just for curiosity,what are those XIX century "completely different uniforms"?
just for curiosity,what are those XIX century "completely different uniforms"?
There are lots of text descriptions of units in this book and I haven't translated it yet (there are 282 pages in the book). But I can describe a uniform of the "Companhia de Mouros, India e Macau, em grande uniforme 1880".
The most obvious change is the head-dress. He seems to be wearing a blue-grey and white striped turban with a large grey-blue cone protruding upwards through it. Another (very small) white cone then protrudes upwards from the large cone. Then there is a white tassel hanging out of the base of the blue cone to the left. The collar and cuffs are red, the trousers (not culottes) white, and he is wearing sandals. He is wearing a Prussian-Blue or Brown shirt with nothing over it, and the shirt has white-epaulets. He has a sword on his right hand side and carries a gun in his right hand. I can't find pictures of native troops in the 19th century before this. Most of the colonial uniforms in the book in India are European in appearance.
BTW, I got an email from Mr.Rodrigues today.I have also asked him to clarify whether or not Portugal had an Irish Brigade like other Catholic powers. I have personally found absolutely no evidence of one, but it is in the game, and if anyone knows the answer it is him.Hello! Good night.
I apologize for not having responded to their emails, but I've been
very busy and have not had time available.
Your questions are not forgotten, so you have time
answer all the questions. I do not know if you received the two pictures
tile panels with the grenadiers of mitra?
I'm organizing celebrations of the 50th Anniversary of the Center for
Troops of Special Operations (Rangers), whose headquarters is in
Lamego about 310km from my house and how I need to move
there often have not had much time available. Yet
so being able to answer your questions about the uniforms of
Swiss troops in 1762.
I've been watching the forum and think it is very interesting. As my
written English is very bad, I will not go directly to the "forum" for
it make to you my "spokesman".
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Mr Rodrigues has sent me this email today with more detailed pictures of the mitres worne by early Portuguese grenadiers from a tiled drawings in a Hospital from the 18th century. See below:Spoiler Alert, click show to read:As you can see, the emblem on the mitres is a grenade.Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
Message Mr Rodrigues has asked me to give to the forum:Viva!
Vou lançar um novo desafio, para o "forum" caso estajm interessado,
trata-se de.
Divisão Auxiliar Portuguesa a Espanha em 1793 a 1795 Campanhads do
Rossilhão (Roussillon) e Catalunha ( Catluña)
Penso que é um tema extremamente interessante e como fiz bastante
investigação sobre este assunto, tenho muitos elementos
A Espanha declarou guerra à República Francesa e pouco depois Portugal
aliava-se com o reino vizinho, estes factos ficaram a dever-se à
invocação, pelos espanhóis, do perigo que os tronos Ibéricos corriam e
às alianças existentes entre os dois reinos. A 15 de Junho de 1793,
foi assinado em tratado em Madrid entre D. Manuel Godoy, Duque de
Alcudia, futuro Príncipe da Paz, e D. Diogo de Noronha, nosso
embaixador junto à corte de Madrid, que obrigava Portugal a enviar
para os Pirinéus uma Divisão Auxiliar.
O comandante das tropas portuguesas foi o escocês Marechal de Campo
João Forbes Skellater e às nossas forças juntaram-se muitos
voluntários nobres estrangeiros como o Duque de Northumberland, o
Prícipe de Montmorency e o português Marquês de Nisa, e muitos outros.
As unidades que fizeram parte das forças auxiliares foram:
Regimentos de Infantaria: Peniche; Freire de Andrade; Cascais; 1.º e
2º do Porto e 1.º de Olivença. Uma Brigada de Aritilharia
Pergunte no forum se estão interessados neste desafio, pois, como já
disse, tenho muitos elementos, muita iconografia e documentos da
época. Trata-se de uma Campanha pouco conhecida e passado nos Pirinéus
o que talvez se torne "num jogo interessante" pelo cenário da acção.
Se estiverem interessado diga-me que eu posso ajudar muito neste caso
Aguardo uma resposta e um abraço para todos
do
Manuel A. Ribeiro RodriguesDoes anyone have information of those regiments? Carricanta?Viva!
I will launch a new challenge for the "forum" estajm if interested,
it is.
Portuguese Auxiliary Division in Spain from 1793 to 1795 Campanhads
Roussillon (Roussillon) and Catalonia (Catluña)
I think it is an extremely interesting and I quite like
research on this subject, I have many elements
Spain has declared war on France and shortly after Portugal
allied with the neighboring kingdom, these events were due to the
invocation, by the Spaniards, the danger they ran and the thrones Iberian
the alliances between the two kingdoms. A June 15, 1793,
treaty was signed in Madrid between D. Manuel Godoy, Duke of
Alcudia future Prince of Peace, and D. Diogo de Noronha, our
ambassador to the court of Madrid, which forced Portugal to send
the Pyrenees a Division Assistant.
The commander of the Portuguese troops was the Scottish Field Marshal
John Forbes Skellater and our forces have joined several
noble foreign volunteers as the Duke of Northumberland, to
Prince of Montmorency and the Portuguese Marquis of Nisa, and many others.
The units that were part of the auxiliary forces were
Regiments of Infantry: Peniche, Freire de Andrade; Cascais, 1. º and
Port 2 and 1. Olivença º. A Brigade Aritilharia
Ask in the forum if you are interested in this challenge because, as already
said, have many elements, much of the iconography and documents
time. This is a campaign not well known and passed in the Pyrenees
what may become "an interesting game" by setting the action.
If you are interested tell me that I can help much in this case
I await a response and a hug for everyone
of
Manuel A. Ribeiro Rodrigues
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Did he say anything about the swiss uniforms before lippe or about the legião de alorna(legion of light troops)?
About those regiments,I have data about the uniforms of most of them (except the Freire de Andrade),but they are from the years 1800.Still, since no new regulations had been set by the government around this time,I think it could work pretty well to represent the uniforms of the Portuguese Auxiliary Division in Spain.The information can be found here.
Not yet D Sebastian. When I have more info I will post it here.Thank you.About those regiments,I have data about the uniforms of most of them (except the Freire de Andrade),but they are from the years 1800.Still, since no new regulations had been set by the government around this time,I think it could work pretty well to represent the uniforms of the Portuguese Auxiliary Division in Spain.The information can be found here.
I have excellent news. Mr Rodrigues has given me permission to post pictures from his book.Não me importo que coloquem fotografias do meu livro desde que seja
citada a fonte
M.A. Ribeiro RodriguesD Sebastian, he says it will take some time (maybe end of June) to get the original Swiss uniforms:I do not care who put pictures of my book since it is
quoted the source
M. A. Ribeiro RodriguesHe says he will try to send the Legion of Light troops uniforms tomorrow. He sent me this picture of a man in armour but I don't know whether it is Legiao Alorna or not I will ask him. But given the red-sashes, they are likely officers.About the uniforms of the Swiss troops in 1762 is a matter that will take some time, because I have here in my house elements on this subject. Everything is a file that I have another home and there'll possibly only at the end of next June.Spoiler Alert, click show to read:The decree establishing the Legiao de Alorna is below:Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Given I had received permission from Manuel Ribeiro Rodrigues to show pictures from the book, here goes. See pics below. Sepoy and Drummer in 1790:Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Companhia de Cipaios de Mocambique (1788):Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
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More pictures I received today. A mysterious image of a Grenadier wearing a turban with a skull-and-crossbow insignia. Mr Rodrigues says it isn't know whether he is Portuguese or foreign. Can anyone shed some light on which unit this is?:Originally Posted by emailJoao V's cavalry-standard:Spoiler Alert, click show to read:2 pictures of King Joao V:Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
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Have you already found if the sepoy from mocambique wore the same uniform as those from india?
Not yet. They probably did though because I think the Captaincy of India was at one stage based in Mozambique.
I suggested to him that the Grenadier wearing a turban wth a skull-and-crossbow symbol might be a Turkish mercenary in the Portuguese army and he replied "perhaps". He also says of the Reais Estrangeiros gaiters:The gaiters (gaiters) across the infantry since the eighteenth century to the twentieth were made from a kind of canvas (canvas) or (sailcloth), a tissue very thick and rigid. They could be white (in summer) and black to gray in winter
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Hmmm...Do you know any reference to the use of turkish mercenaries in this century?
Just to check,those images are the only reference on XVIII century sepoys in the book right?Also,jugding by the lack of information,Portugal does not seem to have used sowars (correct me if I'm wrong),so I guess their only native unit was this company of sepoys (the name of the company in the XIX century,"Companhia de Mouros, India e Macau",which would translate to "company of moors,indians and chinese" suggests that it was composed of natives from all portuguese colonies).
And now that you have Mr.Rodrigues permission,could you show some of those colonial troops with helmets?I'm specially interested in the black regiments you mentioned....
Very well. See below:
Fig 291-2 (1st 2 pics): Regimento do Infantaria Auxiliar da Vila do Principe (1786). Fig 293-4: Regimento do Infantaria Auxiliar da Arraial de Tejuco (1786), Fig 295-6: Regimento de Infantaria Auxiliar de Lavras do Funil (1787), Fig 297-8: Regimento de Infantaria Auxiliar de Juruoca (1787), Fig.299: Regimento de Infantaria Auxiliar da Vila de Sao José (1784-1806).More: Fig 319: 3° Regimento de Infantaria Auxiliar da Vila de Sao Joao D'El-Rei (1784). Fig 320-1 - 2° Terco de Infantaria Auxiliar do Inficionado (1786), Fig.322-3: Regimento de Infantaria Auxiliar de Guarapiranga (1780), Fig.324-5: Regimento de Cavalaria Auxiliar da Vila da Rainha (1786), Fig.326: Terco de Homens Pretos da Vila da Rainha (1786), 2° Terco de Infantaria do Termo do Inficionado (1786):Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
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About our mysterious soldier,wouldn't his headgear be an earlier (XVII century) grenadier mitre like the ones used by the spanish grenadiers ?
The only pictures. There remains much to be translated.Originally Posted by D.SebastianMaybe. But Mr Rodrigues said it is a turban, and that it was possible he was either fictional or foreign. The image is on the Elvas Gate in Portugal, and he says this sort of image was common at the time. But the gate does seem to have both late 17th century and 18th century images so you may have a point. But the decorations on the uniform resemble those of Turkish officers in ETW. Maybe they represent the enemy rather than Portuguese troops. Portugal had occasional clashes with the Turks in the Mediterranean in the 18th century.About our mysterious soldier,wouldn't his headgear be an earlier (XVII century) grenadier mitre like the ones used by the spanish grenadiers ?
I've just received two drawings of the statue of the other Grenadier at Elvas:Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
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Maybe but somewhere on the mitre was a plate, unlike the in that picture. See this drawing of the statue at the Elvas Gate (on top of it - not the drawing on the tiles). It clearly has an image of an exploding grenade. There is also a ball at the top of the back of the hat. Another clue is the picture below from after the mitre was replaced with the bearskin. It seems that musicians still wore the mitres (see the drummer), which may also help us solve this mystery:Here is how Mr.Rodrigues describes the mitre in his book (alvadio=white-grey):Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Based on that, I would estimate that the grenade-image is emblazened or painted on a yellow-painted brass-plate at the front, with the back of the hat being mazarine-blue or white-grey cloth. So unlike the Bombardier de la Marine, the front and base of the hat is probably yellow brass (gold for officers), with the back being white-grey or mazarine-blue, with the ball being gold for officers and brass colour for the men under the officer's command. Based on the black-white picture, I think that the plate, as well as being the front of the mitre, was also the base of the hat.Originally Posted by Manuel Rodrigues Rodrigues
As such, see below for my opinion on what the cap looked like:Below is the description in the 300 Anoas book of the likely colours of the uniform, but Google Translate is not great with Portuguese so I hope someone who knows the language can given a better translation.:Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Translated to English by Google Translate:De pano azul-ferrete ou de cor alvadia, aberta a frente sem bandas, com gola de voltar da cor da farda ou vermelho (era uma das cores distintivas mais em uso), botoes de latao amarelo com caseado bordado de la ou fio dourado (conforme o posto).. Canhoes das mangas vermelhos com tres botoes de latao amarelo, com caseados iguais aos da farda. A casaca tem de cada lado um botao de onde partem uma série de pincas, a fim de a tornar mais folgado, dando por isso, como era habito nessa altura, maior liberdade de movimentos aos exercicios militaires. Os bolsos sao desenhados no sentido da largura e tem umas pestanas largas, muito ao uso da epoca, sendo abotoadas por tres botoes com uma flor em relevo no centro, com o respectivo caseado a la ou fio de ouro de modelo diferente. a racha, na parte posterior da farda, tem tres caseados falsos de cada lado, bordado no mesmo tipo de fio indicado anteriormente. Meias de linho brancas e sapato de cordovao preto com fivela. A bolso para granadas, colocada a tiracolo,da esquerda para a direita, e muito decorada com motivos florais, tanto poderia ser de couro, ou de pano bordado a la amarela ou fio dourado, conforme o posto, suspensa por uma correia larga de couro branco.So: Coat: White-grey or Mazarine blue. Stockings: white. Cuffs and collar: Red. Pockets have either leather or gold-linen flower patterns. The pocket-buttons are gold, while the 3 on the cuffs are yellow-brass. See Mr.Rodrigues' drawing of uniform below:Cloth mazarine Alvadia or color, open the front without bands, with the back collar of his uniform and red color (it was one of the more distinctive colors in use), yellow brass buttons with buttonholes of wool or embroidery thread gold ( as the post) .. Cannons of red sleeves with three buttons of yellow brass, with buttonholes equal to the uniform. The coat has a button on each side from where a series of tweezers in order to make it more loose, thus giving, as was habit at that time, more freedom of movement for exercises militaires. The pockets are designed in the width direction and has eyelashes wide, much to the use of the time, and buttoned by three buttons embossed with a flower in the center with their buttonholes on it or gold wire of different model. the crack on the back of his uniform, has three false buttonholes on each side, embroidered in the same kind of wire shown above. Linen white socks and black cordovan shoes with buckles. The pockets for grenades, placed in tow, from left to right, and much decorated floral, both could be leather or cloth embroidery on it a yellow or golden wire, as the post was suspended by a wide leather belt white.BTW D.Sebastian; MRR says that he doesn't know whether the Sepoys in India had the same uniforms as in Mozambique or not. He has sent me a long email describing the loss of documents in the Lisbon Earthquake/Tsunami in 1755 (most of the military archives were by the sea), followed by the destruction of archives during the Civil Wars of the 1820's (because "old" documents were seen as part of the 'Olf Regime'), followed by looting during the Napoleonic occupation (including jewels from the graves), and then even by the Portugal's British 'allies'. He also mentions that the intellectual-Left in Portugal are interested in preservation either:Spoiler Alert, click show to read:Vou tentar explicar o que se passa sobre o estudo dos "uniformes militares" em Portugal e outras coisas ligadas ao mesmo tema:
Nunca em Portugal se deu a mínima importância ao estudo dos uniformes militares, até hoje praticamente só três pessoas se dedicaram a esses estudo: uma foi o Coronel Ribeiro Artur, que fez um levantamento da pouca legislação existente sobre uniformes, onde fez algumas aguarelas (que eu lhe irei enviar ao poucos) embora tenham alguns erros de pormenor. Este Coronel viveu nas últimas décadas do século XIX e na primeira do século XX.
A partir dessa data nada mais aconteceu sobre este assunto e a sua obra artística (não a de investigação) só foi divulgada, por uma colecção de postais ilustrados (post cards) e por minha iniciativa, no Jornal do Exército a partir sensivelmente de 1978.
Antes disso (decada de 50) apareceram uns desenhos feitos pelo pintor Carlos Ribeiro, que se limitou a fazer, por encomenda, para a Revista Defesa Nacional uma série de aguarelas, baseadas nos elementos que lhe deram, por isso muitos desses desenhos têm muitos erros.
Finalmente e actualmente sou eu, só que no meu caso a dedicação aos uniformes e à história militar, foi total e dediquei grande parte da minha vida e à minha custa ao estudo, pesquisa e investigação dos uniformes. isto praticamente desde 1963.
Na década de 1990 a 2000 fui ver os arquivos (o que restava deles...) em: Cabo Verde, Angola, Moçambique, Malaca, Goa, Diu, Damão, Brasil, Malta, Macau (onde publiquei um livro trilingue, português, inglês e mandarim, que se chama "400 anos de organização e uniformes militares em Macau) ; França em Vincenes, em Inglaterra (National Army Musuem, Imperial War Museum, British Library, Wellington Museum, etc), em Espanha, em Marrocos (onde fiz o levantamento das fortalezas portuguesas), na Bélgica (onde fiz a identificação de um uniforme português de oficial do Estado-Maior da Legião Portuguesa ao Serviço de Napoleão), estive nos arquivos em Itália, Alemanha, etc.,etc.
O meu arquivo pessoal no que diz respeito a documentação, livros, gravuras, etc. deve ser o mais completo sobre uniformes, organização, etc. do Exército Português (embora tenha muitos elementos de uniformes estrangeiros).
Com tudo isto quero apenas dizer que torna-se extremamente dif'icil responder à maioria das perguntas que me fazem, pelo simples facto de simplesmente não existirem elementos! Não há! Sobre os uniformes que me pede da Índia e mais elementos do Coronel, não lhe posso dar nada mais porque não existem.
A própria legislação ,quando se organiza uma unidade, ou qualquer outra força, nunca descrevem os uniformes, geralmente só dizem que "terá uniforme" e o seu custo será "descontado no soldo do militar". Mais nada! Por vezes ainda dizem "o uniformes será como o seu comandante entender". ou "como mais tarde se dirá" e pronto!
Depois houve a tragédia do terramoto de 1755 (já tinha havido outros antes), que deu origem a muitos incêndios e a um "tsunami" e praticamente o arsenal e os arquivos, eram juntos ao rio, e por ele foram tragados... depois houve o total desleixo de tudo que era arquivos públicos.
Incêndios sucederam-se, houve a partida da família real para o Brasil e dos arquivos e bibliotecas reais o que se pôde embarcar, embarcou o que não pôde ficou abandonado nas praias do rio Tejo. Vieram os franceses e tudo o que puderam roubaram e no impedimento de levar com eles destruíram, até os túmulos profanaram para ver se encontravam jóias e ouro. Depois no fim das invasões os nossos "aliados" ingleses levaram o que restou...
Passado pouco tempo houve uma guerra civil que tudo o que era referente ao "antigo regime" era anti-liberal e fizeram-se grandes destruições.
Com a chegada da República tornou-se a repetir as destruições e com a revolução do 25 de Abril de 1974 tudo o que era antigo era anti-democrático e houve mais destruições, acredite que o recheio das bibliotecas regimentais, foram ou destruídas ou vendidas a peso, aos negociantes de papel velho para destruir e reciclar?!
Por exemplo se for à Escola Prática de Artilharia em Vendas Novas, que ali está instalada há mais de 100 anos, a biblioteca e o arquivo histórico, além do museu não tem praticamente nada? Só coisas modernas e as mais antigas foram oferecidas por particulares?! Fotografias tiradas em 1880 no poligno têm cerca de7 ou 8. Sabe quantas eu tenho? Mais de 40!!
O Arquivo Histórico Militar poderemos dizer que é uma instituição "recente" e só começou a trabalhar a sério por volta da década de 40!
Ainda hoje os melhores elementos encontram-se nas mãos de particulares, que as têm ou por herança, ou por compras em leilões e livreiros antiquários.
Em França e em Inglaterra sempre houve a preocupação de guardar e preservar nos vossos arquivos e museus as coisas do passado militar. Aqui não, tudo o que era militar não interessava e ainda hoje é um pouco assim. Os intelectuais principalmente de uma "pseudo-esquerda" são anti-militares e nada disso interessa!
Daí as dificuldades que aqui temos em explicar as coisas, por exemplo o seu amigo D. Sebastian à viva força quer elementos do cipaios da Índia, não se sabe! O que existe são as figuras que publiquei no meu livro de Moçambique! Não há mais nada, nem texto, nada de nada!
Não se espante porque aqui ainda hoje é assim! Eu explico: faz uns anos fui contactado pelo Chefe-do-Estado Maior do Exército para desenhar uma farda de gala para a banda do exército e eu assim fiz. O uniforme foi aprovado e é utilizado actualmente.
Tirando o texto que eu fiz com os desenhos e a descrição do uniforme, não existe mais nada! Nada foi publicado! O Chefe do E.M. apenas deu ordem verbal e pronto! Hoje só eu possuo o Plano de Uniformes de Gala para a Banda do Exército! Um dia que se queira fazer a história desse uniforme não existem documentos e ninguém sabe de nada.!! Se hoje é assim, imagina há 200 ou 300 anos atrás...penso que está tudo explicado!
Depois existe um emaranhado de legislação que coloca uma pessoa louca. Por exemplo: publica-se um Plano de Uniformes nas Ordens do Exército; fazem-se ampliações a esse plano por Decreto avulso e alterações por circulares internas, ou por ordens colocadas no Boletim da Direcção da Arma de Artilharia (que está ligada ao Arsenal, onde se fazem as partes metálicas para os capacetes, emblemas, botões, etc), para o Ultramar a confusão ainda é maior. è que para além das leis da Metrópole, ainda havia as leias dos próprios governos locais (e ter acesso a essa documentação?....) só por milagre!
Depois sempre houve o hábito de se fazerem arquivos nas próprias colónias, o Arquivo Histórico de Luanda era extraordinário e muito rico, hoje e depois da independência e das guerra civil, nada resta, só lixo! Os únicos locais onde existe documentação é em Macau e no Brasil (e no Brasil devido ao reino ter ido para lá) o resto é uma miséria, um deserto.
No meio de tudo isto, aqui em Lisboa, no Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, encontrei algumas coisas interessantes (e ninguém me garante que ali possa existir algo sobre os cipaios), mas praticamente nada está catalogado, nem classificado, é tudo "ao monte".
Os manuscritos são fornecidos por colónia e por, mais ou menos datas. Por exemplo Angola 1765, dão-lhe centenas de manuscritos (sem estarem classificados) de 1750 a 1780. E nós é que temos que os ler um, a um até, por acaso encontrar ou não algo que nos interessa...
Caro amigo. li centenas e centenas de manuscritos, por vezes. só para encontrar uma referência a algo militar que tivesse interesse para mim.
Confesso-lhe que isto é de loucos e só um louco como eu é que se meteu nisto! Mas diz-se aqui em Portugal "quem corre por gosto, não se cansa..."
Espero que tenha compreendido este longo mail e que veja as dificuldades que existem e por vezes não conseguir responder aquilo que vocês me pedem.Originally Posted by Translation by Google
Last edited by Geronimo2006; June 04, 2010 at 09:34 AM.
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Poor Mr.Rodrigues,I knew that the situation of the portuguese military historians wasn't easy,but I never knew it was that hard.After reding his reply,I somehow admire him even more,for his courage of working on a so unknow subject.Please send him my compliments for his enormous effort.
Back on topic,we dont know the uniform of the indian sepoys,but we know they did exist,dont we?The military of portuguese India is really confuse...BTW,do you know if the Guard Cavalry Regiment of the Viceroy of India existed during the entire century? And if so,was it the only cavalry regiment in portuguese India?
Also,Mr.Rodrigues didnt say anything more about the Alorna Legion,did he?
Well I know the Sepoys existed beforehand in India because I read it on an old book on the internet (maybe by A.D. Francis or another author). From what I have read online, some of the Sepoys in Mozambique seem to have been recruited in Goa, while others were from Africa. I have just asked him your questions about the Alorna Legion and the Viceroy's Guard Cavalry.
I've also found this picture of the Legion of Alorna but I don't know the date (the website heading says the site covers 1790-1820):I think before the Alorna Legion was formed, the Marquis of Alorna got into trouble during the Tavora Affair (when 1,000 people were tortured into making confessions of trying to kill King Jose I and the Tavora family were executed - possibly an excuse by the Prime Minister Pombal to eliminate opponents in the aristocracy and the Jesuits who resented his attempt to centralise power) but was eventually exonerated. Alorna getting a command later on may have been partly because Jose's successor, Maria I, hated Pombal because of his treatment of the Tavora's and the Jesuits (so much so she passed a law that Pombal had to be at least 20km from her at all times).Spoiler Alert, click show to read:
Last edited by Geronimo2006; June 04, 2010 at 12:08 PM.
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The amazing collaboration of Mr.Ribeiro & Geronimo...
I am truly delighted...
Colonialism 1600AD - 2016 Modding Awards for "Compilations and Overhauls".
Core i7 2600 @ 3.4ghz - NVIDIA GTX950 2GB
Colonialism 1600 AD blog