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ХЛАДНО ОРУЖЈЕ И РАТНЕ МАШИНЕ
(COLD WEAPONRY AND SIEGE ENGINES)
…Cold weaponry was different depending of use, it has two groups, for attack or defence. For attack knives, swords, sabres, spears, deadly axes, maces and flails were mostly in use, for distance they used arrows, javelins and slings. For defence of attack they used shields, “odelo branjonsko” (defensive clothes as mentioned in texts, probably gambeson), helmets, collars, gloves and full chailmail suits (since IX century), and finally armor, especially for heavy cavalry (XIV century). Fighters were infantry and cavalry. City walls were defended by infantry, while cavalry is used for hard, fast strikes on battlefield. Simpler cold weapon was crafted in Serbia. Even today we have villages called “Strelari” (arrow crafters), “Stitari” (armorers), “Kopljari” (spear crafters) etc. Better weapon was imported from foreign realms, from all sides.
There was connection with Primorje and Italy. Folk songs talk about sabres from Dubrovnik and Venice. There are records that Dubrovnik allowed Milutin and Dragutin to export swords, helmets, gambesons, leg armor, chainmail gloves and shields. But connections with east is also included in folk songs, like sabres from east, “demiskinje” and “samlijanke” (from Damask and Sham, Syria). Sabres from Damask were with silver and golden elements. Also arrows “tataranke” (tatar arrows), “sedla carigradska” (saddle from Constantinopol) etc. In the end, also “sablje alemanske” (Aleman sabres, German) and “madzarkinje” (Hungarian sabres).
There were all kinds of swords, regular, long swords, two-handed swords. Sword was older weapon, sabre newer, and it was in use in XIV century. Mace was weapon of simple militia. Bows and arrows were the main weapon of light equipped units. Range of bows were about 200m. Top of the arrows were often poisoned. It was recorded by pseudo Mauricius, also by crusaders Heinrich Leo in 1172AD, also crusaders from 3rd crusade in 1189AD. Poison was made from leaf and root of aconitum napellus. Arrows were carried in quire, which had capacity for about 50 arrows.
From heavy cold weapon there were mechanical, like crossbows. Also engines for firing more smaller arrows, or one spear. And finally, siege engines for throwing heavy rocks – petrariae. There were also ballistas, which dates from knez of Hum, Miroslav which besieged Dubrovnik in 1185AD…