MONS GRAUPIUS
Battle Of Mons Graupius
Late in the campaigning season of AD 83, Agricola’s army finally confronted the massed Caledonian forces. The historian Tacitus claims that more than 30,000 warriors, young and old, gathered on the slopes of Mons Graupius for the climactic battle with the Roman invaders. Whereas the Caledonians probably assembled in their individual warbands, Roman discipline obliged Agricola’s men to draw up in rank and file: 8,000 auxiliary infantry formed the core of his formation, supported by 3,000 cavalry, spread out on the flanks.
The Caledonian host, mostly infantry warriors, were drawn up on the lower slopes of the mountain with small groups of horsemen, while their chariot-borne chieftains careered back and forth across the plain. Their purpose was evidently to intimidate the Romans and shake their resolve, while indulging in an ostentatious display of skill and force. Now, the front ranks of the Romans caught perhaps their first sight of the Caledonian chariots (covinni) with their scythed wheels, as they rattled and rumbled past.
The customary silence of the Roman ranks must have contrasted eerily with this din, amplified by the Caledonian horde, where individuals were shouting their war cries or blasting out tunes on the distinctive carnyx war-trumpets.
At this stage, Agricola ordered his men to adopt a wider formation by opening out the ranks. Tacitus believed that the reason for this manoeuvre was the need to match the wide frontage of the Caledonians. However, the deployment of an open order formation may have been Agricola’s intention from the start, along with his choice of auxiliaries in preference to the classic dense shield-wall of the legions. The flexibility of the auxiliaries as individual fighters must have seemed ideal in combating the threat posed by the Caledonian chariots, and Agricola may have envisaged a scenario not unlike Alexander the Great’s battle of Gaugamela, where similar scythed chariots had been drawn into the front ranks, surrounded and overpowered there.
http://www.warandgamemsw.com/blog/571004-mons-graupius/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius