Napoleon's period and Poland

Thread: Napoleon's period and Poland

  1. Salvo's Avatar

    Salvo said:

    Icon1 Napoleon's period and Poland

    Please CA don't forget about Poland in Napoleon Total War. Although Poland wasn't an independent state it played an important part in the Napoleon's period.
    I think this would be nice to (playing as France) have ability to recall Polish kingdom or recruit Polish soldiers.

    From wikipedia
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    In 1795, the Third and the last of three military partitions of Poland ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Nevertheless, hopes for restoration of Polish independence were kept alive throughout the nineteenth century by events within and without the Polish lands. Poland's location on the Northern European Lowlands became especially important in a period when its expansionist neighbors, the Kingdom of Prussia and Tsarist Russia, were intensely involved in European rivalries and alliances and modern nation-states took form over the entire continent.

    At the turn of the 19th century, Europe had begun to feel the impact of momentous political and intellectual movements that, among their other effects, would keep the "Polish Question" on the agenda of international issues needing resolution. Most immediately, Napoleon Bonaparte had established a new empire in France in 1804 following that country's revolution. Napoleon's attempts to build and expand his empire kept Europe at war for the next decade and brought him into conflict with the same east European powers that had beleaguered Poland in the last decades of the previous century. An alliance of convenience was the natural result of this situation. Volunteer Polish legions attached themselves to Bonaparte's armies, hoping that in return the emperor would allow an independent Poland to reappear out of his conquests.

    Although Napoleon promised more than he ever intended to deliver to the Polish cause, in 1807 he created a Duchy of Warsaw from Prussian territory that had been part of old Poland and was still inhabited by Poles. Basically a French puppet, the duchy did enjoy some degree of self-government, and many Poles believed that further Napoleonic victories would bring restoration of the entire commonwealth.

    In 1809, under Jozef Poniatowski, nephew of Stanislaw II August, the duchy reclaimed some of the territories taken by Austria in the third partition. The Russian army occupied the duchy as it chased Napoleon out of Russia in 1813, however, and Polish expectations ended with the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. In the subsequent peace settlement of the Congress of Vienna, the victorious Austrians and Prussians swept away the Duchy of Warsaw and reconfirmed most of the terms of the final partition of Poland.

    Although brief, the Napoleonic period occupies an important place in Polish history. Much of the legend and symbolism of modern Polish patriotism derives from this period, including the conviction that Polish independence is a necessary element of a just and legitimate European order. This conviction was simply expressed in a fighting slogan of the time, "for your freedom and ours." Moreover, the appearance of the Duchy of Warsaw so soon after the partitions proved that the seemingly final historical death sentence delivered in 1795 was not necessarily the end of the Polish nation-state. Instead, many observers came to believe that favourable circumstances would free Poland from foreign domination.



    Józef Poniatowski Marshall of France

    He was the only not French marshall durring all Empire. After 1812 Napoleon wanted to make him king of Poland.
    He was good commander. Under Raszyn in 1809 he won with two times strongers Austrians (15 000 Poles vs. 30 000 Austrians), later he was also commanding Poles in 1812 and later in 1813. He died in Lipsk, while covering retireing Napoleons army.
    From wkipedia
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    Following Napoleon Bonaparte's victory at the Battle of Jena and the ensuing evacuation by Prussia of her Polish provinces, in November 1806 Poniatowski was asked by the Prussian king Frederick William III to assume the governorship of Warsaw, to which he agreed; he also assumed the command of the city's municipal guard and citizen militia forces organized by local residents. All of this turned out to be a short-lived Polish provisional authority, because quick succession of events on the European scene presented the Poles with new opportunities and forced upon them new choices.

    At the end of that year Joachim Murat and his forces entered Warsaw and Poniatowski had to define his role within this new political reality. It took protracted negotiations with Murat (they liked each other and quickly became friends) and persuasion by Józef Wybicki (who urged the Prince to get on board, before the window of historic opportunity closes), but before the year was over Poniatowski was declared by Murat to be "chief of the military force" and was leading the military department on behalf of the French authorities. Dąbrowski, who was the choice of many Polish veterans of the Polish Legions and of the Insurrection, as well as Zajączek were bypassed, even though they both had served under Napoleon when Poniatowski was inactive. On January 14, 1807 by the Emperor's decree the Warsaw Governing Commission was created under Stanisław Małachowski, and within this structure Poniatowski became officially Director of the Department of War and set about organizing the Polish army.

    In July 1807 the Duchy of Warsaw was created. In its government Poniatowski on October 7 became Minister of War and Head of Army of Warsaw County (minister wojny i naczelny wódz wojsk Ks. Warszawskiego), while Napoleon, not yet quite trusting him, left the supreme military command in Davout's hands until summer of 1808. Poniatowski officially became Commander in Chief on March 21, 1809.

    The Minister of War became completely devoted to the creation and development of this new, ostentatiously Polish army. The Duchy's army existed and operated under most difficult circumstances and its success depended largely on the military and political skills of the chief commander. For example, it was severely underfunded and most of the military units were kept by Napoleon outside of the country, to be used in numerous campaigns, which is why Prince Józef had a rather small force at his disposal during the war of 1809.

    In spring of 1809 Poniatowski led his army against an Austrian invasion under the Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este, in the war that was regarded by Austrian high command as a crucial element of their struggle with Napoleonic France. At the bloody Battle of Raszyn near Warsaw on April 19, where he personally led his men in an infantry bayonet charge (throughout his career he did a number of these), Polish forces under Poniatowski's command fought to a standstill an Austrian force twice their number. Afterwards however decided not to defend Warsaw and withdrew with his units to the east bank of the Vistula River, to the fortified Praga suburb, which the Austrians attacked, but were defeated at Grochowo on April 26. An Austrian division then crossed the Vistula again trying to pursue the Poles, but was routed on May 2 at Góra Kalwaria in a daring attack led by General Michał Sokolnicki. Ferdinand made a couple of attempts more, trying to establish a bridgehead on the other side of the Vistula, but those were defeated, which left the initiative in Poniatowski's hands. From there he quickly advanced south, staying close to the Vistula to control the situation and taking over large areas of Galicia, that is southern Poland that was controlled by Austria under the partitioning arrangement. On May 14 Lublin was taken, on the 18th fortified and vigorously defended Sandomierz. On the 20th the Zamość fortress was overpowered, where 2000 prisoners and 40 cannons were taken, and even further east Lvov was taken on May 27. These military developments compelled the Austrians to withdraw from Warsaw - a counteroffensive by their main force resulted in the retaking of Sandomierz on June 18.

    But Poniatowski in the meantime moved west of the Vistula and on July 5, the day of the Battle of Wagram, began from Radom his new southbound offensive aimed at Kraków. He arrived there on July 15, and while the demoralized and not capable of effective defense Austrians tried to turn the city over to the Russians, Poniatowski at this point was not to be outmaneuvered or intimidated: Seeing a Russian hussar cavalry unit in attack formation blocking the street leading to the bridge on the Vistula, he rode his raised up horse into them, so that several flipped as they were falling.

    Most of the liberated lands, with the exception of the Lvov region, became incorporated into the Duchy through the peace treaty of October 14, 1809. Prince Józef himself, celebrated by the residents of the old royal capital of Poland, remained in Kraków until the end of December, supervising the provisional Galician government in existence from June 2 to December 28. The Austrians kept demanding the return of Kraków and he felt that his presence there was the best assurance that the city remains in Polish hands.
    [edit]
    Napoleon's Russian campaign
    Further information: French invasion of Russia

    Józef Poniatowski

    In April 1811 Poniatowski went to Paris, where he represented the king of Saxony and duke of Warsaw Frederick Augustus I at the baptism ceremonies of Napoleon's son. He stayed there for four months and worked with the Emperor and his generals on plans for the campaign against Russia. He tried to convince the French leaders that the southern route, through the current day Ukraine would provide the most benefits. Not only was the region warmer, Polish gentry from the Russian partition would join in, and possible Turkish action against Russia could be supported, which was the most advantageous theater for the upcoming war. Napoleon rejected the idea, as well as the back-up scenario, according to which Poniatowski would follow such a route alone with the Polish corps, hoping to take over these formerly Polish areas with the expected help from a Polish uprising planned there. For the Moscow expedition Poniatowski became commander of the part of the nearly 100,000 strong Polish forces (the greatest Polish military effort before the 20th century), namely the V Corps of the Grande Armée.

    The initial period of the offensive, when Poniatowski was placed under the direction of Jérôme Bonaparte, was wasted, but after Napoleon's brother left Poniatowski was briefly put in charge of Grande Armée's right wing. Fighting on the avant-garde on the advance to Moscow he distinguished himself at a number of battles. On August 17 at Smolensk he personally led his corps' assault on the city. On September 7 at Borodino the V Corps was involved in the daylong fight over the Utitza Mound, which was finally taken toward the evening, stormed by the entire corps led by Prince Józef again. On September 14 the Polish soldiers were the first ones to enter the Russian capital; by that time however Poniatowski, unlike Napoleon, was convinced that the campaign was doomed. The Polish corps fought then the battles at Chirikovo on September 29 and Vinkovo on October 18, where Poniatowski saved Murat from a complete defeat by Kutuzov's forces.

    Rearguarding the retreat of the Grande Armée, Poniatowski was badly injured during the Viazma battle on October 29. He continued in active service for a few days, but on November 3 his condition forced him to give up his command. He then continued the westbound trip in a carriage with two wounded aides. At the Berezina crossing they barely avoided being captured by the Russians, but finally on December 12 arrived in Warsaw.
    [edit]
    German Campaign (1813); death at Leipzig

    Death of Poniatowski. Painting by January Suchodolski.

    After the disastrous retreat of Napoleon's army, while recovering from his injuries, Poniatowski quickly undertook the rebuilding of the Polish army, to replace the forces almost completely devastated as the result of the Moscow campaign. When many Polish leaders began to waver in their allegiance to the French Emperor, Poniatowski resisted this sway of opinion and remained faithful to him, even as tsar Alexander I was offering him amnesty and proposed future cooperation. With the formation of this new army only partially completed, on February 5, as the Russian army was about to enter Warsaw, the Polish units moved out, not sure of their immediate purpose, but eventually they reached Kraków, where they stayed for a few weeks getting ready for their final trial. On May 7, as the Russians were getting close again, Prince Józef and his army left Kraków, to go through Bohemia, where, as the VIII Corps, they guarded the passes of the Bohemian mountains and defended the left bank of the Elbe River, to Saxony. The total forces with which he joined Napoleon during armistice numbered 22,000, which included a small, separately operating Dąbrowski's division.

    The corps fought major successful battles at Löbau on September 9, and at Zedtlitz on October 10, where General Pahlen attempted to stop their movement toward Leipzig, but was defeated in a cavalry charge led by Poniatowski. On October 12 he was about to sit down with Murat at the breakfast table, when they were surprised by enemy units. Poniatowski got on his horse, broke through (received a superficial wound in the arm) and returning with another timely cavalry charge saved the situation.

    As a reward for his brilliant services, on October 16 during the Battle of Leipzig, Poniatowski was made a Marshal of France and entrusted with the dangerous duty of covering the French Army's retreat. He heroically defended Leipzig, losing half his corps in the attempt, finally falling back slowly upon a bridge over the Weisse Elster River, near Leipzig. In the general confusion, the French blew up the bridge before he could reach it. Contesting every step with the overwhelming forces of his pursuers, Prince Józef refused to surrender, and covered with wounds plunged into the river. There he died, probably shot by French troops' friendly fire from the opposite bank of the Elster River.

    Death

    His remains were transported to Poland in 1817 and buried in the cathedral on Kraków's Wawel Hill, where he lies beside Tadeusz Kościuszko and Jan III Sobieski. In 1829 his monument by Bertel Thorvaldsen was placed in Warsaw. It went through a rather turbulent history and was destroyed during World War II, but a more recent copy is still standing before the presidential palace in Warsaw. Poniatowski's cult developed after his death - it was a Polish version of the Napoleon's legend. He never married and had illegitimate issue. Among his living relatives is Elena Poniatowska, a famous Mexican journalist.


    Polish Legions
    Napoleon liked Polish soldiers. Durring battle of Somosierra, when French couldn't defeat Spanish cannons he attacked it with Polish Uhlans. Later he said that both he and Poles don't know the fear. He aslo used to say that 800 Poles would equal 8000 enemy soldiers.

    From wikipedia
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    Polish Legions, during the Napoleonic Period, were collectively several Polish units serving in the French army from the 1790s to 1810s. After the third partition of Poland in 1795, many Poles believed that revolutionary France and its allies would come to the aid of Poland. France's enemies included Prussia, Austria and Imperial Russia, the partitioners of Poland. Therefore many Polish soldiers, officers and volunteers emigrated to other countries, especially Italy, which led to a popular name of Polish Legions in Italy, and France, where they joined local military forces.

    The number of Polish recruits soon reached many thousands. With support from Napoleon Bonaparte, special Polish military units were created, to be commanded by Polish officers and with Polish military ranks. They became known as the Polish Legions and were considered to be a Polish army 'in exile' under command of France. Those units were commanded by Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, Karol Kniaziewicz, Józef Wybicki and Antoni Amilkar Kosiński, among others. Polish Legions serving alongside the French army during the Napoleonic Wars saw combat in most of Napoleon's campaigns, from the West Indies, through Italy and Egypt, to Russia.

    Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, a former high-ranking officer in the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, began his work in 1796 - a year after the total destruction of the Commonwealth - when he was summoned to Paris by Napoleon Bonaparte. He was soon authorised by the French-allied Cisalpine Republic to create Polish legions, which would be part of the army of the newly created Republic of Lombardy. He was also authorised to sign an agreement with the new government of the Republic of Lombardy, where the Republic agreed to create a second legion.

    Dąbrowski's Legions were first used against Austrians in Italy, where Poles who had a natural sympathy for people fighting for their own independence saw the Italian cause for independence as similar to that of their own. Early on, the Legions, numbering about 6,000 and including many Polish deserters from the Austrian army, proved to be a valuable military asset; in March 1797 they garrisoned Mantua, later they quelled peasant unrest in Rimini and retook Verona. In May 1798 the Poles helped the French to capture and later, garrison, Rome. Later they fought the anti-French forces from the Kingdom of Naples, defeating them at Magliano on 1 December and Civita Castellana at 4 December. Later, the Polish Legion would take Gaeta fortress.

    In 1798, General Józef Zajączek organized the Second Polish Legion under the French. In 1799, Karol Kniaziewicz organized the Third Legion (the Danube Legion) to fight against the Austrians in Bavaria. The Poles could not choose all their fights. Their morale weakened when, instead of being sent against the partitioners of Poland, they were used by the French to put down uprisings (like that in the Papal States). Particularly during treaty negotiations between the French and Austrians, the French were finding the Polish issue to be a problem. It was then that the future Polish national anthem, Mazurek Dąbrowskiego, was created by Józef Wybicki, with words promising 'the return of the Polish army from Italy to Poland'.

    During the War of the Second Coalition, the First Legion fought against the Russians at Trebbia (17 - 19 June 1799) where it acted as the rearguard of retreating French forces. Polish legionaries under General Dądrowski fought at Novi (15 July 1799), where Russian and Austrian armies defeated the French army. The Second Legion suffered heavily; particularly in the first battles on the Adige (26 March, 4 April 1799) - where it also acted as the rear guard to the retreating French. It also suffered in the battle of Mantua (April-July), when French commander Foissac-Latour decided to release Polish soldiers under general Wielhorski into Austrian custody as Austrians claimed them to be deserters[1]. Polish forces also fought in the battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December 1800.

    According to the Treaty of Amiens's secret articles, France agreed to disband Polish legions. In 1802, France sent the legions (5,280 strong) to Haiti to put down the Haitian Revolution (on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, known then as French West Indies or St. Domingue. Napoleon wanted to regain the colony of Saint Domingue, but had no wish to deplete his main French army any more than he had to. Polish legions were accompanied by contingents of Germans and Swiss French allies, as well as by the less favoured units of Napoleon's French army.

    Many Polish soldiers became sympathetic to the natives' cause. In Haiti it was (and still is) widely believed that Poles supported Jean-Jacques Dessalines in significant numbers, with entire units changing sides. The actual desertion rate was much lower (about 150 Polish soldiers joined the Haitian rebels). Combat casualties and tropical diseases (like yellow fever) reduced the 5,280 strong Legion to a few hundred survivors in the space of less than two years. By the time French forces retreated from the island in 1803, about 4,000 Poles were dead (either from disease or combat), about 400 remained on the island, a few dozen dispersed to the nearby islands or to the United States, and about 700 returned to France. Loss of that many patriotic army personnel was a serious blow to Polish aspirations for regaining independence. Further, the Haitian experience undermined the belief among Poles in France's good intentions toward Poland.

    In 1806, what was left of the old Dąbrowski and Kniaziewicz's Legions was one infantry regiment and one cavalry regiment in the service of the Kingdom of Naples. Prussians created a 'Northern Legion' under General Zajączek. French armies, including the Legion units, defeated the Prussians in Saxony at the battle of Jena and Poles under Dąbrowski entered former Polish territories (near the city of Poznań), which resulted in the influx of recruits for the legion. A year later, Napoleon having defeated the Russian armies met with the Russian Tsar Alexander I at Tilsit and in the ensuing negotiations they agreed that a new, small Polish state under French control would be created.

    This state was known as the Duchy of Warsaw and although it was much smaller than the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, made up only of some of the lands the defeated Prussians had taken in the partitions of Poland (it would be expanded in 1809 to include a portion of the territories seized in the partitions by Austria), its creation brought hope to many Poles - and more Polish volunteers flocked to the French banners. Despite Polish support and his own promises, Napoleon did not hurry with the re-establishment of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The duchy was ruled by a French-allied King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony and was never allowed to develop as a truly independent state; Frederick Augustus' rule was subordinated to the requirements of the French raison d'état, who largely treated the state as a source of resources. The most important person in the duchy was in fact the French ambassador, based in the duchy's capital, Warsaw.

    During the Peninsular War in Spain, Polish forces, rebuilt to an about 6,000 strong contingent and now known as the Vistula Legion [2] gained fame at the Battle of Zaragoza. Other troops served in Napoleon's Imperial Guard. The Polish Chevauleger regiment distinguished itself at the Battle of Somosierra (1808). Another Polish cavalry regiment - the Vistula uhlans- fought in Spain as well. They distinguished themselves many times there, e.g. at the Battle of Albuhera (1811) where they destroyed a British infantry brigade. Their valour in that conflict inspired the British to create the English lancers equipped with Polish-style uniforms and weapons.

    Polish legions at San Domingo

    In 1812 as Napoleon entered Russia the Poles and Lithuanians rebelled and rallied to Napoleon's Grande Armee in attacking Russia. The Poles and Lithuanians, flocking to his standard in the hope of resurrecting the Commonwealth, formed the largest non-French contingent, 98,000 strong (the entire French Grande Armee was about 600,000 strong). Polish Lancers of the Vistula Legion were the first to cross the Neman River into Russia, the first to enter Moscow, played a crucial part in the battle of Borodino and, under Prince Józef Poniatowski (who personally saved Napoleon's life), covered the disastrous French retreat, being the last out of Russia; 26,000 of the original 98,000 returned[3]. The elite Vistula Legion entering Russia was about 7,000 strong; its strength at the end of the campaign was 1,500.[4]

    The end of the Polish Legions came with the end of Napoleon's career and the existence of the Duchy of Warsaw. The Duchy was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops following Napoleon's retreat from Russia. When Napoleon went into exile on Elba, the only guards he was allowed were the Polish Lancers. During the 1815 campaign (Napoleon's Hundred Days) 325 men under a Colonel Golaszewski appear to have been the last of the famous Vistula Legion to serve under Napoleon. Poles remained loyal to him until the bitter end, with Polish units holding their ground at his last battles (battle of Leipzig and battle of Waterloo). In 1815, when the Duchy of Warsaw was formally partitioned between Prussia and Russia at the Congress of Vienna, and Napoleon relieved of his honour guard, the Legions ceased to exist. Yet even today the memory of Napoleon's Polish Legions is strong, and Napoleon himself is often regarded in Poland as a hero and liberator


    Pictures:
    Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 



    Polish soldiers in Napoleon's army








    Poles in battle of Somossiera







     
  2. Champagne Gold said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    delete
    Last edited by Champagne Gold; November 22, 2011 at 02:02 AM.
     
  3. Salvo's Avatar

    Salvo said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    Unfortunetly grand campaign probably will start in 1806, so there won't be Poland as a faction
     
  4. Randall Turner said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    Quote Originally Posted by Salvo View Post
    Unfortunetly grand campaign probably will start in 1806, so there won't be Poland as a faction

    The OP mentioned "playng as France". I'd expect Poland to be strongly represented.

    And yeah, Poniatowski and his Poles are studs, no question.
     
  5. exNowy said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    Salvo I share your opnion about Poland in NTW however I see that you make few little mistakes there.
    Napoleon liked Polish soldiers. Durring battle of Somosierra, when French couldn't defeat Spanish cannons he attacked it with Polish Uhlans.
    Oh, you know at Samossiera 1808 not fought Polish Uhlans. There fought Polish Chevaulegers one squardron from famous First Polish Chevaulegers Regiment in Napoleons Imperial Guard. They were armed with sabres there and lances they armed later, it was after battle of Wagram 1809.
    More here http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Polish_Guard_Lancers.html

    However Polish lancers (uhlans) were very famous too. Polish Vistula Uhlans Regiment made many excelent actions e.g. at Albuhera 1811 they defeat British Dragoons, then slaugtered British Infantry Brigade, captured 5 Colors and took KGL artillery battery, then dispersed Spanish cavalry. Maybe therefore French and British soon became fascinated with lance-armed cavalry. Napoleon even ordered to created nine cavalry regiments lance armed in his French Army. His enemies made the same. Russian Tsar, Austrian Kaiser and Prussian King ordered to create some uhlans/lancers regiments too.
    More here http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Polish_Vistula_Uhlans.html

    Yes, Polish troops played interesting part at Napoleonic period.
    Nice info is here http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/polish_army.html#polishnapoleon

    However we should remember that Napoleon want Polish soldiers because he was "god of war" and he needs many soldiers. He also used French, Italians, Germans, Dutch and another nationality troops.

    Therefore I think that in NTW should be posiblilities to use many different troops, not only basic playable factions (great powers) but other nations are needed there too.
     
  6. Salvo's Avatar

    Salvo said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    Thanks for commentsI'm happy You share my opinion.
    I think France should have oportunity to create Polish Legions.
    In N:TW there should be big varity of units (not only Poles for France, also other interesting units!)
     
  7. KLAssurbanipal's Avatar

    KLAssurbanipal said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    I will show Polish uniforms from 1797-1815
     
  8. Salvo's Avatar

    Salvo said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    Thank You both.
    REPs++

    Few other famous Pole:
    Jan Henryk Dąbrowski

    Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

    Dąbrowski was brought up in Saxony, and served for some years in the Saxon army. In 1791 the Polish Four-Year Sejm recalled all Poles serving abroad to the Polish army and Dąbrowski returned to Poland. As a cavalryman educated in a Dresden military school he was asked to reform the Polish cavalry. Under Poniatowski, he took part in the campaign of 1792 against the Russians. He was in Poland in 1794 when the Kościuszko Insurrection erupted. He took an active part in the uprising, defending Warsaw and leading an army corps in support of a rising in Greater Poland. His courage was commended by Tadeusz Kościuszko himself, the Supreme Commander of the National Armed Forces, who promoted him to the rank of general. Not only Kościuszko appreciated him; after the collapse of the uprising, he was offered commissions in the Russian and Prussian armies, but chose to fight for Poland.

    Dąbrowski is remembered in the history of Poland as the organiser of Polish Legions in Italy during the Napoleonic Wars. He began his work in 1796, when he was summoned to Paris by Napoleon Bonaparte, and was authorised by the Cisalpine Republic to create Polish legions, which would be part of the army of the newly created Republic of Lombardy. This was a year after the 3rd Partition of Poland between Russia, Prussia and Austria. Poland disappeared from the map of Europe, but Polish military formations gave the country a chance to re-enter international affairs with support of France in the Polish independence efforts. Thus, the creation of a Polish army in Italy, at a time when the Italians refused to fight under the French banner, was beneficial to both the French and the Poles.

    The legions were to consist of Polish exiles. Dabrowski managed to preserve the traditional Polish uniforms, national insignia and the Polish officer corps. The only concessions he made with regard to the uniforms were the epaulettes, which bore the colours of Lombardy, and French tri-coloured bows. Dąbrowski's Manifesto addressed to Poles, and published in Italian, French and German periodicals, elicited a great response from the Polish émigré community. Soon Milan, the capital of Lombardy, began to fill up with scores of volunteers in spite of the penalties enforced by the partitioning powers. The volunteers included patriotic émigrés as well as Polish prisoners released from the Austrian army. Within a short time, the Polish general gathered seven thousand potential troops, whom he turned into a disciplined army.

    Dąbrowski's Polish soldiers fought at Napoleon's side from May 1797 until the beginning of 1803. As a commander of his legion he played an important part in the war in Italy, entered Rome in May 1798, and distinguished himself greatly at the Battle of Trebia (June 19, 1799) as well as other battles and combats of 1799–1801. However, the legions were never able to reach Poland and did not liberate the country, as Dąbrowski had dreamed. Napoleon did, however, notice the growing dissatisfaction of his brave soldiers and their commanders. They were particularly disappointed by a peace treaty between France and Russia signed in Lunéville, which dashed Polish hopes of Bonaparte freeing Poland. Instead, fearing rebellion, he decided to disperse the Legions. This meant the collapse of the Polish formation. A particularly harmful move was the decision to send six thousand men to Haiti in 1803 to crush a local rebellion. Only three hundred legionnaires returned.

    After the Legions were disbanded and the Treaty of Amiens was passed, Dąbrowski became a division general in the service of the Italian republic. He was summoned again by Napoleon in 1806 to create a Polish formation, which Napoleon wanted to use to recapture Greater Poland from Prussia. Polish volunteers again turned up, albeit with much less enthusiasm. Though he distinguished himself at Gdańsk and at Friedland, even Dąbrowski himself became disillusioned when he was prevented from fighting against the partitioning powers in the remaining Polish territories.

    In 1807 the Duchy of Warsaw was established in the recaptured territories, essentially as a satellite of Bonaparte's France. Disappointed with the Corsican, Dąbrowski settled near Poznań, where he had received an estate. Soon, however he set out to fight Austria under the command of Prince Józef Poniatowski in 1808. After the Battle of Raszyn, the Polish army entered Galicia and on 15 July captured Kraków. In June 1812 Dąbrowski commanded a Polish division in the Grande Armée, joining Napoleon on his Moscow expedition. However, by October the Franco-Russian war was over and the French forces, decimated by a severe winter, had to retreat. Their defeat was completed by a battle lost during the crossing of the River Berezina, in which Dąbrowski was wounded.

    He fought under Marshal Auguste Marmont at the Battle of Leipzig (1813), but in the following year returned to Poland, unable to continue the fight any further. He was one of the generals entrusted by the tsar with the reorganization of the Polish army, and was named in 1815 general of cavalry and senator palatine of the new Congress Kingdom, and awarded the Order of the White Eagle. He retired in the following year to his estates in Winnogóra near Poznań, where he died in 1818. He wrote several military historical works in Polish.
    Last edited by Salvo; October 22, 2009 at 07:47 AM.
     
  9. czinkerlu said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    oh, yeah, give me Polish than I win the battle
    it can be interesting if I can change history and even declare independence of Poland or even have a possibillity to fight even against France!
     
  10. Salvo's Avatar

    Salvo said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    Right
    This would be nice, if Russia have oportunity to recall Polish kingdom before Napoleon. There were projects like this
     
  11. exNowy said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    Quote Originally Posted by Salvo View Post
    Right
    This would be nice, if Russia have oportunity to recall Polish kingdom before Napoleon. There were projects like this
    In the beginning revival of Polish Kingdom with Russia help was more or less Prince Adam Czartoryski and few other Polish aristocracy dreams. Russia coud not do this because she destroy Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth and together with Austria and Prussia took part in partitions of Poland. Russian Tsar Alexander only dangled hopes before Polish patriots. He knews that Poles will try fougth for freedom and Napoleon used many Polish soldiers. Tsar did not recall Poland even Austria and Prussia were beaten by Emperor of Frenchmen. But Tsar wanted Polish land and Polish Crown. This is why he recall Polish Kingdom in 1815, however it was smaller than Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw.

    Nevertheless concept of Polish fight for independence in NTW can be interesting event.
    Polish soldiers fought in many occasions and many Polish units were famous at that period.
    They fought in Italy, Germany, Austria, Poland, Spain, Russia, France.
    Few Napoleonic campaigns - 1806/7, 1809, 1812, 1813 were fought on Polish land.
    And Polish question was interesting at that era.
     
  12. Glaca(pl)'s Avatar

    Glaca(pl) said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    another part of paintings about the period
    Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

    Jozef Poniatowski in 1812


    Hussar from Great Army


    Standard Bearers


    Two Hussars

    Samosierra


    Chevau-légers



    Battle of Raszyn



    Last edited by Glaca(pl); November 21, 2009 at 05:41 AM.
    Polish Total War Universe - now in English version
     
  13. Salvo's Avatar

    Salvo said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    Thanks for info, REP++

    Battle Of Raszyn 1809
    Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

    The first Battle of Raszyn was fought on April 19, 1809 between armies of the Austrian Empire and the Duchy of Warsaw as a part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars. The Austrian army was defeated.

    The Austrian army under the Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este invaded the Duchy of Warsaw in April, 1809. Polish troops under Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski withstood the Austrian attack on Warsaw defeating them at Radzymin and reconquered parts of former Poland including Kraków and Lwów by beating the Austrians at near the villages of Góra and Grochów.

    General Józef Antoni Poniatowski was presented grand-aigle de la Légion d'Honneur, a saber of honour and a lancer's shako for this victory.

    The battlefield’s terrain is dominated by several villages and by the river Utrata, which during April is unfordable. The only way to cross the river is at the ponds of Raszyn, Dawidy or Michalowice, which were all under Polish control.

    After a preparatory cannonade started at 14.00, the Austrian infantry attacked around 15.00 the Polish screening forces. The Poles gradually yielded terrain to the attacker. Austrian attempts to outflank the Polish position near Jaworowo were without success. After the village of Falenty was captured at 16.00 Poniatowski launched a counterattack which evicted the Austrians from the town and re-establishing the Polish line. Around 17.00 a combined attack was launched against Raszyn. Repulsed by the Saxon units, the Austrians called up reinforcements and took the town around 19.00 but where unable to progress beyond the last houses of the village. The Poles again counterattacked at 21.00 and drove the Austrians from Raszyn but were unable to recapture the causeway. Fighting progressed until 22.00 when the Poles evacuated the battlefield.

    After the Austrian army withdrew to the other side of the swamps, prince Józef Poniatowski ordered his forces to withdraw towards Warsaw. However, since the city fortifications were in a very bad shape and the Saxon expeditionary force withdrew towards their homeland, Poniatowski decided to leave Warsaw undefended and withdraw to several fortresses located nearby (most notably to Modlin Fortress and Serock). The capital was seized with little opposition, but it was a Pyrrhic victory since the Austrian commander diverted most of his forces there at the expense of other fronts. In the following weeks Greater Poland was defended by the Corps of General Henryk Dąbrowski and the Polish cavalry seized Lwów. Finally, Poniatowski left only a small force near Warsaw to prevent the Austrians from leaving it and moved the rest of his forces southwards, which led to capturing the city of Kraków.

    On October 14, 1809, the Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between Austria and France. According to it, the former state lost approximately 50 000 square kilometres of land inhabited by over 1 900 000 people. The territories annexed by the Duchy of Warsaw included the lands of Zamość and Kraków as well as 50% of income of the Wieliczka salt mines.

    Battle of Raszyn
    Part of the Polish-Austrian War, itself part of the War of the Fifth Coalition

    Strenght
    Austrian Empire

    24,500 infantry

    4,500 cavalry

    94 cannons

    Duchy of Warsaw

    10,500 infantry
    3,500 cavalry
    44 cannons

    Casualties and losses
    Austrian Empire

    2,300 total:

    800 killed
    1,500 wounded


    Duchy of Warsaw

    1,390 total:

    450 killed
    900 wounded
    40 captured
     
  14. exNowy said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    Quote Originally Posted by King Louise Assurbanipal View Post
    I will show Polish uniforms from 1797-1815
    Where are these uniforms ?
    Last edited by exNowy; November 28, 2009 at 04:52 PM.
     
  15. wojsport's Avatar

    wojsport said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    Here some of them thanks for subcject Salvo



    Polish Proud and Glory

     
  16. RO Citizen's Avatar

    RO Citizen said:

    Default Re: Napoleon's period and Poland

    I hope CA will add Polish Uhlans and Vistula Regiments as units to France, possibly even Poniatowski as g-ral. And Poland (Duchy of Warsaw) as emergent faction is a must.
    [Col] RO Citizen