century. BC, II Division - III-VIII centuries. BC, III Division - VI-XIV centuries. BC, IV Division - IV-XIV centuries. BC Helmets are the second type used in East Asia only in III-V centuries. BC and at this time they are known in South Siberia. Rather, their appearance should be associated with the influence of Korea and Japan, but we can not exclude the independent data of helmets in the Altai Mountains and cons. In the future, the second type of helmets with the waves "Great Migration" get to Europe. Helmets are the third type are formed in the Central Asian region and in III-V centuries. BC known in southern Siberia. It probably Central Asian influence on China and the Far East, and the promotion of the West. The overwhelming dominance of the helmets are prepared in Mongol time. The fourth type is formed in China in the III. BC, where spreads to Central Asia and South Siberia, where it is used for the longest time until the end of the I millennium BC Helmets fifth type arise from the bevel and the East Asian Turks used a short time, perhaps only in the third quarter of the I millennium BC Finally, the egg-shaped helmets, their origin associated with northern China, where there are about II. BC and hence fall in southern Siberia. Here they are somewhat modified, receiving acuminate pommel (type 6) and subsequently widely used by Turks to VIII. BC inclusive. It is easy to see that almost all types of helmets gornoaltayskih appear during the "Great Migration" (Type 1, 2, 3, 4, 6), and most of them continue to be used in the early Middle Ages (type 1, 3, 4, 6). In the last quarter of the I millennium AD a gradual reduction of use of styles and designs of helmets. Co II millennium BC spheroconical become the leading form (type 3), remains spherical (type 1), the dominant structure is tselnokovanny dome, although for a long time used the crown collected from sectors.


II. Horse armor at their placement is divided into two types: 1. Rug (protection case and neck horse). 2. Utterly (horse head protection).


1. Blanket on the petroglyphs or transferred independent circuit, to put on a horse and body shaded or indicated only within the contour shading horse. Armor shows the same methods as in humans. This horizontal (laminar), vertical and cross (lamellar) line. No only short strokes. Of the 22 recorded figures of horses blanket displayed in 19 (Fig. 1. - 1a, b, 2b, Fig. 2. - 1a, b, 2, 3, Fig. 3. - 1, 2, 3a, 4, 5, 6a , Gavrilova, 1965, Table. VI. - 2; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46). On two horses in this series is not completed (Fig. 2. - 2; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46). Nebronirovanny all three figures (Figure 1. - 2a, Fig. 3. - 6b; Kubarev VD, 1984, Table. XLVII. - 2), and one of them is not complete, but rather in a hurry to finish (Figure . 3. - 6b). Another two riders spoiled horses (Fig. 2. - 4; Kubarev VD, 1984, Table. XLVII. - 2). Classification blankets coincides with shells. All rugs are one group - made of hard materials, one category - without soft base and one section - heterogeneous. According to the structure allocated booking department: I - lamellar, II - laminar, III - combined. By the cut rugs are divided into types. For a basis of cut parts are made blankets, recruited from the plates and strips, which cover a certain area housing the horse and connect with other parts of the belt through, while maintaining the necessary design flexibility.

Division I.

Type 1 - one-part, blanket consists of a single sheet that covers the horse's neck - nasheynika (Figure 4. - 1). This part of the wrap around the neck and fastened the horse's mane on the straps, which was laid last soft material. Fixed at three figures (Figure 1. - 2b, Fig. 3. - 1, 5). Even the three horses with kudyrginskogo boulder-sculptures can assume such nasheyniki [Gavrilova, 1965, pl. VI. - 2]. There they are shown in a different way. If

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Riding with Kara and Oyuka Shalkoby nasheyniki represented by vertical lines, cover your neck, then kudyrginskih horses are short horizontal lines running across his throat and mane. The shading on the mane, as in many other figures, means straps that hold the pad in nasheynik-nagrivnik. Nagrivnik himself, apparently, could have the holes, of which produced three teeth trimmed mane (Figure 1. - 1a, b, Fig. 2. - 2, Fig. 3. - 5). But the line of the throat can be treated as nasheynik lamellar structure.


Type 2 - the four-part, consists of nasheynika blanket, two side-bibs and nakrupnika (Figure 4. - 4). Case closed two large horse sheets, attached to each other in the chest and back. Breast part is mounted as a horse's mane, and back - to a single sheet, the closing of cereals. It is not excluded additional fastening straps criss-cross in the center of the horse through the back sides. Means the two figures (Fig. 3. - 2, 4b).


Type 3 - pyatichastnaya, Polonius has nasheynika, chest, two side and nakrupnika (Fig. 5. - 3). Nasheynik fixed between the parties through their mane mane and a bib with sides that are fastened to each other back and nakrupnikom. Implied in the four figures (Figure 1. - 1b, Fig. 2. - 1b, 2, 3).


Division II.

Type 4 - six-part, two-leaf blanket of nasheynika-half mask, chest, and two side-nakrupnika nazadnika (Fig. 5. - 4). Nasheynik is a complex structure made of two sheets of self-recruited associated with laminar half mask. Between the sheets are fastened straps through the horse's mane, and proudly. Mount on the throat could be deaf, then nasheynik resembled two doors with one detachable side. Vest, ordinary, but sidewall recruited from vertikalnoraspolozhenpyh related bands tightly. Groats and back cover horse covered a sheet having a cut from the sacrum to the bottom, after putting fastened. Sides fastened to a breastplate, and nakrupniku nazadniku. Fixed on one figure (Figure 2. - 1a).

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Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Fig. 1. 1, 2, 3 - Kara Oyuk (by EA Okladnikova), 4, 5 - Bichektu-Bohm (sketch artist).


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Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Fig. 2. 1 - Zhalgys Tobe (drawing by the author), 2 - Bichektu-Bohm (drawing by the author);
3 - Zhalgys Tobe (for EA Okladnikova) 4 - Zhalgys Tobe (drawing Kyzlasov IL).


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Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Fig. 3. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 - Kara Oyuk (by EA Okladnikova) 5 - Shalkoby (by EA Okladnikova) 7 - Bichektu-Bohm (sketch artist).

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Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Fig. 4. Types of protective blankets and utterly (reconstruction).

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Fig. 5. Types of protective blankets and utterly (reconstruction).

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Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Fig. 6. Types of helmets and armor (reconstruction).

[Rampante-Cid]

Part 2 (Sorry for the double post)

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Table. VI. - 2). It is transmitted to the independent circuit, separating the horse's head from the neck (Fig. 2. - 2, Fig. 3. - 5, 6a, Gavrilova, 1965, Table. VI. - 2) or a continuation nasheynika (Fig. 2. - 1a b), in one case - it is the band covering the middle of the horse's head (Fig. 2. - 3). Part utterly an inner hatch as a "mesh" - lamellar armor, in the form of bands - laminar, there are points seems simple shading to pieces. More than half soundly - without shading and highlights in the main circuit. Feature in the representation of a horse's head as she protected defeated, is the location and shape of the eye. It is not round, as usual, but in the form of drop-shaped or sub-triangular cut, combined with the line of the forehead (Fig. 2. - 1b, 2, Gavrilova, 1965, Table. VI. - 2: The upper and lower figures of horses). Only one horse with kudyrginskogo boulder sculptures: the average figure shows a typical eye in the presence of the separation circuit between the head and neck. To three figures with eyes utterly drawn (Fig. 2. - 1a, Fig. 3. - 5, 6a). The same feature can be noted for one of the horses in utterly with Har-Hada [Novgorodova Gorelik, 1980, Fig. 6: The central figure], but there is a horse in the utterly ordinary eye, though fused with the separation loop [Novgorodova Gorelik, 1980, Fig. 7]. Gornoaltayskie utterly belong to one group - from the solid material and one digit without soft base (here meaning the paved horse's head is not sewn onto a soft lining, though the latter could be used, especially when the iron material and sewn to decisively on the edges). According to the general structure of armor to partition: I - heterogeneous, II - homogeneous (armor made of large monolithic parts that take into account anatomy). Book on the structure of the set of material highlighted sections: I - lamellar, II - laminar, III - tselnosostavnye (utterly made up of several parts tselnokovannyh that attach to each other on the straps, rings or hinged). Given the naturalistic pictorial material from other areas, we can assume the existence of another department - tselnokovannogo when utterly fully made out of one piece [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 5. - 8, 10, 12, Fig. 6. - 4, 9]. However, such utterly, as a rule, only a few advanced version nalobnika which entirely covers the eyes, but does not cover the full cheeks. Gornoaltayskie is defeated, according to the circuit, to protect the sides of the horse's head, and the maximum should be composed of at least three parts. Confirm this and similar such utterly original cut [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 11. - 4, 5]. Divisions I and II refer to Section I, a III Division - to Section II. Inside the department allocated types, taking into account the cut to pieces.

Division I.

Type 1 - half-mask (Fig. 5. - 3, 6), consists of a single sheet, typed out some small plates. Closes the horse's head is half or so. Displayed on the same figure (Fig. 2. - 1b), the figure is a continuation of this utterly nasheynika that involves grasping the horse's head, including the neck, which requires not only the holes for the eyes, and ears. Had to have a belt with which fastened on the head, one occipital, and two chin (Fig. 5. - 6).


Division II.

Type 2 - a short half-mask (Fig. 5. - 2), consists of six bands that cover the middle of the horse's head. Shown in one figure (Figure 2. - 3). The figure only three bands, but to keep on the head this design is not suitable. We must assume that the band shared. The division on the chin and forehead also did not help withholding needed the extra straps. Most likely, the presence of three upper and three lower bands that converged on the cheeks and fastened together with straps naschechnymi bridle. Internal connection of the upper and lower bands could be laminar.


Type 3 - the half-mask-nasheynik (Fig. 5. - 4), consists of two large, tightly held together by bands, between which should have holes for the eyes. Displayed on the same figure (Fig. 2. - 1a), which is a continuation nasheynika. Probably, this utterly fastened straps to nasheyniku, moving way, making him one structural element (blanket 4 types). In addition, half mask rested on the occipital head and chin straps.


Division III.

Type 4 - a shortened three-part mask (Fig. 4. - 4, 5), and consists of two nalobnika naschechnikov that attach to it hinges or other means. At the connection are provided with eye cutouts. Nalobnik leaves open ears and, in some embodiments, the nostrils with the upper lip. On his head is held occipital, and chin straps podgubnym (Figure 4. - 5). IMPLIED

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MEVA four figures (Fig. 2. - 2, Gavrilova, 1965, Table. VI. - 2).


Type 5 - full three-part mask (Fig. 5. - 1, 5), the composition and structure are similar to Type 4. Different nalobnikom longer provided with plates to protect the ears and the holes for the nostrils. Means the two figures (Fig. 3. - 5, 6a).


The earliest analogues gornoaltayskim utterly come with the territory of Korea and China. Lamellar half mask (type 1) occurs in China VI. BC, but the Chinese copies are longer and more appropriate mask truncated form [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 5. - 9, Fig. 6. - 5]. Type 2 has no exact analogies, but it may be noted that fits him as part of lamellar stripes covering the middle of the horse's head on one of the Chinese figurines IV-V centuries. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 6. - 1]. Half-mask-nasheynik (type 3) also finds a similar analogy, but utterly representing a single structure with nasheynikom were used in China in the VI-VII centuries. BC and is made of soft materials [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 6. - 6, Fig. 11. - 10]. Mask with a short three-part nalobnikom (type 4) was used in China in the VI-IX centuries. AD, the East Turkestan - in the VIII. BC, Iran - in VII. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 6. - 7, 14-26, 27, 30]. Pozdnekitayskie and Iranian counterparts different structure reservation, they laminar and soft copy vostochnoturkestansky naschechnikami. In general, the design of the short-cut nalobnika characteristic of China's V-VII centuries. BC, where it was used as a self [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 5. - 11], and more often in the form of tselnokovannoy mask [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 5. - 8, 10, 12, Fig. 6. - 8, 9, Grave with frescoes ..., 1995, p. 29. - 4]. Such short masks that do not cover the ears, nose, cheeks and half later became popular among the Mongols, in XIII-XIV centuries. BC [Gorelick, 1987, Fig. 13. - 1, 2, 3, 4, 7]. Full three-part mask (type 5) is dominated by the Korean horse-armor IV-V centuries. BC and were familiar in Japan in IV-V centuries. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 4. - 3, 6-9, Fig. 5. - 6, 13, 14, Fig. 11. - 4, 5]. Gornoaltayskih distinguishes them from the protection of ears, made in the form of a three-part, at least - one movement, the crest of the metal plates. Using a given type and the Khitan in X-XII centuries. BC [Gorelick, 1987, Fig. 2. - 6, 7, 8]. His feature - and lamellar naschechniki pyatichastny crest.


Of the neighboring Altai Mountains land nalobniki horse is only on the images of the Turkic horsemen VI-VII centuries. BC with the Mongolian Altai. They are Type 4 [Novgorodova Gorelik, 1980, Fig. 7] and type 5 [Novgorodova Gorelik, 1980, Fig. 6].


The appearance of the protective soundly in the Altai Mountains should be associated with the era of the "great migration", but probably not before the IV. BC Utterly spread some blankets later, the first copies which, as rannekoreyskie were used without head protection. The fifth type is utterly gornoaltayskogo from Korean samples, more modified in the local environment. Type 4 was formed under the influence of China on or after V in. BC And his classic three-piece, tselnosostavnuyu design, it can get already in the Central Asian region, where "Chinese" short nalobnik received a "Korean" naschechniki. For it says that in China three-part mask used rarely, yielded to one movement. As for types 1, 2, 3, and their origin is not clear. Most likely there was some influence from China in terms of the design, and the specific form and structure became independent features. Chronology gornoaltayskih utterly may be outlined in the IV-X/XI centuries. AD, and their active use began, probably not before the VI. BC Utterly 4 types have been borrowed from the Persians and Turkic Avars in VI-VII centuries. BC They embraced the structure booking types 1, 3, using it in a more perfect form. The fifth type has some influence on the formation of this type of protection from the Khitan Central Asia X in. BC


If you look at the combination of a blanket in utterly gornoaltayskih images, we can see that more than half of the horses that are protected by blanket, utterly no (10 of 19). Using one common rugs in Korea III-IV centuries. BC and China in the VI. BC [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 4. - 5, Fig. 6. - 2, 3, 11-9 (?)]. However, there is a complete horse armor is prevalent. Of four armored horses with Har-Hada two utterly no [Novgorodova Gorelik, 1980, Fig. 6]. Not shown protection kurykanskih heads of the horses and warriors drevnehakasskih [Yevtyukhova, 1948, Fig. 174, Nikolaev, 1991, Fig. 1. - 1, 3]. Most likely the Central Asian nomads of the early Middle Ages is not always used full horse armor, often limited blanket.

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Offensive weapon. By function into three superspecies: I. Ranged weapons. II. Weapons ram stroke. III. Melee weapons.


I. Ranged represented by two species: 1. Luke. 2. Arrows. Unlike armor, weapons in the petroglyphs shown in less detail, and here applied only more general descriptive method.


1. Luke shows a 21 warrior (Figure 1. - 1, 3, 4, 5 and Fig. 2. - 1, 4, Fig. 3. - 1, 2, 3b, c, d, 6, 7; Kubarev Matochkin , 1982, Fig. 6.46). And there are two bows on kudyrginskom boulder sculptures [Gavrilova, 1965, table, VI. - 2] In 10 cases, the bows are in case for a bow and arrows of 12 shooting. One figure can assume the presence of two bows (Fig. 2. - 1a), one soldier shoots and the other sheathed in a case for a bow. Based on the shape and proportions of the bow, there are several types: Type 1 - M-shaped large (length KIBIT than two thirds of human growth) bows with sloping shoulders and not strongly curved ends. Recorded in seven figures (Fig. 1. - 1, 3, 4; Kubarev Matochkin, 1982, Fig. 6). Compound bows match "Hun type" 1,5 m Remains of bows found in burial mounds in the Altai I. BC - V in. BC [Khudyakov, 1993, Fig. 5. - 9]. Type 2 - M-shaped curved, shifted to the upper shoulder and strongly curved ends (length about 2/3 of the human growth). Shown in figure 1 (see Figure 1. - 5). This type of similar images Tashtyk bow W-V centuries. BC, though with smaller proportions [Kyzlasov IL, 1990, Figure 3. - 1]. Type 3 - M-shaped with sloping shoulders and curved ends, a length of about 2/3 of the human growth. Depicted in five shapes (Fig. 2. - 1a, and Fig. 3. - 3b, c, d). Compound bows match "Early Turkic-type" length 1.2-1.3 m Remains of bows and their images in the Altai Mountains met at the cemetery Kudyrge Ser. VI - Ser. VII centuries. BC [Gavrilova, 1965, pl. VIII, XV, XVI, XVII, XXII, XXIV; Savin, Semenov, 1992, p. 79]. Type 4 - M-shaped with sloping shoulders and slightly curved ends, less than half a man. Recorded in the three figures (Figure 3. - 1, 2, 7). On the basis of the proportion of the shoulders suggests asymmetry. Compound bows match "classic Turkic-type" length 0.8 m Their remains are found in the monuments of Altai Ser. VII-X/XI centuries. BC [Khudyakov, 1993, p. 125, Kubarev GV, 1992, p. 91]. In several drawings shows how well the tension strings - to the left side of the chest (Figure 1. - 4, 5 and Fig. 2. - 1a), indicating that the aim shooting professional (non-optical) method [Gorelick, 1993b, p. 77].


2. Arrows depict the 12 soldiers (Figure 1. - 1, 3, 4, 5 and Fig. 2. - 1a, c, Fig. 3. - 3b, 7). They have leaf-shaped and diamond-shaped tail, in one case, forked tail (Fig. 8. - 7) dating of the boom - tips. Of these types of leaf, diamond, triangular shape used for a long time. More narrowly used bunk arrowheads, well illustrated in the three figures (Figure 1. - 1a, 4; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 6), and possibly in another (Figure 1. - 3). In the Altai Mountains tiered tips I used to to. BC to V in. BC [Neverov Mamadakov, 1991, Fig. 2, p. 132]. The solid bottom date has a tip in the form of a triangular shear (Fig. 3. - 7). These tips do not appear before the middle of the IX. BC and there to ethnographic time [Ovchinnikov, 1990, p. 74, Soloviev, 1987, p. 43]. Apparently, all the terminals shown in our series, with three shear apart, which is probably flat. It is interesting to note that not all the arrows in the figures the soldiers are kept in quivers. Some of them to "shut up" for the belt (Figure 1. - 3, 4, Fig. 3. - 7; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 6), and only the foot archers. On one track shows an interesting technique - while shooting a soldier holding a second arrow at the ready in his left hand (Fig. 2. - 1a, b).



II. Weapons ram stroke include one type of spears. Image copies greeted the 12 soldiers (Figure 1. - 2b, 3, Fig. 2. - 1b, 2, 4, Fig. 3. - 3a, 4; Okladnikova, 1988, Fig. 3. - 1; Kubarev, 1984 , Table. XLVII. - 2). Long shafts of copies according to the relation with human figures from 2 to 4 pm spearheads leaf shape. Their stylized silhouette and can not talk about specific types. The same sign is found in the leaf-shaped time and space very well. Part of copies (Fig. 2. - 1b, Fig. 3. - 3a, 4b; Kubarev VD, 1984, Table. XLVII. - 2) has expressed the tip, three of which are shown vonzennymi, and one apparently broken. Some are decorated with a horse-lance from horse (?) Hair tied up not only by the tip, and at the end of the shaft (Fig. 2. - 4, Fig. 3. - 4; Kubarev VD, 1984, Table, XLVII. - 2 ). One spear is equipped with two

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triangular flags (Fig. 3. - 3a) and the other in the shaded square "grid") object hanging on a belt or nailed to the plate (Fig. 2. - 1b). This item can be interpreted as a kind of emblem or mark removed from enemy armor (rider attacked clearly going ahead archer). The shaded areas in the "grid" as armor flags found in the figures kurykan [Okladnikov Zaporozhye, 1959, pl. XL. - 808]. Identify several ways to combat the situation of copies: 1 - in one hand at the level of the stomach - the lower part of the chest, when the second hand is holding the reins (Fig. 3. - 3a, 4; Kubarev VD, 1984, Table. XLVII. - 2) 2 - two hands in the down position (Figure 1. - 2b, Fig. 2. - 1b), 3 - with both hands at the top position (Fig. 2. - 2, 4).


III. Melee weapons represented by one species: swords. Image of the sword is the same figure in the equestrian warrior (Fig. 2. - 2). Its silhouette stylized. It may be noted slightly trailing arm, no crosshairs, and judging by the proportions of the human figure, the short blade. Unusual position of the sword, he tucked in his belt to the right. Short swords are shown in Figures Tashtyk Warriors III-V centuries. BC [Kyzlasov IL, 1990, Fig. 1. - 6, Fig. 4. - 4]. Without crosses swords with short blades found in the monuments of Altai in III-V centuries. BC [Vasyutin, Ilyushin et al, 1985, Fig. 3. - 24, Fig. 6. - 1]. Such indication exists, the slope of the handle, there is a sword until mid VIII. BC

Military equipment. By appointment for delivery of arms is represented by two species: 1. Case for a bow 2. Quivers.


1. Image of a case for a bow at the four horsemen (Fig. 2. - 1a, b, 4; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, fig. 46) and two copies of the sculptures shown in kudyrginskom [Gavrilova, 1965, pl. VI. - 2]. Even the four soldiers bows "as if" is in case for a bow, although the latter is not drawn (Fig. 3. - 1, 2, 6). The general form is similar case for a bow - is curved, C-shaped covers that echo the shape of a bow with a deflated string. End covers more diverse: in the form of "Boots" [Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46], the simple rounded (Fig. 2. - 1a, 4), oblique (Fig. 2. - 1b, Gavrilova, 1965, Table. VI. - 2, the right figure), with acuminate bottom and figure-sloping top [Gavrilova , 1965, Table. VI. - 2, left figure]. Part of the case for a bow has an inner hatch of the "grid" and horizontal lines. Based on the design case for a bow, there are two types: 1 - closed with rasterivayuschimsya top (Fig. 2. - 1a, 4; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46, Gavrilova, 1965, Table. VI. - 2), 2 - open, leave a space of superior horn bow (Fig. 2. - 1b). The first type of case for a bow drawn, taken out with a bow, a horse with saddle kudyrginskih facings [Savin, Semenov, 1992, p. 79]. Closed case for a bow with "Sapozhkov" known at the end of drevnehakasskih Warriors IX-X centuries. BC, in East Turkestan VII-VIII centuries. BC, rounded - in North China VI. BC East Turkistan and VIII-IX centuries. BC, beveled - in East Turkestan VII-IX centuries. BC, at kurykan in VI-VIII centuries. BC, acuminate, oblique - the Turks in Mongolia VI-VII centuries. BC [Kyzlasov LR, 1969, Fig. 41, Gorelik, 1995, pl. 46. ​​- 12, 14-16; Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 6. - 5, Dyakonov, 1984, Fig. 12; Okladnikov Zaporozhye, 1959, pl. I. - 19; Kubarev VD, 1995, pl. 1. - 1, 3]. Case for a bow of the second type are widely used in Sogdiana VI-VIII centuries. BC [Raspopova, 1980, Fig. 43, 57, 60, 72]. It is logical to assume the existence of a case for a bow gornoaltayskih soldiers of the third type, designed for bows with a tense string. Cut their cases repeated half drawn bow and they are meant to have three riders Kara Oyuka (Fig. 3. - 1, 2, 6b). Fixed a case for a bow in the Altai Mountains and archaeologically, in the ancient burial X-XI centuries. BC [Kubarev GV, 1992, p. 91, Gorbunov, 1994, p. 113]. These case for a bow appear with III-IV centuries. BC, but only with the IX. BC their use is widespread [Gorelick, 1995, p. 380]. Gornoaltayskie figures show that the case for a bow worn as the left side (Fig. 2. - 1a, b), and right next to the quiver (Fig. 2. - 4, Fig. 3. - 1, 6; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46). They hung almost vertically, with a slight tilt back arched forward part, or, less frequently, back (Fig. 3. - 6).


2. Quivers shows nine soldiers and two copies on kudyrginskom sculptures (Fig. 1. - 1a, b, c, Fig. 2. - 1a, c, 4, Fig. 3. - 2, 3 g; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Figure . 46, Gavrilova, 1965, Table. VI. - 2). Some of them are inside the hatch in a vertical, horizontal, and overlapping ("grid") lines. Kudyrginskie quivers covered more complex pattern, apparently conveying applications or ornament holder. In the figures, all Quivers hung on the belt on the right, vertically or obliquely, mouth forward. The shape of its case, you can

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share two basic types: 1 - rectangular or slightly podtrapetsievidnye (Fig. 2. - 1c, 4, Fig. 3. - 2, 3 g; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46), 2 - trapezoidal with pocket, also trapezoidal (Figure 2 - 1a, Gavrilova, 1965, Table. VI. - 2). These quivers are well known from archaeological sites Altai III-XI centuries. BC [Gorbunov, 1993a, p. 43, Gorbunov, 1994, p. 114]. Quivers with a pocket there, apparently, somewhat later case with even the mouth, near the middle of I millennium BC With the VI. BC their images are recorded in China and Sogdiana, with VII. BC in East Turkestan [Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 6. - 5, Gorelik, 1995, pl. 46; Raspopova, 1980, Fig. 67], but they are, most likely, from the territory of the Altai. Somewhat unusual in archery quivers depicted on one of the tracks Kara Oyuka (Figure 1. - 1a, b, c). They are reminiscent of a soft case (leather?) Scythian [Kubarev VD, 1981, p. 67].


After analyzing items of arms with petroglyphs gornoaltayskih our series, we consider the history of drawing and composition as a whole. Vzaimovstrechaemost types of weapons, as shown in the figures of soldiers to horses, can be divided into two chronological groups of images.


I dated a group III-V centuries. BC and corresponds to the era of the "Great Migration" It consists of 12 figures of warriors and four horses, and the Kara-Oyuka, Bichektu Born and Bosch-Tuu (Fig. 1; Okladnikova, 198S, Fig. 3. - 1; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 6), the lower limit is determined by the shells - types 3a, 6, helmets - Types 2, 3, 4, blankets - type 8, type 2 bows and quivers archaic. The upper boundary is outlined shells - types 3a, 6, helmets - type 2, blankets - type 1, type 1 and bows bunk arrowheads. Within this group, there are two songs, the lower date is set by the IV. BC (Figure 1. - 1, 2), as evidenced by the shells - type 4 and blankets - type 3, in addition to weapons that date are the details of horse equipment: high saddle bows and long wings, the blade (Fig. 1. - 1a, b ), invented at the end of III-IV centuries. BC [Weinstein, 1991, p. 223, fig. 98; Gorelick, 1993a, Fig. 5. - 5]. To draw people characterized by a number of methods: a reversal of the head and lower body in profile, the transfer of a torso with arms unfolded from the front (on the part of the chest, and back.) Feet of men and horses, along with interior circuit, often below the knees are drawn one line (sometimes also painted hands). This technique brings gornoaltayskie petroglyphs Tashtyk drawings Yenisei [Kyzlasov IL, 1990, p. 182, fig. 1. - 6] and the evidence in favor of the above dating, II group dates from V / VI-X / XI centuries. BC and refers to the Ancient era. It includes 22 figures of warriors and horses with 18 Kara Oyuka, Zhalgys Tobe, Bichektu-Bohm Shalkoby, Yustyda kudyrginskogo sculptures and [Fig. 2, 3 and Gavrilova, 1965, pl. VI. - 2; Kubarev VD, 1984, pl. XLVII. - 2; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46]. The lower limit is determined by blankets - type 1, utterly - Types 1-4, 3 types of bows, one case for a bow, two types of quivers of type 2. The upper boundary outline helmets - type 4, blankets - types 1, 5, 6, 7, utterly, bows Type 4 case for a bow type 1. Within the group there are three more fractional period, which can be distributed pictures and songs.


1 period (V / VI - Ser. VII centuries. BC), its upper limit restricts the existence of the "Early Turkic" bows (type 3). Primarily these include trehfigurnaya composition with Zhalgys Tobe (Fig. 2. - 1) and chetyrehfigurnaya composition with Kara Oyuka (Fig. 3. - 3), is adjacent to the last stylistically composition with three riders of the same monument (Fig. 3. - 4), and finally, a burial scene with kudyrginskogo statues. The dating of the latter can be instantiated to 2 floors. V - 1 floor. VI centuries. BC, the time of existence kudyrginskih memorial fences. Technique images of people and horses at this time still the same as the picture of group I, but the pieces are made more carefully and in detail. When you copy songs from Zhalgys Tobe (Fig. 2. - 1) were able to trace the sequence of symbols. The first is depicted by thin shallow lines figure horse and foot archers (Fig. 2. - 1a, b), then, a deep and wide lines drawn horse and spear those same lines circled figure foot archer, except the head, in violation of the loop legs (Figure 2. - 1b, c).


2nd period (mid-VII - VIII centuries. BC), the lower limit is outlined 4 types of bows, top - 1.4 types of shells, helmets type 5. This figure riders with Kara Oyuka, Zhalgys Tobe and his horse with Shalkoby (Fig. 2, -3.4, Fig. 3.-1, 2,5,6). They are stylistically similar figures of the first period, but the figures of people there is a transition to poluprofilnomu image torso.

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3rd period (VIII / IX - X / XI centuries. BC), its lower boundary stretched from the middle of the VIII century. BC (Sword hilt with oblique) to the middle of the IX century. BC (Arrowhead - srezen). Apparently, in the future, this period can be further divided in two, while the same figure uzkodatiruyuschie rare. To this period include: the rider and foot archer with Bichektu-Bohm effect (Fig. 2. - 2, Fig. 3. - 7), and two-figure composition with Yustyda. [Kubarev VD, 1984, pl. XLVII. - 2] and rider with Zhalgys Tobe [Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46]. Passing a structure in the first two shells shapes short dashes typical hatch armor drevnehakasskih Warriors IX-X centuries. BC [Yevtyukhova, 1948, Fig. 187; Kyzlasov LR, 1969, Fig. 41]. The technique of linear hatch armor been negligent and incomplete. Line, more "grid", as it is scheduled armor without completing his circuit as a whole (Fig. 2. - 2; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46).


It is important to identify and ethnocultural affiliation petroglyphs in this series. Well studied and developed of gornoaltayskoy archeology addresses this challenge with a reasonable degree of certainty. Time existence of drawings I refers to the last stage of Bulan-Koba culture (III-I floor. V cc. BC). Items of arms of this culture of conformity are depicted on the petroglyphs [Gorbunov, 1993a, p. 42-44]. More difficult is the case with ethnicity Bulan-Koba population. Doubtless it is the decisive role in the composition of the ancient ethnic group. Figures II group directly linked to the cultural monuments of Ancient Altai (2 floors. V - X / XI centuries. BC). This is confirmed not only by their dating, but the presence of such images on the funeral monuments of the Turks (board fences, stone sculptures). Does not contradict this and weapons of Ancient burial [Gorbunov, 1994, p. 110-114]. Ethnic group, which left gornoaltayskie graffiti war scenes V-XI centuries. BC, of ​​course, are the ancient Turks.


Very informative content of the consideration of the petroglyphs. Compositional patterns are divided into two blocks: I - single figures, II - multi-figure compositions. Within each block there are diverse subjects image.


I. Single figures:

One story - fighting foot archer (Fig. 1. - 4, 5 and Fig. 3. - 7; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 6).

2 story - foot soldier with a spear and a bow (Fig. 1. - 3).

3 story - horse warrior in the campaign, horseman galloping (Fig. 2. - 3, Figure 3. - 1; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 46).

4 story - the rider dismounted the horse (Fig. 3. - 2).


II. Figured compositions:

One story - the battle between dismounted archers and foot (Fig. 1. - 1).

2 story - foot structure lancers [Okladnikova, 1988, Fig. 3. - 1].

3 story - system mounted warriors (Figure 1. - 2, Figure 3. - 6).

4 story - the battle between riders (Fig. 3. - 4; Kubarev VD, 1984, Table. XLVII. - 2).

5 story - the battle rider with foot archers (Fig. 2. - 1, 2, 4, Fig. 3. - 3).

Memorial scene kudyrginskogo sculptures is a separate story, not telling about the war effort. Difficult interpretation warhorse with Shalkoby because drawing is not completed yet or destroyed (Fig. 3. - 5). Trehfigurnaya composition with Zhalgys Tobe (Fig. 2. - 1), probably originally was fighting horse and foot (or dismounted?) Archers, and then was transformed into the story telling of the victory over the foot spearman horse archer. It should be noted that the front of each of the riders-lancers with Bichektu Born and Zhalgys Tobe (Fig. 2. - 2, 4), drawn by two foot archer. In the first case, the images are blocked numerous others, are seen very little and only in certain lights, it did not copy them. In the second case, the archers too schematic drawings, which raises doubts about the synchronicity of the rider. Therefore, they are not given in the illustrations, but the horsemen, conditionally assigned to the appropriate block and plot. For the decision and said they pose - with raised spears, typical scenes of mounted lancers battle is with foot archers.

Single figures are likely to represent individual soldiers (heroes) and carved in their honor. They can be applied after a successful campaign (battle) or vice versa before such and aim to not just "a portrait impersonation," but prayer (with a request or dedication), clothed in fine form. Acquire such drawings and epic-

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skoe content. Figured compositions reflect the military events of his time. They depicted the battle and battle formations. Motives that caused their appearance seems the same - religious and epic. It can be assumed that these figures represent the army as a whole, but, perhaps, the story of the exploits of individual heroes. In any case, they illustrate the actual combat practice existed.

On gornoaltayskih petroglyphs depicted as hiking and horseback warriors, which means a minimum of two kinds of forces. Sets of arms, as shown in the military and horses can go to the army of a more differentiated. The infantry is represented by: lightly armed archers, where the soldiers are part-time or soft armor, and as the main offensive weapon - the bow (Fig. 1. - 1b, c, d, 4, Fig. 3. - 3c, d) heavily archers, where Warriors reserved full armor of solid materials (Figure 1. - 1a, 5, Fig. 2. - 1c and Fig. 3. - 3b, 7; Kubarev Matochkin, 1992, Fig. 6) heavily spearmen, with the main offensive weapon in the form of a long spear (Figure 1. - 3; Okladnikova, 1988, Fig. 3. - 1), cavalry divided: on srednevooruzhennuyu where warrior has a full suit of armor, a horse is not protected (Fig. 1. - 2a, Fig .3. - 6b; Kubarev VD, 1984, Table. XLVII. - 2), and heavily armed, where the warrior and horse armor protected (Fig. 1. - 2b, Fig. 2. - 1a, b, 2, 3 and Fig. 3. - 1, 2, 3a, 4, 5, 6a, Gavrilova, 1965, Table. VI. - 2).


The main offensive weapon cavalry are long spears, pikes, although many riders there and bows.


If we compare the composition of forces, as shown in the figures and their history and ethno-cultural identity, it is possible to trace some changes in military affairs gornoaltayskogo population at the turn of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages.


When ethno-cultural characteristics in the subjects arms battles, we must consider which of the warring parties by design, "where their own, and where other people? '. When tells of foreign wars that question is easily solved. So in the battle between the archers plot (Figure 1. - 1), relating to the Bulan-Koba culture, Bulan-Koba warriors depicted on the left. They are better protected, in the armor even horses. Their opponents are clearly on the right, in the unshaded shells and one enemy soldier is struck, his feet pierced by an arrow. In the ancient story spearman equestrian battle with archers (Fig. 3. - 3), Turk - of course the rider. He is better and more legible and affects one of the opponents. Surrounding his foot soldiers - enemies. They handed over a schematic, not all hatched shells. It is possible that the archer behind the rider too Turk, although it is closer in style to the other Marines. More difficult to determine who is who in the story bout two riders with the third (Fig. 3. - 4) and in combination with Zhalgys Tobe (Fig. 2. - 1). Rather, all the soldiers Turks and stories related to the internecine wars. In the first case, it may be a battle between the armies of the Eastern and the Western Turks. In the second - was first displayed Turkic army, and later transformed into a story internecine conflict.


Images of soldiers Bulan-Koba culture showed the presence of three genera of infantry (light archers, spearmen and archers heavy) and two kinds of cavalry (severe and moderate). Early on, Bulan-Koba culture (I c. BC - II century AD.), According to the archaeological data, the army consisted of light infantry and cavalry [Mamadakov, 1985, p. 180-186, 1996, p. 75-78; Khudyakov, 1997, p. 31]. In III. BC in the Altai Mountains began to spread the armor of solid materials that are fixed as iconographic sources cited in this paper, as well as archaeological finds [Gavrilova, 1965, Fig. 4. - 13; Vasyutin, Ilyushin et al, 1985, Fig. 5, 7, 8, Soen, Ebel, 1992, Fig. 3]. It was then that the composition of the troops gornoaltayskogo complicated appears heavy infantry of archers and spearmen, and possibly, the average horse. The Tactics of Bulan-Koba lightly armed soldiers in the iconographic material data available. Judging by the image of their opponents (see Figure 1. - 1c, d) is the extended order. Such a method of warfare is traditional and the most suitable for both light infantry and cavalry. But the battle lines are well protected by the soldiers are very different. In heavy archers and spearmen - it sherenozhnoe construct (Figure 1. - 1a, b; Okladnikova, 1988, Fig. 3. - 1) of the "phalanx", typical of regular infantry.


The appearance of heavy cavalry in the Altai Mountains is the turn of III-IV centuries. BC and leads to a further change of tactics. This is clearly demonstrated two songs with Kara Oyuka. One of them (Fig. 1. - 1), apparently, the earlier (late III - Ser. IV c. BC?) Shows the use of horses, protection

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schennyh armor, not the destination. They are behind in the wake of the soldiers, and the soldiers are ranged combat dismounted. Rather, the image captures the moment when the population only appeared gornoaltayskogo horse armor (along with details of other equipment - saddles), taken from the southern areas of Jujan or Syanbi (first instances can be gifts or trophies). Its use is limited to a small number of the original noble warriors, who did not make a separate entity and a while new weapons used in the same tactics. That situation we see in the second, perhaps more later (mid-IV - Ser. V cc. BC?), Composition (Fig. 1. - 2). This is also an order of mounted warriors (rank), one of which holds a long spear for the collision attack, and his horse is protected lamellar nasheynikom. The other warrior armor on a horse is not shown and it is not clear what weapon it is equipped. However, we have commissioned to illustrate the "classic" application of such a horse. Based on an analysis of two of the above compositions, it can be concluded that the final stage of the Bulan-Koba culture formed a new branch of a heavy (and mean?) Cavalry, and a new battle tactics horse based on a massive battering ram hit with spears, which is applied tightly close order as the horse "phalanx".


Probably in the Bulan-Koba army new units and tactics did not have time to oust the old ways of doing battle and it happened already in the Early Turkic period. It is possible that the situation is completely changed due to relocation of the Altai tribe Ashina in 460, and creating their own wide steel base, which made the production of heavy weapons and more massive and complete military reform. Ashina might be more familiar with the rules and the use of heavy cavalry, given their relationship with pozdnehunnskimi states of North China and East Turkestan [East Turkestan ..., 1992, p. 123-124]. Overall, pozdnebulankobinsky set of weapons is very similar to the simultaneous Tashtyk [Kyzlasov IL, 1990, p. 190]. The appearance of such complexes in the societies of southern Siberia should be linked to the influence of the military affairs of Northern China, Korea, East Turkestan era "Great Migration." The martial art of these countries in the period, combining the reach nomads (massive use of cavalry) with the possibilities of sedentary cultures (mass production of weapons), and paved the way for further development is the northern territories.


Ancient drawings group suggests the three military branches: heavy infantry (archers), heavy and medium cavalry. Image Turkish infantry isolated (Fig. 2. - 1c and Fig. 3. - 7). There foot archer in the helmet on Har Hadskoy cliff following the Turkic horseman [Novgorodova Gorelik, 1980, p. 102, fig. 6]. Archaeological sites Altai not confirm the existence of the infantry, as a separate arm of the service, as almost all military burial Turks riding horses and accompanied by only a handful of them do not have [Gavrilova, 1965, p. 22, Tab. VIII]. The Chinese written sources Turkic army has always characterized the cavalry [Bichurin, 1950, p. 232-291, 302, 341: 23 cases]. In runic texts themselves Turks infantry mentioned four times. Once it comes to the Chinese Army [Malov, 1959, p. 22], in the other - on the Turkish army. IL Kyzlasov sees in these examples prove the existence of the infantry in the Turks [Kyzlasov IL, 1996, p. 80, 82]. While not disputing the fact that the Turks were able to fight on foot, wish to draw attention to the irregularity of such situations, which each time it is specified. This, when the squad Ilteres Kagan took shelter in the "black sands", among the trees and rocks, getting purveyance willingly [Malov, 1951, p. 65]. When there was a loss of livestock before going Bilge Kagan on academic Oguz [Malov, 1959, p. 21]. And, finally, when the battle was preceded by a march to the Chinese to Dzungaria [Malov, 1951, p. 40]. In the first two cases, there is an apparent lack of horses, in the latter case could take place heavy losses in the horse part of a previous campaign or the use of infantry was caused by military circumstances (terrain, military calculations, etc.). In the evaluation of Turkish infantry interesting view of the enemy. Uch-Oguz, planning battle with Bilge Kagan, thought that the Turks' foot (without horses) are weak to fight "[Malov, 1959, p. 21]. In my opinion, this direct evidence that the Turkic army perceived and valued as a horse, but as a profes-

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Lamy, the Turks could be successfully applied and foot structure, reliable deceiving the enemy. The vast majority of our series Ancient graffiti depict heavily armed horsemen. On two compositions shown in sherenozhnom cavalry formation (Fig. 3. - 4, 6). The same story is on Har Hadskoy rock [Novgorodova Gorelik, 1980, Fig. 7). This is not nothing but a tightly closed transfer system, which could only operate heavy cavalry. The Chinese written sources such horse is called "selective", "best", "In a whale. Thu-ki, cut in the cavalry "[Bichurin, 1950, p. 272, 341]. The main tactic of heavy cavalry was ramming blow spears. It is armed with spears gornoaltayskie Turks fighting in plots (Fig. 2. - 1, 2, 4, Fig. 3. - 3, 4), and only once had a pair of onion shoots (Figure 2. - La). Heavy cavalry attacks vividly described in the Orkhon texts [Malov, 1951, p. 40-42, 67, 1959. 28, 29]. They can be used to recover the phase sequence of the battle. The first phase - is fired from bows at rapprochement with the enemy, "one man, he was struck with an arrow" (KTB, 36). Judging by the text and pictures shooting was the sighting, and apparently it were only the first rank order of battle. Conducted it for long, because soldiers during rapprochement had time to put bows and spear tackle. The second phase (main) - ram blow, "the two men killed (spear) one after the other" (KTB, 36), "... paved (path) spears "(v. 28)," stabbed three men ... "(CS, 15), etc. Such a blow is struck, too, only the front rows - two, three, which allows the length of copies. Depended on them precision strike, and its strength depended on the entire mass of tightly closed horsemen recruited from the takeoff and inertia of motion after a stroke, when the rear ranks propped up front, driving them into the enemy's. At the time of contact of this system nothing could stop or fence put up copies or shields or other light barrier, perhaps only equal in power another wall cavalry. The third phase was to melee tops "in the dump, he chopped the seventh sword" (KTB, 45). Most often it was a rebound enemy battle lines that already frustrated and to suppress pockets of resistance. At this phase cut running, "he killed nine people in the pursuit of" (KTB, 46).


Written sources rarely mention horse armor [Bichurin, 1950, p. 200]. Meanwhile, he is the main advantage of heavy cavalry. Turk runic texts are not specifically talk about the protection of the horse and soldier. Usually reported to arm (protective) in general [Malov, 1951, p. 39, 40, 69]. It is interesting to note the pattern of injuries in horses Turkish attacks. Nowhere does it say that they were killed by spears and arrows, but in one place clearly specified injury received in the collision: "In this attack, he killed a white stallion of Bairku, broke his thigh" (KTB, 36). These indirect evidence supports a well-protected Turkic horses info iconography. Protects the horse was needed to save the well closed down during the approach and the moment of impact on the enemy. Probably the most complete armor had horses first row (Figure 4. - 4, Fig. 5), and the rear ranks used lightweight blanket (Figure 4. - 1, 2, 3) or manned srednevooruzhennoy cavalry. However, the latter have the Turks, according to the fine materials, numerically inferior to heavy, which is due to the typological diversity of horse armor (full and lite) could act independently. All this does not mean that the Turkish army was lightly armed cavalry. It was formed from the dependent and subjugated tribes as separate units of mounted archers, whose task is to tie the battle (before the arrival of heavy cavalry to the desired position and distance), providing flank, cover the rebuild, the action in the rear, further prosecution [Bichurin, 1950, . 215, 250, 301].


Among gornoaltayskih battle scenes play the leading rider battle Spearman with foot archers. And only used against infantry reception holding a spear with both hands (especially in the upper position). The juxtaposition of mounted lancers foot archers clearly reflects the main characteristic of the military traditions of the Turks and their opponents. Turkic tradition was to use heavy cavalry, well closed down ("phalanx"), ram stroke. Their opponents - is light and heavy archers, acting on foot (loose or closed up) order, fire in the distance. The closest, the most dangerous enemy of the Turks, the bulk of which was the infantry troops, were Chinese.

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But the enemies on gornoaltayskih petroglyphs are more like. Central Asians. From the above material, we know that the infantry existed among the peoples of Central Asia in the first half of I millennium BC, and according to the analysis of the vocabulary of ancient Turks conducted IL Kyzlasov, infantry troops was the original form of the Turkic-speaking population [Kyzlasov IL, 1996, p. 88]. Wider, in III. BC, the spread of armor led to a change of tactics of the Central Asian Corps - appeared close order. The need for such measures was due to the fact that, from the II. BC the most developed in the military nomadic association (first Huns, then Xianbi) have used (although not in large numbers) horse "phalanx" srednevooruzhennyh lancers. Therefore, when the development of other societies (and associated peripherals from leading ethnic groups), will provide more protection for his men, they borrowed Chinese foot structure, contrasting his cavalry tactics. Prevalence in walking "phalanx" were archers. Their primary concern was the massive attack aimed approaching dense ranks of cavalry. The effectiveness of this "fire" due to increased stability of the shooter. No matter how skilled a rider in archery, he loses accuracy rate and equal in ability dismounted soldier. Hiking horse archers 'phalanx' was perfect target. The main purpose of the riders were not (to the same well-protected), and their horses. For large losses last order of battle horse "phalanx" mingled, got lost and she does not have time to dial wanted to kick off run, she had to stop (to retreat to a safe distance) and tuned to attack again. The use of infantry in the Central Asian societies by way of pastoral farming has its own characteristics, the soldiers fought on foot and on horseback moved - you can call it riding the infantry, which can be easily turned into a cavalry. A striking example of the infantry - the army Syeyanto "syeyantostsy in the war ... victorious infantry ... dismounted cavalry, put five people, including the fifth had four horses and four ahead of fight ... "," Syenyatostsy started shooting at the horses, and ONET died ... "[Bichurin, 1950, p. 341]. It is this tactic is illustrated in Figure Bulan-Koba Kara-Oyuka (Figure 1. - 1). Walking "phalanx" was resistant extended order light warriors, it is less maneuverability compensated best defense. However, the horse "phalanx", as the average and superior maneuverability in heavy pedestrian, which left the cavalry real chance to triumph, "Tukyuesky leader ... with selected horsemen first flew on holding horses, why syeyantostsy could not leave "[Bichurin, 1950, p. 341]. The appearance at the end of III-IV centuries. BC horse armor from the nomads of Central and was associated with the desire to protect the horse, "phalanx" of archery, first serving as a walking orders. The massive use of the new armor could afford only the most powerful economically and politically ethnic groups. In Central Asia and Southern Siberia to the people in the early Middle Ages were the Turks.


Old Turkic weapons complex formed at the local (Altai) basis, which has absorbed the heritage of the "Great Migration." Military Turks had a huge impact on people that fall into the orbit of their military enterprises. The Turks have made the first mass comes heavily armed cavalry troops and tactical application brought it to the optimum level. Direct descendants of the art of war can be considered Khitan and Mongol.


In conclusion, we note that the iconographic sources of Altai on military issues can fill a large gap in our knowledge of military affairs of ancient Turks. What is not preserved or rarely placed in a burial, and because of its routine use has not got to the pages of the chronicles, it is possible to see the figures carved in stone. It is only necessary to look carefully.

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Notes

[1] What kudyrginskoe statue was found in the grave, points to the fact of its secondary reused. Tomb itself has nothing to do with Turkic burial of this monument. A statue originally stood at the memorial fence (which are close to the graves of 16) and the first assumption A. Gavrilova certainly closer to the truth [Gavrilova, 1965, p. 18-19].
All stone statues at the memorial fences ancient Turks portray male soldiers, as indicated by the presence of the weapon when the statue in more detail, in particular symbolism - patterned belt, cups, etc. On military accessories such monuments suggests and implements own fences, consisting mainly of armaments and equipment rideable horse. Finally say the same for the series balbals statues symbolizing enemies killed, as reported by the written sources of the Turks themselves [Malov, 1951, p. 38-39; Malov, 1959. 10, 23].
Stone sculptures also should not be taken as images of soldiers in full combat gear. They are shown in the household of the military clothes with signs of difference (patterned belt) and constant carrying weapons (sword, dagger). But some of the people who participated in the memorial service, apparently was in battle garb. This could require conditions rite or security objectives during the meeting.

[karaislam]

thanks for the info again rampante

[Rampante-Cid]

thanks for the info again rampante

It is ever a pleasure to help in your fantastic mod.

[Silesian_Noble]

Some good colorful reconstructions of Turkic worriors from the Altai-Sayans area and 'yours' timeframe <click the image to enlarge>:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

[karaislam]

It is ever a pleasure to help in your fantastic mod.

u are fantastic not we.

[karaislam]

Some good colorful reconstructions of Turkic worriors from the Altai-Sayans area and 'yours' timeframe <click the image to enlarge>:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

thanks silesian.

[Caudillo87]

yes thank you again

[karaislam]

i ve began to work on batı göktürk devleti in my free times(soon i wont ve too much free time.progress ll be slow.plus göktürks has never been in any game.it ll be hard to find infos,plus information take time.in the same moment i ll reflect my knowledge over göktürks into the models as a turk.

[Rampante-Cid]

This is another post about the turks:

Source:http://swordmaster.org/2010/01/16/do...ryazhenie.html

Armor, weapons, and other military equipment warriors Turkic Khaganate

The emergence of Turkic khanate

In 552, in Central Asia, was born a great nomadic empire - First Turk Empire. Not left out of its bloody history of Siberia - Altai Valley and cons, Ob plateau, dead southern taiga along with the entire population. Twenty years of the Turkic states had to become an influential Eurasian power with borders stretching from the shores of the Yellow River in the east to the North Caucasus and the Kerch Strait in the west. Its ruler, Hagan Istemi, establish equitable political and trade relations with the "masters of the world" at the time - Byzantium, Sasanian Iran and the northern Chinese kingdoms. Northern Qi and Northern Zhou actually became tributaries Khaganate. The core of the new legislature world's fate was a "Turk" - the people, formed deep in the Altai Mountains.

According to legend, the ancient Turks are descended from a boy - a descendant of "separate branch House Hun." When all his relatives were slain warriors from a neighboring tribe, the boy with the severed hands and feet enemies left to die in the marsh. Here cripple found and nursed wolf, one of the children who grew up the boy and the wolf was Ashina - "the man with the great powers." His descendant Asyan-Shad moved to Altai. At the new place aliens mingled with the local population and formed a new nation - the Turks, who were originally the ruling Ashina. Descendant Asyan-shad Bumyn (in other transcription Tumen) and founded the first Turk Empire.


According to another tradition, the ancestors of the Turks come from the tribe Co, once inhabited the north of the Huns. His head Apanbu had 70 brothers (another version - 17). The eldest of them, Nishida (or - Ichzhinishidu), was born of a wolf, and had outstanding ability. A match for him were his wife - the daughter of the daughter of the summer and winter. Daughter gave birth to a summer's four sons, and one of them - the nodule-Shad, who took the name Turk - rules in the mountains Basychusishi. In nodules were 10 women, and the son of Ashina - from the youngest of them. After the death of his father to inherit his power was one of the sons, who is above all vsprygnet a tree. This was accomplished Ashiie. Becoming a leader, he took the name Asyan-Shad.

The whole history is full of wars and Khaganate mezhduusobits. Its territory was too large, and the population is too diverse, the state firmly on his feet. Khanate encountered the fate of all empires of antiquity, created by force of arms and not soldered common economic life, empires, which, since Alexander the Great Powers, briefly worried their creators. In 581, a great power split into two nrazhduyuschih and unstable associations - for Western (the center and the Seven Rivers) and the East (with the center in Mongolia) These states. The latter quickly fell into disrepair and in 630 fell to the army of the Chinese Tang Empire, Western Turk Empire esche20 years maintained its dominance in Central Asia, but in 651 and his main forces were defeated by the Chinese troops. True, the rest at the "Middle Kingdom" did not last long. Endless series of riots and rebellions resulted in forty years to the emergence of another powerful public education - Second Turkic khanate, headed by the governor Ilteres from the same kind of Ashina. Soon Khaganate extended his rule to the lands of the Transbaikal, Seven Rivers, Manchuria. The territory of the Altai and Tuva is now represented only its northern outskirts.

State reached the highest peak during the reign of Bilge Kagan (716 - 734 years.). Turks defeated the first Chinese allies, and then China itself, which then had to agree to peace with the mighty conqueror and paid him tribute. But after the death of his heirs Bilge a struggle for the throne. In 744, was killed last ruler Khaganate Ozmish and Second Turk Empire ceased to exist. In its place arose Uyghur Khaganate (745-840 gg.).

But was defeated, the Turks have not disappeared from the historical scene. Part of the population of Gorny Altai, its foothills and steppes of Central Kazakhstan migrated to the north in the West Siberian forest-steppe (Ob and Irtysh rivers, Ob), which contributed to the addition of local cultures. Others, along with the Yenisei kyrgzami participated in a grueling war with the Uighurs (820 - 840 years.), Which ended the destruction of the Uighur capital city Ordubalyq Orkhon River. New, already Kyrgyz, Khanate included in its composition to the foothills of the Altai and the land on the west almost to the Irtysh. In the middle of the X century under the impact mongoloyazychiyh Khitan Yenisei Kyrgyz left the territory of Mongolia, while retaining ownership but in Southern Siberia - on the grounds of Gorny Altai, Tuva and Minusinsk depression. Around this same time, is the last mention of the ancient Turks in the Chinese dynastic chronicles.

The influence of the Turks and the historical destiny of the material culture of the peoples of Siberia and Central Asia, it was so great that during the rule of the First and Second Turkic khanate archaeologist often referred to simply as "Turkic time." At that time, a number of discoveries of nomadic culture spread through the lands of the settled population of the east Asia and Europe, and, in turn, a considerable number of achievements in the agricultural population was nomadic heritage. In the era of the First Turkic khanate were created runic writing, new types of harness, clothing, weapons.

Pictures

This first picture is the same of the turkish calvary of Silesian: http://swordmaster.org/uploads/2010/.../warrior01.jpg

All heavily armed Turkish soldiers had several bows and quivers of arrows for the long fights, long spears to attack in close order, swords, cutlasses, swords and axes for action in melee, lassos, combat knives and heavy lashes, a supportive weapon. Horses and riders are protected heterogeneous, brightly colored shells, associated with both of the individual metal or leather plates connected by a belt, and of solid leather belts.



Turkic woman. Once such stone sculptures whiskered men with blood vessels in the hands adorned mountain steppes of the Altai. Tuva. Mongolia and the Seven Rivers. As a rule, they are covered by the waist belt with hanging them weapons. Put them in small stone fences. They are often located near the chain vertically dug stones - fought. It is believed that these sculptures - images of the patron ancestors of the Turkic people. Stone images, deer stones and idols bronzovolitsye West Siberian taiga have one thing in common. All of these images were supposed weapons: embossed on the stone - the steppe nomads, and now - at taezhnikov. In Turkic sculptures left hand pressed to his belt - a sign of respect, common among many peoples of Siberia and Central Asia. Sculpture as it is transmitting or receiving vessel. What filled the vessel, is unclear. Perhaps the sacred drink, similar to what was put in front of a statue. Size 150x45x20 cm. VII-IX centuries. Left bank. Aktru, Altai Mountains. MA IAE SB RAS


Saddle and harness the ancient Turks

The largest event in the history of technology, much will shape the era, was the invention of the hard skeleton saddle and stirrups. Dramatically increased the combat capabilities of riders, and the increased power of heavy cavalry shock. Sitting in the saddle with a strong rigid frame and legs resting steps stirrup riders were extraordinary freedom of movement, which immediately led to the creation of new types of weapons. This had an impact on combat tactics.

Seat Scythian were two stuffed with wool and hair pillows, connects over the ridge horse leather strap. On the edges facing the neck and croup, they thicken and thin temples were decorated with carved and paired plates of wood or horn. On the back of the animal is secured using the saddle girths, breast and podhvostnogo belts. Such a device is only slightly reduced pressure and the weight of the rider on the horse's back ammunition. In addition, the pad did not give support rider in a head impact.

Pictures:



Trellis frame Hun time predecessor hard saddle. I c. BC. e. - 1. n. e. Noin Ula burial. Mongolia



a -. Wide flat shelf (a) lie on the sides of the horse and "pinched" between the high vertikalnymn bows (b). Under these bows are inserting end (c). IV VI centuries. Reconstruction based on the South-East Asia


At the turn of the eras (I c. BC. E.-I c. BC. E.) Appeared rigid frame consisting of two narrow arcs that are connected by a few strips. The views of experts, made for the appropriate data grid frameworks differ. According to one version, this design was part of a support pack-saddles, on the other - were inside the wooden cross leather cushions, forming the basis of soft saddle. In any case, such a framework can be called a direct forerunner of the hard saddle.

In the next stage of its creation took place pillows two boards were located on the sides of the horse. The ends are fastened broad arcuate
bows, "grown up", thought to be of the decorative wooden plates Scythian saddles. Luke relied on the horse's back. Not to interfere with her movements, the distance between them trying to make a minimum. This saddle literally clamped rider, gave him a firm foundation and even protects against Pierce in the groin. Such devices are well known to riders based on Korean and Japanese IV-VI centuries, where, probably, they were invented. The advantages of this invention will become apparent - first, provides a high landing rider, second, sitting in that seat. The rider can operate quite successfully with a spear, without fear of incorrect direction fly down from his horse. But sit down and saddle are in a long-locks or armored clothing was extremely uncomfortable. Then the left side of the seat there was a special footrest - the prototype of the future of the stirrup.




a-d. Rear seat bows ancient Turks do inclined and sometimes decorate them with horny plates. These decorative elements could cover both bows or just one of them: a, d - horns component pad on the back pommel. VII VIII centuries. Burial Upper Kildzhin. Altai Mountains, Excavations VI Molodin. MA IAE SB RAS: b - the reconstruction of the seat frame on the materials of the monument Upper Kaldzhin. VII - VIII centuries. Altai Mountains. Excavations VI Molodin, MA IAE SB RAS with - the horn pad on the front of his saddle with a hunting scene. VI-VII centuries. Kudarge burial. Altai Mountains. According to AA Gavrnlovoy. St. Petersburg. Hermitage

In the VI century frame even better. Longitudinal board between bows increased in length. Now Luke has just put on top of the plank base, which acquired characteristic, with the blade in the middle of the form. So the rider's weight is evenly distributed over the seat, respectively, decreased the pressure on the spine horse. Protruding edges of boards allowed to bind to the front pommel stirrups, and not to transfer, as it once was, the rope connecting them across the saddle. A little later, cantle is set at an angle to the horizontal, and made it like a front tselnostrugannoy. The rider was able to deflect and either way, lean back. easy to jump to the ground and said, "bird fly" on a horse. The mobility of the cavalry has increased significantly. Described saddle first appeared somewhere on the border of the settled and nomadic worlds, in the contact zone pastoral and agricultural crops in northern China. Hence began its triumphal march around the world.

Around the same area had been discovered and stirrups. First pair of wooden steps arches of the wooden rod and surrounded by iron or copper. Pretty soon it became clear that the wooden base is not necessary. Some time stirrups made of flat iron sheets. However, the narrow plate was cutting his leg, and so tripping (lower stirrup, which supports the foot) got flattened shape. Later stirrups must be forged entirely of metal rod.

Bladed weapons Turks

In nomadic Turkic people of Central Asia Programme famous as "smelters" for perfectly adept mining and processing of iron. They have developed a wide production of stirrups, and in the VI century, sought to spread from China to the East European steppes.

In a hard saddle with stirrups the rider could beat not only with a spear, but freely fehtuya, blade strike in any direction and in any plane. New conditions evoked battle for life and the emergence of new weapons. How does the requirements it had to meet?

First of all, it should make the blade is long enough and easy to trooper was able to get the enemy to the maximum distance from ourselves away. Optimum point of impact of a straight rod is two-thirds of its length from the handle. It was under such impact arm feels the least impact. An incorrect stroke recoil increases so that the weapon flies out of hand. So up until very recently, even rationally designed blades supplied strap (loop at the handle).

Even more effective was the curved blade. The curvature of the working surface of the blade allow both phases strike defeat and execution - done in one go. Now, even a direct hit turned into a slide and captured a larger surface.

Cut-and-piercing blade weapon, as the most perfect means close combat. was to a large extent an indicator of the development of military technology. Unfortunately, the ancient monuments of the time these weapons are extremely rare, but the stone sculptures, called "broads", curved blades, with knives and daggers - the usual attribute of a warrior.

In the early Middle Ages on the battlefield was dominated by swords, and from VII-IX centuries bent swords turned into swords - they bend increased. Swords, typical of the armed men of the First Turkic khanate, becoming increasingly rare. However, they became more narrow and long a form allowed, except splitting, apply and thrust.





Old Turkic sword (a). To increase the stinging effect, sharp blades edged weapons make double-edged. Crosshairs broadswords and sabers were generally straight (b) - to clinch two plates placed on both sides of arms. Sometimes, in order to provide protection from enemy blade, lift the ends of the cross over to the blade (s). To this end, in other cases, the front of the cross is curled down to the handle (d) closing the index and middle fingers, r) - the scheme of fastening clips sword to the scabbard. Reconstruction of the crosshairs on the images of Ancient stone sculptures.



Ceremonial sword in a sheath with a cross and portupeynymi straps, decorated with figures of animals and plant ornaments. The handle of the sword is usually braided leather. IX-X centuries. Reconstruction based on burial splices, Altai Mountains.


Stick broadswords and sabers Turks made ​​of wooden plates ("cheeks"). Tops were quite varied: a ring-shaped metal mushroom cap, or thickening at the end of the handle.

Sheath for bladed weapons fashioned out of two wooden halves. Their polished, and then painted - just like in the old days, mostly in red. Often sheath covered with tanned toned skin, giving them a more elegant look. Estuary itself torso sheath massed metal ferrules. Placed between two curly braces, on which were twisted straps or small chain - with their help gun was attached to his belt.


And b. Ancient sculptures in these tracts of Toto (a) and Kypchyl (b) shows the Altai-belt martial attributes and weapons.




11, and 6, Battle cranked knife in a sheath. Wearing the cutting side up, many centuries later became characteristic of checkers allow, removing the knife, quickly bring it into the firing position. Cranked knife had crosshairs and curved saber blade. To the rod handle metal pin riveted wooden plates, the upper end of which was compressed crosshairs. At the lower end was packed metal cap tops. Wooden scabbard massed metal binding and staples. An identical device handle and scabbard had broadswords and sabers, and - the iron blade VIII - IX nerpa half centuries. of Kopenskoto chaatas, South Siberia: b - but reconstruction materials Southern and Western Siberia.



a-d. Cuttings of bladed weapons carrier closed wooden plates that are pulled together at the base of the cap pommel (a), in the middle of the pin, missed the turn tail Weapons (6), and at samoyu blades squeezed their crosshairs (a). Sheath for the blade made ​​of wood, who painted and lacquered or covered with leather (d)


Judging by the images, and the blades were basically chopping part down.





And b. Medieval images of Turks. Swords (a) and saber (b) is attached to their belts in an inclined position with the belt connected with convex cages on the back scabbard, and - top Chirt-Yurt (Dagestan), b - Afrasia (Samarkand).

Luke, Foulards for them, and boom

Turkish bows were slozhnosoetavnymi. Their flexible laminated wooden base amplified horn plates. Researchers are unanimous in the opinion that the bows of ancient Turks trace their "lineage" of the Hun bow type. But the general trend in the Middle Ages was to reduce the number of parts and amplifying horn zones increase flexibility. This allowed the designers to make the bow of the steppe is more compact.

Turks used bone and iron arrowheads. A distinctive feature of the iron tip there was a mix of three planes, forming a feather. In essence, they are "own children" of the three-bladed tip Hun time, "overgrown" their "parents."



Wide plane iron-bladed tip provides ustoychivoeg and flight stability Turkic arrows. Plumage is no longer required. Such arrows in quivers always kept up the edge - in this position, they log more. And the soldier was easier to find the type of point. Some arrows supplied ivory beads with holes that appear during flight rezzky whistle (think Hunnish "whistle." Mass distribution bladed tips - evidence of the high skill of local blacksmiths, and an indication of the relatively small number of heavily armed soldiers and armored horses drevnstyurkskih teams. To combat the armored cavalry forged solid small caps with faceted edge. flagpole with armor-piercing tips also treated, for the most part, free of feathers. boom with flat-tipped tail is always supposed to, and stored them in quivers tipped down. Shafted Arrow for the strength of paste over the tip of lower rings of bark. And the opposite side, near the ear for strings, they were painted black and red belts. In some cases, these were signs of ownership, in others - such as the tip pointers.





a - b. Ancient bows, like the Huns. were reflective. The figure below shows the KIBIT all bows in the firing position, that is, with a tense string. On the combination and arrangement of plates on KIBIT released several varieties of Turkish bows. Huge popular bows, which are captured by hand strengthened on both sides of horny plates, and placed at the ends of KIBIT long lining in the form of extended-point cut-string (a). Frequent bows with median lateral plates - horn parts on the ends kibntn they already absent (6). There was, finally, yet another type of bow with three, as his Hun "colleague", reinforcing the median parts (c). But the size of ETN details were significantly less, and the shape of their markedly different - they were geometrically correct the trapezoid sides and rectangular bar between them along the abdomen KIBIT. Gradually disappeared and the cheek pads from the middle of the bow, but it was much later, in the so-called "Mongol time." Reinforcing parts made of horn and bone, and on the side facing to the flagpole. covered with a grid of deep scratches for a better bond with the wood. Kibit pasted on the outside tendon. Besides tendon elasticity bows increased by plates cut from the horn covers large and small cattle.







a, b, c. Turkic quivers up to thirty arrows glued several layers of birch bark. They were mainly of two types - closed (a) and open (6). They both had the shape of a trapezoid, gradually extended downward, and were supplied with wooden bottoms and hoops at the neck. I quiver open the back of the sutured valve, protecting the hands from protruding sharp tip. In closed-mouth quivers above clog well fitting wooden lid with a belt loop. Inside quivers placed along the sides of the ribs - a few pieces of wood. To them through special slots in the quiver fastened narrow straps that make quiver held on the belt. For the same purpose, sometimes use a wooden or horn loops. The outer surface of quivers decorated openwork ornaments sewn ivory plaques and decorative overlays. VII-X centuries.

Turkic defensive armament: armor, shields, helmets

Turkic defensive armament consisted of shields, leather and metal typesetting armor and chain mail. Round, collected from the boards, shields massed inside wooden cross, and outside plucked steamed skin that dries, pull, Grubel and good punch.

Scaly armor gradually given way to lamellar. Medieval armor, most of them can be in another call "tape." Strictly speaking, these battens combined the principles of laminar and lamellar booking assembly, because they themselves iron belt forming shell, were composed of unrelated cord individual metal plates. The shape and size of the plates have changed. Rather short and broad scales, for the protection of the body now were used long rectangular plate with rounded edges. Another innovation between tubular lunch inserted leather belt. These belts like "softened" design, making it more mobile and comfortable. Most often, this method was used in the collection of Mantle, where flexibility is especially important.

Contrary to popular belief, for the manufacture of tubular plates are not used steel. Seasoned resilient metal required very high, in fact, standardization of production factory with all the parameters of the longitudinal and transverse curvature of the product. Since the material was still plastic products, rough associated bib neatly prokovat easily and achieve a dense and uniform mutual fit its parts. At last peening armored plates received a so-called surface hardening, which also increases their hardness. Curiously, almost in our day, in the early XIX century, the manufacture of cuirasses advised to avoid smoothing the surface of the finished product file and a "deep polish" in order "to keep on the surface temper", obtained by shaking on a template. Conduct a heat treatment after adjustment was difficult, for thin plates inevitably "lead" and warp. Steel, not inferior to modern European image tsam tool steel, enter into use in the assembly of a different design to armor Mongol time.



a - f. Old Turk armor was the multicast, so could be used in its full version, and the "light" (excluding any part of it). Hence the variety of its forms, occurring in Turkish art materials. Apron conveyors Mantle and gaiters to provide the necessary mobility of these parts were attached with straps to each other in a relatively free state. Sometimes belts, straps, pulled together with bib naspinnikom additionally reinforced shoulders tightly covering wooden arches, padded with felt or cloth trimmed. This device provides the most reliable connection Mantle and cuirass. a - Mantle b - Gloves: in - naspinnik d - epigonation, e - now, with - Shoulder straps: Well - side buckles.


a, b, c. Cut armored "long-skirted coat," little changed from the era of the Great Migration. The diagram presents the shell, built from solid leather belts. However, these tapes can be drawn from some iron plates, and - Mantle: b - Shoulder arc in - Time.



a -. Make krupnoplastnnchaty helmet was quite a force smith even mediocre. Cutting and bend the appropriate plate is very simple: the soft metal is easily knocked on the conical disc, which in the simplest case could be well planed, deification and acuminate log. Punch holes and rivet plates together too easily. Shifting and pushing the plate before riveting, choose your crown diameter corresponding to the size of the head of the customer. Under the helmet for comfort always placed a thick soft lining. a - plyumazhnaya sleeve, 6 - plate dome. in - a metal hoop.

Armor made​​, though of the same material, but in different ways, differing in their "contoured". The main type of Turkish armor - "Lamellar Breastplate", which consisted of two parts and Chest naspinnika connected shoulder and side straps. Sometimes, though, it was solid and wrapped the body and wrapped it from the side. For such a "basic" design, depending on the willingness of the owner and, if necessary, to special belts with buckles clung two cloth that covered his legs to the knees or at the very ankles. Such armored skirts consisted of larger and heavier plates, as virtually no effect on the degree of mobility of the rider.



Heavily armed Turkish soldier. Warrior's body covered with iron armor lamellyarpymi (a), put on thick quilted robe. Armor made of metal plates, which, in turn, pulls colored cords in the belt (6). Shape of the plates is the same, but the size and proportion of different - very small and narrow are Mantle (c), and the largest (long and wide) - on the hem (d). They all have rounded edges and small bumps stiffer armor and set aside a blade and side with the secant side impact. Helmet (e) assembled from steel plates connected by a leather strap. Barmitsa (e) of the iron rings woven and decorated with brass rings. Onions (g) with a deflated bowstring pomeshen pritorochenny in the belt tight case (case for a bow.) Thrown back shield (L) in action defending his back. Until the end of XVIII century, the peoples of northeastern Siberia shield during battles held these positions. Old Turkic horsemen This frees the hands - one more than the direct execution of the protective function, the advantage of this arrangement of the shield. First-strike weapons Turks were spear (s) with a long sleeve and a relatively short part of the shock. Pen spear forged in an elongated diamond or a bay leaf, and it had a section of a flattened diamond shape or flat lens. To combat encased in armor most riders approached the edge of the narrow cut - like a three-way bayonet. Such weapons are commonly referred to in the literature peaks. VII-X centuries. Reconstruction based on the Altai Mountains and forest-steppe.

Another type of long-skirted gown dospehon resembled the smell of the front (in Turkic tradition - right) and a slit at the back. On his shoulders, he tightened straps, often completed Mantle.

Rider-Turki was familiar and Mail, which is often hooked by lamellar armor. It has spread in the era of the First Khanate. It is believed that this is due to the inclusion of a number of territories in Central Asia, where the production of chain mail at the time put in a big way. Chain mail made ​​of mesh and barmitsa. By the way, do Chainmail was not as convenient, easy, and reliable, as is usually written. The weight of it preserved specimens yielded little weight armor and typesetting reached fifteen pounds, which is comparable to the weight lamellyarpyh bibs with Mantle of archaeological materials in China.



And b. Ancient stirrups were made mostly of metal rods and were of two types: in the form of eight (and) in the form of a vertical plate semioval (b). Footrest, as seen in the figures, in both cases strongly "flattened".



Ancient graffiti on these items of equipment can be distinguished warriors and harness horse horseback who essentially supplement the information obtained from the archaeological material. Noteworthy hairstyle archers, consisting of a mass of braids with typical tailed nakosnikami. At the back, they gathered in a bundle and transferred her back. Perhaps the ancient Turks used the overhead kosichkiiz horse tails, which were woven into your own hair. Such hair in the early Middle Ages was characteristic of the ancient world and is undoubtedly the basis of ethnicity. Mustache and short beard complementary shape shooters. Soldiers dressed in long robes, strapped to the waist belts composing. To work over the robes are seen square, apparently, metal plates. A rider two belts, one rifle. To it is attached to the right bark quiver characteristic shape of a saddle horse left visible cover case for a bow, cross-linked in a long tube. The horse clearly visible harness and Tamga (the sign of ownership) on the back foot. We dismounted belt hand, clad in pointy, strapped at the ankles with belts, shoes with soft soles, clearly visible rectangular Whetstone, whose image is occasionally found on the Ancient stone sculptures. Luke, who is armed shooting, according to the characteristic shape KIBIT stiff and all, one and the same design, a derivative of the projectile weapons like the Hun. Arrows in both cases with three-blade tips, just a rider on the pole is visible bone ball whistle. Judging by the position of fingers, foot archer nock on the weapon with the right thumb, ie, "the Mongolian way." VII-X centuries. Altai Mountains. Kara-Oyuk. By DV Cheremnsinu.

High flexibility and mobility of armor is its biggest advantage, and so it is. But very often this advantage turned into a significant disadvantage. Certainly, Mail weaving well protected from the sharp blade sword or saber, but it aired on the body of the impact energy is only slightly weakened. In addition, some subulate arrowheads easily penetrated her ring, and the tips of arrows with faceted tear them to pieces. Therefore, under the armor had poddevat thick quilted coat. It is, incidentally, by itself has considerable protective properties.



Ancient heavily armed soldiers. Well marked low conical helmet with a feather, tape armor, cut on the chest armor of the "long-skirted coat," and the fact that some of the armor had Mantle. Petroglyphs. Arshan-Hud, Mongolia. By EA Novgorodova.



Easy Turkic cavalry was armed with a powerful bow (a) and arrows (b), the sword (or saber) (c). In the melee riders were small proushnye axes (g), which had a narrow triangular blade, butt with a hammer and a long (70 cm) handle. Sometimes used spears and (e). VII - X centuries. Reconstruction from the visual content of the Sayano-Altai.

When metal armor for some reason absent, the soldiers used the so-called "soft" armor. Close to the true understanding of them makes outfitting soldiers, typical horse fights, which until recently have been conducted in some Turkic peoples (eg, Kyrgyzstan).

Equipped Kyrgyz soldiers on such "competition" is traditional. On top of underwear they wore two pairs of pants and tightly tied their pas belt rawhide strap. Housing protects cotton quilted jacket with leather pull on it with armor made of thick, rough tanned cowhide. Plate lace up the back. Unprotected - shoulders, armpits, neck, upper back, groin - covered in four layers of felt, then these sites are tightly obkruchivalis wool n another three layers of thin felt. Completed two outfits gown. Lower padded, short-sleeved had floors just above the knee, and tall, to earlobes, neck. It strengthens the front three layers of thick felt. Elbow sleeves were trimmed as an additional layer of felt. Gown was cut from behind, which passes freely bow seat. The top coat was chintz. On his feet were boots riders - they fell leather trousers. Hands remained unprotected.

Described protective clothing was practically copied from the "soft" armor, the ancient warriors. Such multilayer armor easily withstand the shocks reach - its tip, especially a three-bladed, linked in soft strata. Cut the date in the fleeting horse battle, too, apparently, did not get fat pads quenched blow. Lake or river sand and iron filings, mix with lining, effectively protected from the hewer strike saber. Perhaps it was the appearance of "soft" armor weapons made the second half of the 1st millennium do a double-edged swords with sharpened tip and swords - curved blade with a weak, easy to apply strong thrusting.



One version of the horse armor. He shows lamellar. but it could be laminar. Such attire gave the horse a lot of inconvenience, and move it, she had only a quick trot. Brush at the muzzle - not just a decoration, but flies away fixture.



And b. Elegant Belt of the Ancient Sculpture of Tuva is distinguished not only the number of plaques engraved on them, but also an abundance of hanging down straps. Says a lot about the fact that the ancient sculptors have consistently stressed that detail equipment, completely ignoring others. VIII - IX centuries. a, - left bank. Shemi blnz confluence of the River. Hemechik, Tuva, b - Taarbol. left bank. Tartalok. Tuva.



Silver jug​​. One of the most striking and mysterious elements of Ancient Culture. So far, only a few such objects found in the graves and memorial nobility fences. Vessel in the representations of Turks southern Siberia has many meanings, and many, because of its sacred meaning and place in the memorial and funeral rites, remains mysterious and misunderstood. It could be a special dish for koumiss or simply milk that came with such a drink at the foot of the stone statues, it became a symbol of heavenly milk lakes. Ancient Turkic period. Ukok Plateau. Altai Mountains. Burial Bertek-34. Excavations VI Molodin.

Metal helmets were composing the ancient armies and looked like a narrow part of the egg, topped with a small cone on top. The variety of forms is achieved by changing the curvature of the walls, and the proportions of the semi-oval shape. Such helmets vstrechnlis Assyrian soldiers still in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e., and in Siberia used Tashtyk warriors. It is no exaggeration to say that they were ahead of their time. This helmet perfectly counteracted saber blows. Blade sword, losing energy, helplessly slid over the smooth wall down and away. Produced as utterly out of the narrow and broad sektoroobraznyh of plates. Narrow parts, as before, connecting the straps. While composing a design seems unreliable, it has existed for centuries and only recently has been successful in the north-east Siberia.

Sometimes patterned helmets were equipped with a pointed apex. On her bridge placed convex circular plate, and a helmet became very similar to ploskodonchaty inverted pot.





Gold figurines - decoration ceremonial quiver. Tee (valve seat) with straps, decorated with sculpted plaques, used for carrying a quiver and was part of the second, so-called "small" zone. X-XII centuries .. Burial Oltar, Novosibirsk Region.



Old Turkic belt. Reconstruction based on migilnika Uzuntal. Altai Mountains. Excavations DG Savinov.

More advanced helmets were riveted collected from several large (up to eight) plates. Connected overlapping plates: one plate edge slightly overlapping the other. The same method was used in the manufacture of armor and inlaid helmet. However, the assembly diagrams to change - each even plate superimposed on top of the edges of the two odd. The finished product is a small cone crowned with bush for plume. Shirokoplastinchaty riveted helmet was a rigid structure, protective properties are largely dependent on the quality of the metal. If a narrow plate inlaid helmet, leaning on each other, were layered armor, here these "zones rigidity" was much less. True, ready riveted helmet easily subjected to thermal quenching, which is not the typesetting. Last plate should fully process before mounting.

The lower edge helmet pulling metal hoop. To it was attached Barmitsa made of small tubular plates, chain mail mesh, multi-layer laminated with a thick skin, or, alternatively, from the densely quilted, padded hair cloth, on which were sewn metal protective elements.

Osprey Picture: http://swordmaster.org/uploads/2010/..._warrior03.jpg

F: The Turks, VI-VII century. a.
F1: Turgot-tarkans, VII century.
Among the soldiers depicted on the walls Pyanjikent one depicted very smart. Apparently, it tarkans or mythological heroes. His outfit is similar to the equipment transoceanic man-at-arms. Even his arms like "lion head" found in the images of eastern Turkestan, and may be the prototype of the lion armor medieval Persian hero Rustam. Weapon consists of a compound bow, a large knife and a long straight sword with a hilt made of gilded bronze.
F2: Turk-hexane, VI-VII centuries
Armament and armor. Two feathers on the helmet mean master of archery. Carapace recruited from solid leather plates, each of which is covered with cloth. Horse armor plates are open. To spear hung bells. Straight-edged sword.
F3: Nomadic Turks, VII century.
This nomad has no armor. It collects blood from a cut on the neck of his horse - so nomads earn their food and drink in extreme situations. Case accommodates bow bow with a tense string. Stirrups are simple leather loop.

Sogdhian and Gotruk: http://swordmaster.org/uploads/2010/..._warrior04.jpg

Unlike Hun Turks have not cut off the head of dead enemies, limited to one scalp. Turks were relatively well equipped: they wore armor made of metal plates or tough skin (say yarik) shortened hauberk (kupe yarik). and the helmet of one of several types. Heavy cavalry used horse armor (kedimli). The team had a very elegant appearance.

One Western Turkic prince, who was captured by the Arabs in 739 whirligig. wore heavy plate breastplate, brocade pants and a long silk shirt, trimmed with brocade. Other Turkic costume included a shorter shirt, quilted coat, trousers, boots, or sandals, hat and cape of various types with long or short sleeves. Riding boots may be a felt, fur or cloth. Some wore boots with high tops, like a jackboot or stockings. Other boots garters attached to the saddle, so that the rider wore them just sitting in the saddle. Notable men and women wore jewelry. Bodyguards usually wore a monochrome dress, the color matches the color of the banner of his lord.

Those soldiers who were shooting back no worse than forward, had the right to noesh helmets falcon feathers or wings. Dual-layer (gold cloth over base) belt with pendants worn mc who has earned the title of Tarkan (hero). Next to a large bowl or even together with him were banners with long braids (tugi). and horse tails. Tribal totem sign - closely - and small personal pennant - BADRAK - fastened to a pole spear. Standard in horse tails indicating the denomination warlord. In the Ottoman Empire the tradition persisted until the XVIII century. Usually standard consisted of five, seven, nine fire tails. Gilded muzzle wolf dragon or some other monster eme served such Kagan. Turks in hexane, and later the Turks and Uighurs.


The cut of the "peaceful" hats in the Middle Ages almost always imitated battle decisively. According to this principle kroilas all clothing. Popular at the time shields (hoods) were excellent for spheroconical balaclava helmets. Later, when helmets purchased low domed shape, replaced skullcaps. Famous Treukhov has naschechniki and nazatylnik like this helmet. Assembly in an iron helmet automatically turns this hat in protective gear.

Horse armor consisted of a plate covering the neck and chest animal Cheprak on the case and on large blankets. On the horse's head was worn steel or leather mask with openings for the eyes and nostrils. Plate for the horse made, mainly on the principle of multi-laminar, glued and stitched leather belts, which tiers are connected to each other, across the body mount. However, military blanket could be lamellar, that is gathered from unrelated small plates. Ribbon horse armor and placed along and across the torso animal - tiered climbing to the ridge or arc skirting back. Used to protect and layered, quilted crisscross felt.

To the "armored" horses presented with quite specific requirements: it had to be strong, to have stability and maneuverability, endurance and perfect handling, team-change of pace, immediately stop, turn around, get up on her hind legs to jump, jump into a gallop. Clumsy or skittish horse in critical situations summed rider wrong move by substituting it a mortal blow.

Preparing future warrior among the Turks started from infancy. Some of the nomadic peoples of, the heirs of Turkish culture - say, Kazakhs - the child was taken to put a pillow between your knees and legs tightly swaddled to eventually give them the curvature of horse torso. At the age of three or four years, the boy seated on horse, at nine or ten, they became professional riders and has performed as well as their parents, most of the time on a horse. The Kirghiz was indecent even to walk. Arab literary luminary Jahiz said of Turks, "If you're studying the life span of a Turk and counted his day, he would find that he was sitting on the back of his horse more than the surface of the earth."

From the tender age boy accustomed to archery, roping and weapons possession. Often between them feared special contest. At the same fights Kyrgyz practiced riding colts, sheep or steers. The role of the horse cattle perform sometimes peers. Were popular competitions in archery at full gallop, known by numerous descriptions of eyewitnesses. Shot is usually half turned back (the famous Scythian shot) on the threads that are suspended from the prize. Each participant had the right to an unlimited number of attempts. Competition continued until someone finishes her nibudne success.

Proven way to prepare for war and to maintain high combat readiness of the ancient Turks, as his time at Hun, was hunting. Arab chronicler Tabari stated that for this purpose the Turkic Kagan made even a special area - "meadow and protected mountains, to which no one was coming and did not dare to hunt them, (because) they have been left for the war."

Turk army, according to the chronicles of Tang China was divided into right and left wing. Each wing, in turn, consisted of individual units. Their strength of a multiple of ten 10 000, 1000, 100, 10 soldiers. All this seems to look Hun army. The researchers suggest that each of these once more the squad was divided into two wings, run on their own combat missions. If so, the lower military unit was a group of five people. Later, during the Second Khaganate, the army stood center, equal to the number of wings. Cavalry units recruited for Turkic army of warriors and subject tribes. They were formed by the same decimal principle, but in a battle usually stayed on the sidelines.

Osprey Picture Uighur Warriors: http://swordmaster.org/uploads/2010/...turk-uigur.jpg


Uighurs UІІІ-IX centuries

1: Uyghur prince, IX century.
Exact nazvanіye headgear is not known with certainty but we can say that he meant the social status of the owner. Wide waist belt pads ispolyovalis Timurids in the XV century. Case for the bow and quiver that evolves medieval type. Boots, garters heeling to the belt, rather archaic.

2: Uyghur man-at-arms, IX century.
Plate Helm met among Uighurs. This is made of bronze plates stacked on a leather base. The rest of the armor made ​​of hard leather, some details lacquered.

3: Sugdiysky merchant, IX century.
Silk Road led caravans of different nationalities, but the most numerous among them were sugdiytsy. Goods of the merchant is located in bales on the back of his two-humped Bactrian camel. Merchant is an eclectic clothing, consisting of sugdianskih and Central parts. Turkic belt hangs Iranian type sword.



Kyrgyzstan in the hat "Treukhov," drawing on the observations of ethnographers 19-20
century.





There two pictures of the Gokturk Calvary:


Gokturks against Tang Chinese


Gokturk or their Uighurs successor that had a very similar armour and weapons

[karaislam]

excellent man.

[karaislam]

rampante.my russian is not perfect.

in that osprey images.unit number 2.that cavalryman has an armour.different kind lamellar.i mean blue.

is that material leather? or bronze or steel what?

[_Tartaros_]

very informatic post, +rep

[Rampante-Cid]

You have your answer below the link of the osprey pictures:

F2: Turk-hexane, VI-VII centuries
Armament and armor. Two feathers on the helmet mean master of archery. Carapace recruited from solid leather plates, each of which is covered with cloth. Horse armor plates are open. To spear hung bells. Straight-edged sword.

So the material is leather.