In the recession of 2001, the Federal Reserve System under
Chairman Alan Greenspan began aggressively expanding the U.S.
money supply. Year-over-year growth in the M2 monetary aggregate
rose briefly above 10 percent, and remained above 8 percent entering
the second half of 2003. The expansion was accompanied by the Fed’s
repeatedly lowering its target for the federal funds (interbank
overnight) interest rate. The Fed funds rate began 2001 at 6.25 percent and ended the year at 1.75 percent. The Greenspan Fed reduced
the rate further in 2002 and 2003, pushing it in mid-2003 a record low
of 1 percent, where it stayed for a year