One political entity to unite all Muslim peoples under one flag. Since this is the supreme aim of groups like Hizb al Tahrir and Al Qaeda etc. They argue that Muslims should form one nation because they are a religous community and they have been divided into nation states by the West. However if you look at history only the first and only unified Muslim Empire 620-750 was a single power to rule all Muslims. After 750 and the coming of the Abbasids the Muslims would become divided and as the Abbasids declined in power more and more Muslims states appeared. So historically Muslim were only unified for a brief period in its 1400 year history. And that Muslim Empire was Arab dominated. The Caliphate title became more and more a symbolic title as powerfull empires of the time claimed the title for various periods of time. The last one to claim it were the Ottomans.
Today Islam has spread to far more peoples and races than it did by 750 and when I think of my own country of how different ethnic groups hat eachothers guts. Also the Arabs and Persians are certainly not as liberaly thinking in tolerating other races. For example in Basra, the mixed race descandants of the African Slaves brought there by the Abbasids are still called Abd which means slave. This would be like a American man calling a full grown black man BOY.
Even within the religion there is Sunni, Shia differnence and people seems to never be able to agree on religion, so even these major groups have smaller sects and schools. The Arabs could not unite even though the were pretty much had the same lanuage and religion.
So what chance is there of a Caliphate, its seems like pure fantasy considering all of this.





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