A composite history of this British Regiment.
Chasseurs Britannique
The Chasseurs Britannique were formed in 1801, from soldiers transferred into British Service from the former Army of Condé which was disbanded following the signing of the Treaty of Luneville on the 9 Febuary 1801. This treaty established peace between the Holy Roman Empire (Austria) and France and left the Army of Condé with nowhere to operate and no allies for support along the German border.
Army of Condé
The army had been formed by Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, Prince du Sang, Grand Master of Royal Household. He had served with distinction as a French officer in the Seven Years War alongside his father the Prince of Sourbise and was a General in the French Army at the time of the revolution in France.
Condé had decided to escape from France following the fall of the Bastille in 1789 and fled across the border with his son and grandson. for fear of possible arrest or death.
In 1791, along with many other royalist French refugee’s the prince established himself at Coblenz. Here he helped to organize and lead a large counter-revolutionary army of émigrés.
Composition of the army
Originally about 25,000 men, the size of the prince's army varied, depending in great part upon the demands placed upon it, but also on the funding available. By the end of 1792, the force had 5,000 men. After recruiting in 1796, in the cities of Mainz and Mannheim, and in the Swiss cantons, it could call on 10,000 men, under the pay of Britain.
The composition of the army also varied: The regiments of Mirabeau, Rohan and Salms, for example, were almost independent corps.
Order of Battle 1795
Infantry
- Régiment des Chasseurs Nobles
- Légion noire de Mirabeau, puis légion de Damas
- Régiment de Hohenlohe
- Régiment de Bardonnenche
- Régiment de Roquefeuille
- Régiment Alexandre de Damas
- Régiment de Montesson
Cavalry
- 1er Régiment Noble
- 2eme Régiment Noble
- Régiment du Dauphin
- Hussards de la Légion de Damas
- Hussards de Baschi de Cayla
- Chasseurs de Noinville
- Dragons de Fargues
- Chasseurs d'Astorg
- Dragons de Clermont-Tonnerre
- Cuirassiers de Furange
- Chevaliers de la couronne.
Other than the Prince, the Army of Condé contained the prince's grandson, the Duc d'Enghien, and the two sons of his cousin, the dead king's brother, the Comte d'Artois. It also included many young aristocrats such as Duc de Richelieu, the Duc de Blacas and Chateaubriand, the Duc de Choiseul, the Comte de Langéron, the Comte de Damas, the Comte de Montlosier and the Vicomte de Bonald. Some of whom would eventually become leaders during the Bourbon Restoration.
The insistence of these former high ranking officers in the French Army on receiving the same rate of pay to which they were entitled in France created problems for their funders, which included Spain, Portugal, and Naples, and Britain, and finally, Russia.
The Noble Regiment for example was commanded by Condé himself drawing a French General’s salary, whilst many of its companies were also commanded by Generals being paid at the same rate as if they commanded a whole army. Although in fairness to them this would probably have fallen far short of supporting them in the manner to which they and their familes were accustomed given that they had lost all the income from their estates and possessions in France, and is probably no less than a modern day industrialist would expect if asked to help form and manage a new venture by the government.
History and operations
The Army of Condé initially fought in conjunction with the Austrians. Although many of the generals in Habsburg service distrusted Condé and policy makers in Vienna considered the army and its officers unreliable. Furthermore, the conflicting goals of the French royalists and the Habsburgs frequently placed Condé at odds with the Habsburg military leadership.
One such disagreement over the conduct of war became so heated that the Austrian Emperor ordered Condé to be arrested for insubordination, and in 1792, he demanded the immediate dissolution of the army on the grounds that its officers were émigrés were so incompetent, so unrealistic, and the army so mismanaged that it was nothing but a liability to the campaign in Flanders.
In 1794, the disagreements with Austrian’s became so debilitating that Condé through the negotiations of William Wickham, secured an alternative funding arrangement directly with the British government to pay the Corps' expenses. The British continued to pay to maintain the Condé’s army from 1795 to 1797, allowing him much more freedom to operate independent to the Austrian’s if he wished.
However, in 1797, Austria signed the Treaty of Campo Formio with the First French Republic, formally ending its hostilities against the French, and with the loss of its closest allies, the army transferred to the service of the Russian tsar, Paul I and was withdrawn to Poland. However, it returned to the Rhine in 1799 as part of Alexander Suvorov’s Russian Army.
When Russia quit the Allied coalition in 1801, the Condé once again negotiated the transfer of his army to British service after which it fought in Bavaria.
Over the course of its existence the army took part in the following battles and expeditions:
Battle of Wissembourg (1793)
Battle for Haguenau
Battle of Bertsheim
Siege of Maastricht (1793)
Battle of Toulon (1793)
Landing of emigrants at Quiberon
Battle of Biberach (1796)
The end of the Army.
On the 7th March 1800 the Armée de Condé was transferred over from the Russians into British service.
It was initially planned for it to participate in an expedition into the Languedoc, and on the 16 April the army was marched from Linz to Italy. However, upon reaching Pordenone on the 9th May, they learn that the plans had changed and that the Army was to remain at Pordenone to await further orders.
Eventually orders arrived that the army was to march north again, to reinforce the Austrian Army which was retreating from Ulm. On the 12th June it went into cantonments around Salzburg and remained there until the 5th July, on which date the army was ordered to move Rosenheim to defend the Inn river.
At Rosenhiem that army was involved in some outpost fighting with the French but avoided the main battle which took place on the 3rd December at Hohenlinden where the Austrians were defeated.
Joining the Austrian retreat on the 9th December, they are finally cantoned in Windisch-Feistritz where they remained until after the hostilities had ended and the Austrian’s sued for peace.
They were still cantoned at Windisch-Feistritz when they received an order to hand over all of their horses (presumably to the Austrians), further learning that with a peace now established, there was no further use for them on the continent. This had a very bad effect on morale, resulting in the defection of seventy fully equipped dragoons to the French Army.
Next, a rumour spread through the camp that the British government planned the use of the corps in Egypt. As a result, of this news all but around 250 of the officers and nobles in the army immediately resigned their commissions. At about the same time British offered the enlisted men a chance to transfer the ‘Roverea’ regiment, which was a Swiss regiment also in British service, but only 28 men accepted.
Finally, a deal was struck whereby the British promised to allow the men to continue to serve in their current companies under their former officers of the Armée de Condé, and guaranteed that they would only be required to serve in Europe, the Mediterranean and Egypt. About 600 men accepted this deal and signed up for further service, the remainder receiving a gratuity based on their rank.
Those that remained were combined into a single battalion with the name Chasseurs Britanniques.
The formation of the Chasseurs Britannique
The 600 volunteers from the Armée de Condé were organized into a battalion of six companies under Col. John Ramsay, former Inspector General of Foreign Corp, and the general consensus of historical opinion is that the battalion operated as light infantry (hence the name) at least until 1803.
However, there are a few key points worth noting to avoid later confusion.
Firstly, the 600 men who formed this battalion were not all French émigrés. The Armée de Condé had been formed ten years previously at Coblenz in Germany and since then had fought and camped in Germany, Poland and Italy. Therefore, the vast majority of its recruiting was amongst the ethnic populations of those area’s supplemented by occasional deserters of various nationalities (including French) from the enemy, and what few native Frenchmen chose to leave France prior to the terror. Therefore, whilst the vast majority of the officers were French émigrés, the men themselves would have been a mongrel group of all possible European nationalities.
Secondly, whilst the 600 men who volunteered for this battalion were probably seasoned campaigners with many years experience they were not all trained light infantrymen. Gould's "Mercenaries of the Napoleonic Wars," states that the volunteers were a mixture of former grenadiers and dragoons, though there were some rifle and light infantry units in the Armée de Condé and so some of the men at least may have been experienced skirmishers. The reason the British chose to designate the Chasseurs Britannique a Light battalion, is probably the same reason that they tended to designate a lot of newly raised foreign units as light infantry. Quite simply a newly raised foreign battalion was incapable of taking its place in the line of battle alongside regular British Regiments trained and drilled to the high standards expected by Dundas. Many of these new battalions had their own way of fighting and their own unique systems of manouvre. For example it is reasonable to assume that the ex-French Army officers of the Chasseurs Britannique continued to drill the battalion in accordance with the French regulations they were familiar with, and so it made sense to designate them as a light battalion and thus use them as an irregular formation.
Finally, the motivations of soldiers that volunteered for the Chasseurs Britannique were already being diluted from the pure ‘liberation and restoration of France’ which had inspired them in the early days. The officers themselves were largely French and still motivated by the desire to restore their country, but the men came from a wide range of backgrounds as well as nationalities, and their reasons for fighting were even more varied then their ethnicity.
Nevertheless, at least initially the fighting qualities of the battalion were good enough to illicit praise from General Fox in 1807 for their ‘unimpeachable fidelity’ and Wellington at Fuentes d'Onoro in May 1811. But it was not always so, and during the storming of Badajoz in June the men of the battalion, when forming ladder-parties, they threw away their ladders and fled the field. The fact, is that the regiment was constantly taking in fresh volunteers from a wide variety of sources, including French prisoners of war and the quality and morale of the unit fluctuated accordingly throughout its history.
Early History of the battalion.
The men embarked from Trieste, arriving on Malta in early June 1801. They remained on Malta until August when they embarked and sailed to Alexandria reinforce the garrison. It arrived at Alexandria on 15 October with a strength of 32 officers and 632 others ranks, in time to participate in the siege of Alexandria, being part of Moore’s reserve, but saw very little fighting and suffered only minor casualties.
By December 1801 they were back on Malta where they remained until 1803.
In 1803, while on the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands, the battalion was reorganised and the uniform was changed in British red coats with light blue collar and cuffs; white turn backs; silver lace for officers, white with a red and light blue stripe for others; white breeches with short black half gaiters; black stovepipe shako with white over red plume and a brass plate on the front; grenadier companies had a white plume, light companies a green plume; black leather sword and bayonet belts for all ranks. Officers had a large bicorn hat with a white over red cut feather plume; light company officers wore a shako with green plume; company officers had silver epaulettes on the shoulders, grenadier and light company officers had silver wings on each shoulder with grenade and bugle horn devices. Officers had also bugle-horn badges on the turn backs. Crimson sash for officers, and a red sash with a central light blue stripe for the sergeants. Officers had a gilt hilted sword in a brown leather scabbard, mounted with gilt.
In early 1803, the Chasseurs Britanniques were moved to the Isle of Wight and the Channel islands, were it was reinforced with émigrés, possibly from recently disbanded émigré units. By now it had gained an extra company and was now a seven company battalion.
In 1804 its seven-company establishment was raised to the usual ten including two flank companies. All the evidence suggests that at this point the regiment was re-organised as a standard British line battalion with eight battalion companies a grenadier company, and a light company and so lost its initial light infantry status.
However, there is an opinion that the light company were equipped as riflemen, though this might just have been a small detachment of sharpshooters copied from the line battalions of the Kings German Legion which were stationed on the Isle of Wight at the time.
From November 1805 the corps was in Naples, until transferred to Sicily in January 1806. In June and July it campaigned in Calabria but was not at the battle of Maida.
However, three companies were part of the British force that captured Regio on 9 July; incorporating over 300 French prisoners, the unit was back in Sicily by September.
It sailed in March 1807 with the British expedition to Egypt, which proved disastrous: the Chasseurs suffered some 300 casualties covering the retreat on 31 March. The unit remained in Alexandria until September, incorporating some of the officers and men from Froberg's corps. It then went to Sicily and absorbed other groups of foreigners. The corps participated in the raid on the island of Ischia and Scilla on 24 and 30 June 1809.
The Peninsula Campaign
By November 1810 the unit had some 1,740 men in 12 companies when were sent to Cadiz, Spain, where two companies were left until 1813 serving with the Foreign Recruits Battalion.
The rest of the regiment sailed on to Lisbon arriving January 1811 and joined Wellington's army in March.
It saw much action in the Peninsula, starting at Fuentes d'Onoro (May 1811) where Wellington noted its bravery. Other actions were the first attempt on Badajos (June 1811), Ciudad Rodrigo (January 1812), Larena (March 1812), siege of Salamanca (June 1812), Retiro (August 1812), Olmos (October 1812), Vittoria (June 1813), Pvrenees (July 1813), Bidassoa (August 1813), Nivelle (November 1813), Nive ( December 1813) and Orthez (February 1814) - the last major battle.
Napoleon's popularity was now eroding fast, and when the Chasseurs Britanniques arrived at Bordeaux escorting the Duke of Angouleme on 12 March 1814 the city had turned Royalist.
However, by 1813 there were few emigres left in the regiment except for the officers. The rank and file were filled with 'professional deserters' from all over Europe who had volunteered for the regiment as the best alternative to life in a British prison hulk.
Not surprisingly desertion had become rampant in the corps, especially when close to the enemy. After some 224 men had taking leave in 1813; the regiment was not allowed to post pickets for fear they would desert. However, despite this they proved steady in battle, often suffering heavy casualties.
Following Napoleon's abdication the British troops started to evacuate France and the Chasseurs Britanniques left Bordeaux in July 1814 for England. A detachment served as marines on board HMS Ramillies off the American coast during the summer.
On 5 October 1814 the Chasseurs Britanniques were disbanded in Lymington, its British officers placed on half pay, foreigners receiving a gratuity based on their length of service.
Uniforms (images to follow)
From 1801 to 1803
The initial uniform was probably supplied from the existing stores and was similar to that of the German Light Battalions in the Kings German Legion. The uniform consisted of a green coat with a black or yellow collar, black half-lapels with pointed cuffs, shoulder straps and turn backs, pewter buttons; long breeches (overalls), black half-gaiters; cylindrical shako, white metal bugle horn badge, black cockade, green plume; black accoutrements; most of the men were armed with brown bess muskets though some apparently retained their German Rifles.
From 1803 to 1814
In 1803 the regiment was reorganised into ten companies including both a grenadier and a light company, probably along similar lines as the Kings German Legion Line battalions also stationed on the island at the time.
They wore issued with standard British infantry uniform with light/sky blue facings, silver lace for officers and white with a light blue and red stripe for others. The regimental metal was white and distinctions were as usual for a line infantry unit.
The standard infantry pattern shako was worn with white over red plume for the battalion companies, white for the grenadiers and green for the light company.
There is some evidence that the battalion may have copied the KGL Line battalions and formed a small sharpshooter detachment armed with rifles. If so this might explain why some historians believe the regiment wore black equipment, as this could have been a standard rifleman’s equipment employed by the sharpshooters and obtained from the German light battalions on the island.
Oddly, there is no evidence that the Chasseurs Britanniques were ever issued with colours. Though this would seem unlikely given that they were now organized and otherwise equipped as a line infantry battalion.
Sources
Many and varied internet resources in both English and French.
http://cherylhingley.com/history-Chase1.htm
Gould
Haythornthwaite's "source Book" or "Uniforms of the Peninsular Wars 1807-1814"
Windrow's and Embleton's "Military Dress of the Peninsular War"
Émigré & Foreign Troops in British Service (1) 1803 – Osprey Men-at-Arms








