Roads and ports will give a set amount of income that improves as you improve the structures ie ports, roads, warehouses etc. The exact amount is not set; you can however see the volume of traffic to get a good idea of how much income is being generated- your finance tab (click the gold pot in the corner) will show you an overall amount, and you can see the individual income of each city in the overview.
Trade agreements ensure traffic can pass between you and neighbouring nations, either by land or by sea. For practical purposes, it is only worth securing trade agreements with immediate neighbours, at least initially. For my favourite Portugal, this means Spain/Moors/France.
Merchants are not related. They are agents that can be placed on resources (like ivory) but will be targeted heavily by enemy merchants; likewise, you can acquire enemy merchant assets with your own merchants. An excellent merchant moneymaker is the resource drops around Baghdad, or Timbuktu.
This is my preferred moneymaking strategy, as evidenced below 
This is not altered in any way.
This income is summarised thusly :
As merchants advance in time and years, they also improve their moneymaking skills - you are limited in the number you can control, but it is best to have as many as possible that look like this :
And with a bit of patience and perseverence, soon your trade will look like this :
Please attach images in spoilers