[Faction Discussion] Srivijaya

[Yelü Dashi]

Srivijaya

This thread can be used for team members to discuss the Srivijaya faction. Research, ideas, and imagery to use in our development of the faction are appreciated.

[Yelü Dashi]

One of the first and most important things I will need to know is whether this map is an accurate portrayel of the region in 1180AD:



Most importantly which parts of Borneo & what is now Thai /northern malaysia peninsula were under Srivijyaya's control ? especially the status of Tambralinga (which I heard the Khmers controlled at some point). I am hoping Strategos Lykos can answer these questions ?

[Spike]

First, minor nitpick... they are SRIWIJAYA, not srivijaya... we are not indians

FACTION SYMBOL
Now, let's start with the faction symbol :

in my Nusantara TW thread, that was after 1500, you can look the symbol of Sriwijaya as this:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

a lotus flower on a pond, that was the image found in royal seal of late Hindubudo kingdoms in Sumatera, which still goes by the name of Sriwijaya, but, actually, this symbol was used because the "real" royal seal was allready claimed by another Sriwijaya sucessor kingdom, which was the Sultanate of Palembang Darussalam.

According to "Babad Palembang":
Actually, the "real" bloodline of Mauli-Syailendran dynasty was divided in Both, but the origin of that split was the conversion of several Sriwijayan princes to Islam, and they rebelled. In the end Sultanate of Palembang was born under Ario Damar, and took the "real" royal seal of Sriwijaya:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

which was six lotus petals with sun in the center. -> That was the real Sriwijaya symbol in the timeline of All Under Heaven.

The royal colour of Sriwijaya is actually Red and Brown, but in Nusantara TW (350 years later), the colour are used by Palembang, so we give them Purple, the colour of Lotus Petals... but if you can spare the Either Red-Brown or Brown colour, that will be better.

RELIGION
While majority of Sriwijayan population are syncretic believers of Hinduism and Buddhism (hindubudo), Sriwijaya is pretty much famous for their Vajrayana Buddhist university. But taking Vajrayana Buddhism as their faction religion is pretty much wrong, because in times of war, King and the Nobilities gave offerings to Siwa (Shiva), and Durga (Kali), the Hindu deities for chaos and bloodlust (and hence they have Amuk Murka - the famed "amok" Berserkers). But as peace matters, they are pretty much statisfied by Buddhism.

Islam is allready present in Aceh and some Riau population at this time, but these people are relatively few before the Aceh-Pasai rebellion. Religious tolerance is at the extreme, even some nobilities allready embrace Islam this time, but that was mainly concentrated on Aceh (Marah Silu (Malik Al Saleh) is Sriwijayan noble who found the Sultanate of Aceh in 13th century).

--------------- Let me eat something first I'll continue this afternoon

[Spike]

Map Areas

Ok after checking on our research in Nusantara TW (at my desktop... in my home... sorry for the incovenience, locations changed much in 300 years )

Map 1 :

Under Sriwijayan Rule

1) The capital is NOT on Jambi this time (Jambi will later become capital again though, and Palembang will later gain Prominence again), but that was on Dharmasraya, somewhere in West Sumatera, you just need to draw a horizontal line from Jambi and that will land on western shore, that was roughly Dharmasraya was.
2) The city of Panai was actually named Tapanuli, yes, they are city of Importance... but they are located more north... the Area you spot with Panai was actually closer to the city of Indragiri
3) That was indeed Barus, the name of Province should be Batak
4) No, no Lamuri, the more important city in north are Pasai, and they should allready had some sigi\nificant muslim presences
5) Indragiri was a city on Riau, the province name should be Riau
6) Pahang? no! that was the Province name, that Should be Inderapura
7) Kedah? Kadaram? that was actually Kedah, kadaram was just a minor city that time.
8) Kelantan is fine
9) Langkasuka is province name actually, the city's name is still Pan Pan
10) Grahi is fine
11) Of course Palembang
here's the map City name is shown, and in () was Province name:

[Spike]

Map 2 : Overseas Possesions (in South East Asia)

under Sriwijayan Rule (from Babad Sriwijaya, and accounts in Nagarakartagama)
Red is under Sriwijayan Rule... White is Independent this time (at 1180)
They are also noted that had some forts and garrison still maintained, even in Hokjia, but not sure about the exact location (just mentioned that they had fort for maintaining their press, they are at war with almost everyone this time)


fort location:
1) further east of Dwarawati
2) at coast north of Parang
3) and further north again
4) somewhere in Hokjia island and the west side of that

About kalimantan, no, this time Kalimantan Possesion is allready at the hands of Singosari

[Yelü Dashi]

Thanks for this Lykos, very very interesting. Could you provide some more sources of evidence for your suggestions - I am surprised to learn that some of these Champa cities were under Sriwijaya control ? Thats pretty interesting.

I was beginning to understand that the Thai peinsula was not really under Khmer control at this time, but what about the Kingdom of Lavo it actually sent embassies to China in the 1150s ? This evidence seems to suggest strong regional independance. Also I cannot fathom Sriwijaya controlling any Cham territory during the 1190s, especially as the Khmer were invading with force ?

Can I also confirm that Palembang is the capital in 1180 because I read that it moved to Jambi during the last century of rule ? Or did you mean Dharmasraya ws the capital ?

[Spike]

Thanks for this Lykos, very very interesting. Could you provide some more sources of evidence for your suggestions - I am surprised to learn that some of these Champa cities were under Sriwijaya control ? Thats pretty interesting.

umm.... put aside scripts like of Babad Sriwijaya, Babad Palembang, and Nagarakartagama (these are written literatures comes from Sriwijayan Era and the decline) and some cross reference in likes Hikayat Melayu and Sulalat Us Salatin (these are Islamic age literature, far from the AUH Era), and some artifacts and temple that got Sriwijayan style construction on that place... there is no other sources.. maybe some chainmail-plate armour findings like this, could be the very evidence of Sriwijayan Presence... (unlike another South East Asian kingdoms, Indonesian Kingdoms, particularly those in Jawa, Sumatera, and Sulawesi, extensively use Chainmail armour because the very abundance of easily acessible Iron, they also had some brass (yellow, but not gold!) coating that was almost unique to Indonesian and Malaysian cultures.





note : the second pics was Nusantara TW era (1500s upward), the islamic style turban is not worn in AUH era, leaving only bare conical helmet.

I was beginning to understand that the Thai peinsula was not really under Khmer control at this time, but what about the Kingdom of Lavo it actually sent embassies to China in the 1150s ? This evidence seems to suggest strong regional independance. Also I cannot fathom Sriwijaya controlling any Cham territory during the 1190s, especially as the Khmer were invading with force ?

Evidence by "sending emissaries to China" is not a valid evidence of Independence, especially by the politics played. of course there is a war in Mainland South East Asia, and those cities I listed is actually still claimed as Sriwijayan territories on those literatures... but in 13th century (soon after AUH starting), Sriwijayan forces are mostly expelled from mainland SEA except malaysia and Pattani, and their Bangladeshi possesion lost somewhere in 1250s

Can I also confirm that Palembang is the capital in 1180 because I read that it moved to Jambi during the last century of rule ? Or did you mean Dharmasraya ws the capital ?

The capital in 1171-1282 was Dharmasraya, that was clearly wrotten on Prasasti Grahi and Prasasti Padang Roco. Palembang is earlier capital, and will become capital again when Jambi was threatened by Singasari.

[Spike]

Umm.... I wonder who is the official modeller here?

[Yelü Dashi]

Also - what about Borneo ? i.e. Tanjungpura ?

[Spike]

Also - what about Borneo ? i.e. Tanjungpura ?

uh, sorry if this wasn't clear, I allready said this

About kalimantan, no, this time Kalimantan Possesion is allready at the hands of Singosari

Kalimantan is Borneo, but this time, they allready at Singosari's hands (javanese kingdom)

[Yelü Dashi]

Err...that would be me for the time being.

[Spike]

Yeah, I was also a modeller in Nusantara TW (along with Wlesmana and Finn Mac Cummhail), but Nusantara TW is for BI, and the models are CAS, not MESH segments. Umm... about my Unit rants from before:

UNITS
the Sriwijayan army relies on several different sources of units. Nobles and Pendekar (Commoners that seeks to archieve and deepen their martial skills), will made up the core of the troops, supported by levies and sometimes, mariners (actually another factions call em pirates... uh yeah... melanun.... the "privateers" that prey on Chinese, Khmer, Champa, and any foreign vessels that Hostile to Sriwijaya)

Sriwijayan recruitments should be more city based, and I assume this lists as that, but they should still be able to recruit from fortress type, albeit not for the Watchmen.

here's the list:

Infantry:

1. Penjaga Kuta (lit : Town Watchmen)
these men are the one who maintain orders on the towns and cities at peacetime and act as reserve militia in times of wars. If you see the Nusantara TW roosters on the ORG, you'll see that they didn't changed much for 300 years, except in Nusantara TW we actually separate them to "Penjaga Kuta" which exclusively mele unit with golok, and "Pengawal Kota" which have bamboo bows... the "Pengawal Kota" could be seen as mere "Penjaga Kuta" with bows and additional duties for patrolling walls and settlement outskirts, so because limited slot in AUH, they shall be Penjaga Kuta (encompassing larger definitions).

These men are equipped with laminated bamboo bows, and carry golok (common household blade, used as short slashing sword). Most of them will be bare chested, worn simple trousers, and have destar headgear. Some could use long sleeved shirts, but that was less common in AUH era. They will carry additional protection provided by round rattan shield strapped on their left hand.

- these men should be tier 0 soldiers, they are available without any prerequisite, afterall, they just levied peasants and townsfolk.

2. Penjurit (lit : Militia)
these men should form the bulk of most Sriwijayan armies, they are mostly young men, given some training, and act as standing, semi-regular army that could be expected to go on campaigns. They are the bread and butter of Melayu army, and quite realible if used right.

These men are equipped with Lembing (light javelins), and Tombak (Spears) used in underhand manner. Their primary form of protection comes from large rectangular, wooden "plank" shields that was quite large (and provide better frontal protection, but heavy and cumbersome). If you see Nusantara TW units, you will notice that they had sarong and Songkok (leather cap), that was 300 years after AUH, in AUH times, they should be bare chested and wear Destar or Tanjak headgear, not Songkok. Their bottom is still lot similar though, simple trousers.

- these men should be tier 1 soldiers. Although they had javelins, they should be primarily intended for melee fighting (carry 2 or 3 javelins). These men fought in close formations, almost shieldwall.

3. Tentera {Kapak} (lit : {Axe} Soldiers) - because I didn't list another "Tentera" class soldiers, they could be used as personification of entire "tentera" class.
Tentera, was the regular soldiers of Sriwijayan and Later Sumateran army, while still start as levied young men, these men are much better trained, better equipped, and will receive payments in regular basis. These men are medium infantry class, given helmets (either conical, or "Javanese crested" type helmets), linen-hemp armour (sometimes reinforced with metal scales), large round rattan shields, and brass/steel bracers. Now, in Nusantara TW, they should actually had their archer counterparts as well (langlang laut) who more specialize in maritime combats, but they still belongs to tentera class.

These men are equipped with Lembing (light javelins), and Kapak (double bladed axe). These men are trained assault infantry, and many of them had experience in maritime fights (most of them are mariners). Put aside helmets and linen-hemp armour, they will worn nothing on their chest, have imple cloth skirt on top of their trousers. Their shields are often decorated with simple designs, but not too much.

- These men should be tier 2 soldiers, they are good close combat units, although they could skirmish with their javelins if required (and should carry more javelins than Penjurit, about 4 or 5 javelins).

4. Pajurit Tumbak (lit: Spear Soldiers) - Pajurit... not to be confused with Penjurit, these men are different class.
Heavy infantry of the line, these men are feudal-bound regulars, and although they are clearly not elite unit, they are far superrior than most of their foreign counterparts. Their classical counterparts in Mediterranian will be Thorakitai, guess... they are heavy infantry, equipped with spear used in overhead manners, javelins, and of course, they worn chainmail. In unit I shown earlier that wield halberds, it was Pangawitan, the chain armoured regulars as well, but they still belongs to Pajurit class, and halberds are not yet widely used in times of AUH (they are used, but on smaller scale, the primary users of halberds are the Sultanates, as they had more middle eastern influences), they will mainly worn Javanese High crest helmets (yeah, Javanese-type helmets, these helmets are widely used)

They had some lembing for softening the enemy ranks (carry only 1 or 2 though - but AFAIK as missile can't be 1, let it be 2). They are consistently depicted with overhead style of spearfighting, described to fought in rigid formation, and instead of plain Rattan shield, they had steel and brass reinforcements to their large rattan shields.

- These men should be tier 3 soldiers, and should be capable to fought in real shieldwall formations. They should be rather common units (having large scale of chainmail artifacts in Indonesia).

5. Satriyo Pamanahan (lit: archer knights - from indian words Ksathriya)
These men is one of "kickass" troops. Largely comes from nobility, but commoners with martial skills (Pendekar) also took substantial ammounts of them, and at Nusantara TW, they are allready mostly high skilled commoners. These men are the bulwark of the army.

They should carry well built laminated bamboo bows, and longswords in the form of Keris Panjang (long Keris, but actually as long as european longswords, and had the edge sharpened, intended for causing griveous slash injuries, and heavy enough to give several impact on armour). Protected by chainmail armour, with more plate reinforcements. They will had highly decorated Javanese high crest helmets, and will sport long hair under their helmet, to shown their status. They will have Tameng (full metal large buckler) strapped on their left hands, and although they are archers, they should be more than excellent close combatants.

- These men are tier 4 soldiers, should be excellent archers and swordsmen... actually, I did prefer the 2 to be separated, but....

6. Amuk Murka Siwa Mahadewa (lit: the Wrath of the Shiva)
The real elite infantry troops (at least in this AUH unit list, because of the limited space Yelu given) should be the Elite Berserkers of Shiva... well, they are... Berserkers that job is to run amok inside enemy line and carve really bloody path for the rest of the army... but fears not, unlike Celtic or Germanic berserkers in ancient Roman times, the Indonesian berserkers rarely use drugs, instead, they will repeat religious chants and use meditations to accomplish their trance state, so they will be capable to differentiate friends from foe... even if they are should be uncontrollable lot.

These men should fought with extreme ferocities, each hands carry keris, their hair untied and spread, and largely fought bare chested (although metal bracers are worn, and had large necklace sufficient to provide some armour values). They will worn Batik skirt, and elaborate trousers. They had metal headbands, and although generally tought to act recklessly, they are still experienced martial artists, and everyone facing them as enemy will be generally doomed.

- These should be either available from high level temple of Shiva, or available as tier 5 soldiers, if you don't include the last infantry in this list.

7. Teratai Hitam (lit: Black Lotus)
True elite and the true royal guards of Sriwijaya. They took their name from their distinct banner on the field, a black lotus mounted on a pole with purple flag. These men are what you will said... "weirdly armed"

Ok, so these men will use Trident, big bad trident as their weapon of choice, used 2 handed. Unlike most of the army, they didn't carry shields, but worn the heaviest armour available, almost fullplate-lamellar, as well as highly decorated tall cylindrical hats, and face masks.

- they are the elite force, should be fitting as tier 5 soldiers.

-------- cavalry are under construction ---- tommorow

[Spike]

UNITS
Cavalry:
Early-Middle Sriwijayan, and Javanese dynasty (the later Javanese, even until today's Yogyakartan province-kingdom in Today's Indonesia) are direct descendance of Syailendran dynasty, that in turns claim ancestry from Indo-Saka kingdoms in India. The mythical founder of Syailendran dynasty, Aji Saka, was the son of Rudroseno that in turns, could be identified with Rudhrasima III of the Indo Saka Satrapies. That explains partially that Syailendran cavalry forces are very - very different from their neighbours, as horse archery and cataphracts are the norm. Although chariots are widely used as well.

If you seen in Nusantara TW, 300 years after AUH, only the Javanese had acess to low level horse archers and the heaviest of Cataphracts (in Nusantara TW, even their BG are not Cataphracts, just mere lancers, but in AUH, they should be made as Cataphract), that was because the melayu culture are more and more emphasized upon maritime trades and overall more infantry tradition (as well as lack of horse armour dated after 1500 era in Sumatera, while in Java, horse armour are still used even until today (in ceremonial purpose though).

In AUH Era, the cavalry decline is only about to happened, but still not much, and you may notice that the very same unit are used by Javanese army in Nusantara TW, the explaination is simple, in AUH era, Sriwijayan and Javanese kingdoms are still share common cultures, the differentiation of culture only start after Islamic era.

0. Punggawa Keraton (lit: Royal Palace Bodyguards) or could be Punggawa Dato (lit: Lord's Bodyguards) - The Bodyguards
Should be lancer cataphracts, and more heavily armed. They use long lances and Kapak in Melee. Roughly same with what pic I give before in Check in Thread, but their armour should be lamellar.

Some could argue that they will be better presented with Bows and lances, instead of full melee lancers, but they are more widely used to charge in for the kills, preferably, and often head to head against enenmy general's personal forces, while the generals could be expected to suspend the soldier's battle, and fight one against one in single combat, if both party agreed (or preordered by their kings, for some reasons). If one of the generals defeated (could be killed, but most aren't), the battle is generally over and the losing side is expected to drop their weapons and surrender chivalrously. But that was only the case in either civil war or inter-royal family feuds, against foreign forces, the battles is unlikely to envolve as this...

- They should be the bodyguards for FM's and common generals as well... (although the royal FM should got a better experienced one)

1. Telik Sandi (lit: scouts)
the lightest cavalry force commonly comes from royal grant of horses to the rural populance. Sriwijaya, and later Javanese kingdoms develop a distinctive system of "Jaranan", while I must admit that some modern historian argues that this system is not meant for providing military forces (some argue that farm horses can't be used for cavalry forces), their lowest horsemen did comes from local horse owners, and in several occasions, especially in Babad Melayu, Nagarakertagama, and Babad Tanah Jawi, cavalry forces are recorded to be numbered in thousands. The system of Jaranan (lit: horse grants) is quite simple in principle. The king (represented by either local kings, or high ranked nobles), grant a local group of families (mukim - a local cluster under a kampung (village), approximate 3-4 families) three horse (or more). But in turns, they are expected to either sent two men as cavalry militia, or pay the support of two cavalry soldiers in wartime (the system is still unclear - but as true cavalry soldiers are not a cheap business, we could assume that two cavalry militia in wartime are more likely).

These men are pretty lightly equipped with laminated bamboo bows, and carry golok, but they have considerable skill, better than their infantry counterparts. Most of them will be bare chested, but some could worn simple hemp armour, they worn simple trousers with batik skirt on top of it, and tied their hair in simple topknot, or ponytail. They will carry additional protection provided by round rattan shield strapped on their left hand.

- these men should be tier 1 cavalry, they should be unimpressive as horse archers (afterall farm horse that used for pulling plough liks ox or water buffalo? certainly not the best warhorses and they shouldn't a fast horsemen), but in turns, they should be well able to hold themselves in melee.

2. Pajurit Jaran (lit : Feudal Cavalrymen / Horsemen)
these men should form main cavalry forces of the Sriwijayan and Javanese kingdoms, these men are fewer, but much better than their lower counterparts. Unlike the soldiers provided by jaranan system, these men are real landowners and their equipments are much much better.

These men will be armed with better made laminated bamboo bows, and had parang (Indonesian long saber-like sword), as their hand to hand weapon. They should worn either crested Javanese helmet or simple conical helmet, chainmail armour, and had rattan shield strapped on their left hand as usual.

- these men should be tier 2 cavalry, quite capable to win the battle through horse archery alone, but should be deadly in charges and close combat as well. They are realible cavalry forces, pretty much standard force in Java and Sumatera.

3. Turanggawesi (lit: Steel Horse) - The armoured horsemen / cataphracts
these men comes from nobilities, that not only able to armour themselves in heavy lamellar-chain armour, but their horse also had lamellar barding as well. They are fewer than Pajurit Jaran, but should still rather common troops, always present in almost all big battles. These men actually could be split into 2 distinct unts, the lancers (Satriyo Turrangawesi), who exclusively melee cavalrymen, coming from better trained forces and had larger tameng shield, and the catphract archers (Turanggawesi), that was the common norm, but in this unit plan, I assume Turanggawesi alone, as their melee counterparts are only noted to be used in some specific situations, and in later times.

These men should be armed with laminated bamboo-teak bows, and had Keris Panjang or Parang as their melee weapons (some could argue they used Axes (Kapak) as well, but that was used in conjunction of lances). They should worn high tube-like headgear, and worn heavy lamellar-chain armour (just like the chainmail, but with much more plate protection on top of it). They are used to worn some sort of mask on top of their face, but some could be unmasked, but worn scarves to cover their lower faces. They worn metal buckler strapped on their left hand. Their horses should be barded in lamellar-chain... Indonesian style (look at Nusantara TW unit previews ).

- These should be tier 3 horsies, excel in both Horse archery and shock combat. They should be somewhat common, but their cost is expensive, so they should be used wisely, because this feudal cavalry corps in particular are widely mentioned, but their numbers is rather small.

4. Kereta Kencana (lit: Wonderful Chariots)
Now, the most unwieldly, and inflexible cavalry forces, but for some reason (particularly the chariot can be used to store numerous javelins and fixed with blades), these forces are used in several field battles, even until as far as 17th century. These men are nobles who could afford large team of horses, and generally comes from less trained (? ironic but true) parts of nobility (that more trained nobles often got themselves fight as real cavalrymen or Infantry, and let the rich, but "more cowardly" nobles fought on top of comfortable chariots). Chariots are deemed as somewhat cowardly device for war, but they are still used for long time, atritive harrasments, and their passangers could dismount and fight on foot if necessary... (Impossible to portay in RTW or M2TW though).

These men should be... a bit less armoured compared with cataphracts, but still heavily armoured though. They don chainmail armour, and high crested helmets, bracers, and fought on top of well built teak chariot that even have beutiful umbrellas on top of it! Each chariot is pulled by four horses, and had some spears attached to impale anyone dare to stop them. Most often, each chariot had 4 crews and 1 noble. one act as the driver, one act to kept the javelins, one act to kept some spears for melee, and one help the noble with javelin flinging (the noble are the one who fling the javelins - much predictable eh?).

- These men should be the last tier of cavalry in AUH, they are expected to beat normal cavalry in the open field (by tripping them with spear blades), and quite expensive. But their close combat prowess... shouldn't be a very bad one, but certainly not a good one... although they should have better defensive values.

5. Gajah Perang (lit: war elephant)
Elephants are quite abundant in Sumatera, and used in war even until early 20 th century, not much to be told

[Yelü Dashi]

What are sources for these units ? Is there any concept art ?

[Spike]

You could simply look at nusantara tw subforum at the Guild. Our primary sources was written literatures, supplemented by archeological findings...

In the hosted mods for RTW section.

[Yelü Dashi]

Lykos - this actually looks like a really interesting and exciting roster, and very detailed. I am trying to imagine what some of these units will look like, so any concept art/screenshots of your units that can help inspire us would be appreciated.

Cheers.

[Spike]

Lykos - this actually looks like a really interesting and exciting roster, and very detailed. I am trying to imagine what some of these units will look like, so any concept art/screenshots of your units that can help inspire us would be appreciated.

Cheers.

yeah... the models are mostly done, but the final skins are still at the Skinners...

about the concept art... well, you could look at my album, but that was unassorted... and a bit untidy...

and about the Cataphract models, that was still under construction

[Yelü Dashi]

Chariots...wow wasn't expecting that ! Can you post the relevant screenshots of units you've created that you think can serve as inspiration for this roster ? I've tried to look at your forum at the Guild but the site is really slow and I'm not sure where to look. If you can the post the relevant concepts art for the individual weapons used etc that would be useful. I've never seen much Indonesian lamellar or chainmail armour..so I have no idea what it looks like !

How were the war elephants equip - with bowman or what ?

[Spike]

well, this wasn't the Sriwijayan Rooster this was melakan rooster, but it could be used to gave you some imagination about how things should be made:

1. first pic : the war elephants, armoured in lamellar, and had metal plates to their heads... note: because some difficulty made the real metal plates, our skinners decide to just put carthaginian elephant head armour, while the heads are being constructed. The crews are still more or less the same, with short sleeved surcoat worn on top of mail armour, just remove the golden shoulder pads, and replae it with simple plate (the crew in the pic are royal BG elephants, used specifically on LATE melayu sultanates - but Sriwijayan nobles in AUH time still had catass instead of elephants.

2. Second pic : that was the parang, a long saber, and that guys worn indonesian styled chain armour (with plate reinforcements clearly shown), note that round turban helmet have no use in AUH era. the shield was rattan shield, in melayu pattern.

3. Third Pic : simple scale armour, and that headgear was one of the "destar" type, oh yeah, those light lancer guys are not in AUH era, they are strictly islamic warriors of later age.

4. Pic 4: no use, except they are mounted penjurit (penunggang kuda), with smaller "papan" shields and javelins. The Songkok headgear is not worn in AUH era.

5. Fifth image: the destar wearing with conical helmet underneath, these guys also worn heavier Indo-Melayu pattern plated-chainmail. And the weapons is keris panjang.

6. 6th image : conical helmet with simple chain armour, these men also had large papan shield strapped on their left hand... and they carry long laminated bamboo bows.

7. seventh image : no use for AUH, except that conical helmet and another chain armour shown.

8. 8th image : the simplest form of chain armour, and the skirt was clearly shown (replace the sarong pattern with Batik for AUH era). Pikemen is not present in AUH era BTW

9. That was penjurit, just made them bare chested and remove their songkok, replace with destar and it will be done.

10. And this could be the model for bare chested penjurit, of course, dual swordsmen is used in AUH era, but err... lack of unit slots... oh yeah, their swords is golok

11. the last, there should be the Pengawal Kuta in AUH, except made them bare chested

[Spike]

---