Queen of Heaven is a title given to the
Blessed Virgin Mary by
Christians, mainly of the
Roman Catholic Church, and also, to some extent, in the
Anglican,
Lutheran, and
Eastern Orthodox churches, to whom the title is a (disputed) consequence of the
Council of Ephesus in the fifth century, where the Virgin Mary was proclaimed "
theotokos" ("God-bearer," "birthgiver of God" or the "one who gives birth to God" among other translations), a title rendered in Latin as Mater Dei, "
Mother of God".
The Catholic teaching on this subject is expressed in the papal encyclical
Ad Caeli Reginam,
[1] issued by
Pope Pius XII. It states Mary is called the Queen of Heaven because her Son,
Jesus Christ, is the King of Israel and heavenly King of the Universe. In the Hebrew tradition, the mother of the king is the queen (see
queen mother). Catholic dogma (Apostolic Constitution
Munificentissimus Deus) states that the Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was
assumed body and soul into heavenly glory.
[2] The title
Queen of Heaven has long been a Catholic tradition, included in
prayers and
devotional literature, and seen in Western art in the subject of the
Coronation of the Virgin, from the
High Middle Ages, long before it was given a formal dogmatic definition status by the Church. For centuries, Catholics, while reciting the
Litany of Loreto were already invoking Mary as "Queen of Heaven".