BC: Buildings, Traits, Ancillaries, Titles & Historical Characters

[Miraj]

GENERAL MUSLIM

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WESTERN ISLAMIC: ABBASIDS, AYYUBIDS, OMAN

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EASTERN ISLAMIC: KHWAREZM, GHAZNI, GHORIDS

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TURKIC: TURKS, SELJUKS, KYPCHAKS

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LATIN: KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM, LATIN STATES

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GENERAL EAST CHRISTIAN

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BYZANTINE

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GEORGIAN

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ARMENIAN

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INDIAN: RAJPUTS, SINDH, DELHI SULTANATE, GHORIDS, GHAZNI

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AFRICAN: MAKURIA, AYYUBIDS, OMAN

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HISTORICAL CHARACTERS

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Armenian
Mkhitar Heratsi - Armenian Physician
Mkhitar Gosh (1130-1213) - Armenian scholar and priest
Nerses of Lambron (1153 - 1198) - Archbishop of Tarsus in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Sargis Pitsak - Medieval Armenian scribe and miniaturist in Cilicia (1300-)
Toros Roslin (c.1210 – 1270) - was the most prominent Armenian miniaturist in the Middle Ages.

BUILDING CONCEPTS

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[Miraj]

We used to have a old thread following a similar subject matter. I'm restarting it from scratch so that we have a clean slate. This is all meant for a total traits, ancillaries and strat building expansion meant for BC2.0.

Please contribute any ideas, including buildings, that has relevance to any of the BC factions.

Thanks.

OLD THREAD FOR REFERENCE:
http://www.twcenter.net/forums/showthread.php?t=89313

[Lord Lok]

yay im first my idea is a building, well more like a wonder the


Mausoleum of Nur ad-Din althoguth not a big thing now i would assume it would be back then seeing how he was the leader who united the muslim against the crusaders. its location was in Damascus

[the Basque Knight]

Well, if this mod has room for Sam Jackson, then I'm sure it has a place for Robin of Locksley as an ancillary to some crusader general. He could add movement points and maybe +1 command when commanding archers (if that's possible).

And of course, his portrait would be Kevin Costner.

[Ahiga]

INDIA: Traits & Ancillaries

I'd like to see the three Rajput Origin categories featured as either a trait (Given as an Ethnicity, as others might have "Turkish" or "Persian"), or as ancillaries.

A few options of Indian "ethnicities":

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput_clans

• Suryavanshi - Suryavanshi Rajputs trace their lineage to the Vedic Sun Surya. They ruled over Mewar, Marwar, Amber, ect.
• Chandravanshi - Chandravanshi Rajputs trace their lineage to Som (The Vedic Soma or Moon). Gujarat was ruled by them.
• Agnivanshi - This is the big one. The Chauhan, the Soomro, and I think the Solanki all are Agnivanshi.

In the absence of any solid information:

• Agnivanshi could deliver more Martial traits or ancillaries, they might also be much more friendly to traits benefiting cavalry warfare, given they seem pretty much a North Indian Rajput Group
• Chandravanshi - For some reason I want to say they might be the more religious.
• Suryavanshi are remarked as one of the more Prominent Dynasties, and so perhaps it could deal with more governing/kingly sort of traits and ancillaries.

If you wanted to, you could expand to feature specific Rajput Clans, instead of just the three broad categories. But there are so many that can get rather confusing.

For the Sindhi, Chauhan, or Solanki, these would be traits, but the Ghazni/Ghorids/Delhi could have them as Ancillaries. Perhaps if your general was of one of these Rajput Groups, then those of the same group would be more loyal to him.

[Ermeni]

I have some Armenian Ancillaries

Mkhitar Heratsi - Armenian Physician
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkhitar_Heratsi

Mkhitar Gosh (1130-1213) - Armenian scholar and priest
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkhitar_Gosh

Nerses of Lambron (Nerses Lambronatsi; 1153 - 1198) was the Archbishop of Tarsus in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and very famous for his literary work
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerses_of_Lambron

Sargis Pitsak - Medieval Armenian scribe and miniaturist in Cilicia (1300-)

Toros Roslin - (c.1216 – 1288) was the most prominent Armenian miniaturist in the Middle Ages.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toros_Roslin

[Shadowcry]

Could we make Mongol ancillaries and buildings?

[notenome]

One thing I was thinking about while researching: there seemed to be a major split amongst the famous characters of the time period as to fatalism. Usama for example believed there was nothing a person could do to alter their time of death. Just like someone had suggested with the steppe peoples the bow characteristic, Islamic characters could get a Fatalistic/Men make their own fate characteristic (possibly +1 piety or loyalty fatalism, +1 command or small trade bonus for nondeterminists)

[Tariq]

Turkish titles, possible ancillaries were quite simple :

- Kaptan-ı Derya - Admiral (established 1389) - could be + ship damage or + ship movement

- Wali - Magistrate (administrative title), it is used also by Arabs and possibly some Persian nations to - increased income from taxes , mining etc...but negative loyalty maybe as possible sign of corruption

- Kaymakam- was more politically oriented title,in some instances used by arabs to , i would suggest extra piety and/or maybe loyalty for this one.

- Effendi (meaning Lord) - roughly equivalent to rank of baron, various positive options for this one , but since barron were notorious for disloyalty , loss of piety or loyalty can apply in addition.

- Bey (Count, Chieftain) - position for someone that holds more important town (example Konya), also military title...Extra command or movement can be applied, along with piety

- Bash Aga (Duke , Tribal Chief, Pasha)- one that governs bigger areas, example someone that is governing most important city in Anatolya. Also military commander of bigger importance then Bey

- Atabey (governor, Duke) - very common in Seljuks , can hold administrative and /or military position

There are some other titles like Agha( couldn't have find info about being used pre-ottoman) and Vizier (Grand Chancellor) and in some instances Khan(in this case lower military position).

Off course you have Sultan also but that goes without saying.

I hope so this can help.

[IrAr]

Islamic characters could get a Fatalistic/Men make their own fate characteristic (possibly +1 piety or loyalty fatalism, +1 command or small trade bonus for nondeterminists)

Maybe a small morale penalty? -1?

[Lord Lok]

Maybe a small morale penalty? -1?

or maby just the oppisite your more likly to follow some one that will fight like theres no tommrow

[roy34543]

Do we have the grandmaster of the Teutonic/hospitalar/templar orders yet?

[Manco]

For KoJ and probably orthodox christian and Makuria:
Relics:

• The Holy Lance/Spear of Destiny: bonus in command and piety (Raymond d'Aguilers had one in possession)
• The Holy Prepuce: piety bonus
• Piece of the True Cross: piety bonus
• Tears and blood of Jesus: piety bonus
• The Thorn Crown: vast command and piety bonus
• Heaps of other relics

For KoJ
possible ethnicities (didn't give possible values or possible predisposition for acquiring certain traits since I don't know which system you'd use if you'd implement an ethnicity system. But that's a relatively small work):

• Norman
• Breton
• Cosmopolitain
• Lombarde
• Flemish
• Gascon
• Provencal
• Languedocien
• Burgundian

==> These are all in the greater French group, but at least Norman,Breton,Gascon and Flemish I think were major "ethnicities" in medieval France

• Saxon
• Bohemian
• Austrian
• Franconian
• Swabian

==> in the greater German Group

• Danish
• Norse
• Swedish
• Italian (don't know much about them, but I guess Silico-Norman, Venetian, Genoan,...)
• Anglo-Saxon

(Perhaps Spanish, Portuguese, Irish,Scots but I'm not aware of any prominent crusaders or large contingents of troops coming from them)

Various:
Quacksalver (of the Dutch kwakzalver): charlatan physician, perhaps loss in HP and/or -1 piety
Protector of The Holy Sepulchre (didn't see it in the game): Command and piety bonus
some French titles they might have used (atleast some where)
Connétable
Mareschal
Seneschal
Grand Ecuyer
Maitre d'artillerie
and offcourse baron, duke, count,...

I can dig up a lot more, but it's 3 AM here and i urgently need some sleep...

[IrAr]

For Orthodox Christians, call the "Holy Sepulchre" the Church of the Resurrection.

[IrAr]

Oooh, excuse the double post.
It is not a great feeling to put one's life into the hands of someone who believes to have no possible way of changing one's fate.
I'm thinking the morale penalty would come with an extra hitpoint, though. I mean, whatever doesn't kill the Fatalistic... uh... yeah, just go where you please with this, I started and don't really have any mind to go further.

[doorknobdeity]

From my limited exposure to writings of this period, it seems to be less "We're screwed, don't try to resist it," and more "Allah sez we're gonna go out there and KICK SOME ASS" (or, alternatively, "Yes, the Mongols beat the tar out of us, but Allah willed it-- what could we do?")

Might I suggest making the Doctor ancillary more prevalent?

Baldwin, the so-called "Leper King" of Jerusalem usually outlives and outperforms the other starting generals. I'm not sure how one would simulate leprosy through traits-- perhaps fewer hit points, lower fertility, lower movement, and, if possible, a shorter lifespan.

Finally, crossposting from the other topic:

Could you add Usamah ibn Munqidh as an Ayyubid Zengid general? I'm reading through his autobiography right now, and it's one of the most fascinating primary sources I've ever read. I'd assume he'd have decent Chivalry, the cultured traits, an intelligence trait or two, and, of course, the good speaker trait.

Edit: also, probably Indifferent to the Infidel and Trusting of Foreigners.

[AirnetSnake]

Historical characters:
Marko Polo (1254-1324)-great merchant/travaller (can be devouted to KoJ or ERE,historically he was from Venice)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo

Also traits for KoJ:
Templar\Hospitalier\Teuton order member (+piety,+command in battles against muslims)

[AnthoniusII]

Name of title -time frame title in use-meaning.
1:Augoustos 450-1450,Autokrator 680-1453,Basileus 900-1453 Megas Komnenos*1200-1461(emperor).
2:Augousta,Autokrateira (empress).
3:Parakoimomenos 700-1453 (primeminister),chief diplomat.
4:Megas Domestikos ton Scholon 1080-1453, Chief Marshal of the army.
5:Megas Drougarios ton ploimon 600-1453, Chief Admiral of the navy,also comander of the fleet
of Constantinople.
6: Domestikos ton scholon tis dyseos 520-1080(1453?), Marshal of the army of western provincies.
7: Domestikos ton scholon tis anatoles 520-1080 (1453?),Marshal of the army of eastern provincies.
8:Spatharios tou vasileos ?-1453 Chief of the imperial guards.
9:Strategos (general) the offficer emperor gives the right to comand an army or a province.The
superior comander of a thema (province).
10:Dux(Ducas),Despotes and Katepano 450-1453, titles given to generals as comanders of the
provincies. Katepano was a title given (even to generals of other ethic origin)for
small western provincies or south greek ones .
11:Kaisar,Rex,Patricios 400-1453 old fashion titles that mean king but out of use for the empire it
self,given to kings or tribe leaders that had diplomatic relations with the empire,mostly
military agreements.
12:Merarches or Tourmarches ?-1400,comander of a meros or tourma(division).
13:Drougarios ?-1400,comander of a drouga (1/3 of tourma).Also Taxiarches for cavalry units,
also Hiliarhes in some ocations...
14:Comes or cometas ?-? comander of a vandum or tagma(battalion),(1/3 of drouga).
15:Centarches (centurion), comander of a 100men company(1/3-1/4 of a vandum).
16:Drougarios ton ploimon 600-1453,admiral of a provincial fleet.
17:Alagatoras 1380-1461, title that replaced titles like Comes and Drougarios.
18:Megas Alagatoras 1380-1461 title that replaced the title Megas domestikos.
19:Megas Etairiarches ?-1453,general supervisor and comander of the imperial mercenary forces.
20:Etairiarches ?-1453,comander of an etairia(a number of mercenaries of the same ethnic origin).
Often the comander of this title was of the same ethnic origin of the forces he was in
charge.
21:Stratelates:comander of a field army,often a title of honor given to generals with huge number
of victories(in a mod a general with many heroic victories or more than 8 stars...).

*Megas Komnenos was the title of the emperors of the Empire of Trapezond in memory of the comnenean dynasty fownders of the empire.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Also political and economocal titles...
Protosevastor:Chief concilor of the emperor...
Protonotarios:The emperor's tresurer..
Domesticus ton oficialion:Chief of the state clirks...
Senator:Member of the noble counsil.
Demarchos: Mayor,also responsible for city's order.
Praitor:The city's political joughe(second in comand after the province's general).
Officiales:State's officer(clirk) ,tax collector...
Can those titles help?:hmmm:

[Atterdag]

You could use the Persian and Arab poets and writers of the Sūfī school like:

• Farid ad-Din Attar
• Ibn Arabi
• Al-Ghazali
• Sa'īd ul-Būsīrī

Besides the Sufis there are other great poets from this time in history.

• Hafez
• Saadi
• Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi

Speaking of Persian literature how about One Thousand and One Nights for a book ancillary, like the Qur'an?

[Tunch Khan]

RANKS OF NOBILITY:

Padishah:
Padishah, Padshah, Padeshah, Badishah or Badshah (Persian Pādishāh) is a very prestigious title, which is composed from the Persian words Pati 'master' and the better-known title Shāh "King", which was adopted by several Islamic monarchies claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to Christian Emperors or the Ancient notion of Great King.

Sultan:
Sultan is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. It came to be used as the title of certain Muslim rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e., the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), without claiming the overall Caliphate, or it was used to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. It then developed some further meanings in certain contexts. The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called Sultanate.

Khedive:
This title meaning Viceroy, known for its use by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, is recorded in English since 1867, derived via the French khédive from Turkish khidiv, from Persian khidiw "prince," derivative of khuda "master, prince," from Old Persian khvadata- "lord."

Shahzade:
Shahzade (son of a Sultan), princely title, crown prince, the son of a shah.

Begüm:
Begum, Begüm or Baigum (Turkish: Begüm) is a Turkic title given to female family members of a Baig or 'Beg', a higher official. The term Begum is derived from the word Beg, and means a female member of the Beg's family.

Atabeg:
The word atabeg is a compound of two Turkish words: ata means "father or ancestor", beg or bey means "chief/leader"". When a Seljuk prince died, leaving minor heirs, a guardian would be appointed to protect and guide the young princes. These guardians would often marry their ward's widowed mothers, thus assuming a sort of surrogate fatherhood.
The title of Atabeg was common during the Seljuk rule of the Near East starting in the 12th century. It was also common in Mesopotamia (Iraq).
Amongst the Turkmen tribes, as in Persia, the rank was senior to a Khan.

Malik:
Malik is an Arabic word meaning "king". It has been adopted in various other, mainly Asian languages, and it is sometimes used in derived meanings. Malik is one of the names of Allah, "King" in the absolute sense. The term Malik is used in Afghanistan and the tribal areas of Pakistan, especially among Pashtuns, for a tribal leader or a chieftain. It is also used by Kukhran Khatris of India and Pakistan where there are Khatri families in Multan which are addressed as Malik or Raizada .[1]Alternative forms are Malek and Maalik. The female version of Malik, Malika (or its Persian language cognate Malekeh), means "queen".

Khan:
Khan (sometimes spelled as Xan, Han, Ke-Han, Turkic: khān) is a title for a sovereign or military ruler in the Altaic languages . It was originally just the title in Turkic for a tribal leader before the Mongols and Turks brought it to the rest of Asia. It now has many equivalent meanings such as commander, leader, or ruler. Presently Khans exist mostly in South Asia, Central Asia and Iran. The female alternative are Khatun and Khanum. Various Mongolic, Turkic and Hunnic peoples from Central Asia had given the title new prominence after the Mongol invasion and later brought the title "Khan" into Afghanistan and Northern India, which later was adopted by locals in the country as a name. Khagan is rendered as Khan of Khans and was the title of Genghis Khan and the other Khagans (his direct male descendants).

Bey:
Bey is originally a Turkish[1][2] word for "chieftain," traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. In historical accounts, many Turkish, other Turkic and Persian leaders are titled Bey, Beg or Beigh. They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "lord." The regions or provinces where Beys (the equivalent of Duke in Europe) ruled or which they administered were called Beylik, roughly meaning "Emirate" or "Principality" in the first case, "Province" or "Governorate" in the second (the equivalent of Duchy in Europe).

Dey:
Dey (from Turkish Dayı) was the title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers (Algeria) under the Ottoman Empire from 1671 onwards. Twenty-nine deys held office from the establishment of the deylicate until the French conquest in 1830.


MILITARY AND ADMINISTRATIVE RANKS:

Vizier-i-Azam:
Grand Vizier, Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam) or Serdar-ı Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish), deriving from the originally Persian word "Vizier" was the greatest minister of the Sultan with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissable only by the Sultan himself. He held the imperial seal and he could convene all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state, their whole conference being called "Kubbealtı viziers" (viziers of (under) the dome) in reference to the architecture of their meeting place.

Beylerbeyi:
Beylerbeyi (or Beglerbegi) 'Lord of Lords', was the administrative rank formally enjoyed by the ruler of Tunis and by rulers of parts of the Balkans in their official capacity of Ottoman Governor-General within the Turkish empire such as Anadolu (Anatolian) Beylerbeyi and Rumeli (European Ottoman territory) Beylerbeyi.

Vizier:
A Vizier (sometimes also spelled Vazir, Vizir, Vasir, Wazir, Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many oriental languages), literally "burden-bearer" or "helper", is a term, originally Persian, for a high-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan. The Middle Persian ancestor of this word in Pahlavi is vichir, which in turn originated from Avestan vichira, meaning decreer or arbitrator.[1]
In modern usage the term has been used in the East generally for certain important officials under the sovereign. It is also used anachronistically in a modern Islamic republic's cabinet.

Kaptan Pasha:
Kaptan Pasha or Kaptan-ı Derya (literally Captain of the Sea) were the titles given to the chief commander of the navy in the Ottoman Empire.
The title Kaptan-ı Derya was first instaured during the reign of Bayezid I (the Thunderbolt) as an official rank within the state structure. Starting with the reign of Mehmed II (the Conqueror), the holders of the rank were accorded the status of viziers and held the title of Pasha, thus they were more often called Kaptan Pasha. A total of 161 Kaptan-ı Derya/Kaptan Pasha served in the vizieral office until 1867 when an Ottoman Naval Ministry was founded. The supreme commanders of the Ottoman Navy that followed were thus ministers (Bahriye Nazırı), until a further re-structuring in 1897.

Kazasker:
A cadilesker, cadilescher, kadi-ul leşker or kadi-ul asker was a chief judge in the Turkish Empire, so named originally because his jurisdiction extended to the cases of soldiers, who were later tried only by their own officers.

Nişanci:
Nişanci is a very high ranking officer whose duty it was to inscribe the Sultan’s imperial monogram on imperial letters.

Defterdar:
Defterdar was the Minister of Finance.

Reis-ül-Küttab:
Reis-ül-Küttab was the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Yeniceri Ağası:
Yeniceri Ağası (Agha of Janissaries) is the highest ranking military official who's also the member of the Imperial Council. His duties included the protection of the palace and the capital city.

Pasha:
Pasha, pacha or bashaw (Turkish: paşa) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. As an honorary title, "Pasha" in one of its various ranks is equivalent to the British title of "Lord". Three grades of Pasha existed, distinguished by the number of yak- or horse-tails (three, two and one respectively; a symbol of Turco-Mongol tradition) or peacock tails, which the bearers were entitled to display on their standard as a symbol of military authority when on campaign. Only the Sultan himself was entitled to four tails, as sovereign commander in chief.

The Ottoman sultan of Turkey and (by delegation) the viceroyal khedive of Egypt had the right to bestow the title of Pasha. The title appears, originally, to have applied exclusively to military commanders, but subsequently it could distinguish any high official, and also unofficial persons whom the court desired to honour.

Pashas ranked above Beys and Aghas, but below Khedives and Viziers.

Admiral:
The Western naval rank "admiral" comes from the Arabic naval title amir al-bahr, general at sea, which has been used for naval commanders and occasionally the Ministers of Marine.

Emir:
From the start, Emir has been a military title, roughly meaning "general" or "commander."
In certain decimally-organized Muslim armies, Amir was an officer rank; e.g. in Mughal India Amirs commanded 1000 horsemen (divided into ten units, each under a Sipah salar), ten of them under one Malik. In the imperial army of Qajar Persia:

• Amir-i-Nuyan, Lieutenant general
• Amir Panj, "Commander of 5,000" (Brigadier general)
• Amir-i-Tuman, "Commander of 10,000' (Major general)
• Amir ul-Umara, "Amir of Amirs" (cfr. supra) or 'Commander of Commanders'
• Amir Yavarianfar, "Supreme Amir"

Mir:
Mir is a title which is derived from the Arabic title Emir or Amir. It was adopted in many languages under Islamic influence, such as Pashto and Urdu, meaning leader of a group or tribe in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Vali:
Vāli was the title in Ottoman Empire of the most common type of Turkish governor, in charge of a common type of province called vilayet after him, often a military officer such as a pasha.

Kadi:
Qadi (also known as Qazi and Kadi) is a judge ruling in accordance with the sharia, Islamic religious law. Because Islam makes no distinction between religious and secular domains, qadis traditionally have jurisdiction over all legal matters involving Muslims. During Ottoman period, kadi was responsible for the city services as the mayor. The charged people such as Subasi (Chief of Security), Bocekbasi, Copluk Subasisi (Chief of Sanitary Service), Mimarbasi (Chief Architect) and Police assisted the qadi, who coordinated all the services.

Civil and judicial administration was carried out under a separate parallel system of small municipal or rural units called kazas administered by a qadi (kadı). Kazas in turn were subdivided into nahiyas. The qadis came from the ulema and represent the legal authority of the sultan. The civil system was considered a check on the military system since beys (who represented executive authority) could not carry out punishment without a sentence for a qadi. Likewiese, qadis were not permitted to personally effect punishment. In the areas of sharia and kanun law, qadis were responsible directly to the sultan.

Agha:
Agha (or Aga) (from Turkish: ağa "chief, master, lord"), as a title for a civil or military officer, or often part of such title, was placed after the name of certain military functionaries in the Ottoman Empire. At the same time some Court functionaries were entitled to the agha title.

Kapi Ağası:
Kapi Agha, the chief white eunuch, was in charge of 300 to 900 white eunuchs as head of the 'Inner Service' (the palace bureaucracy, controlling all messages, petitions, and State documents addressed to the Sultan), head of the Palace School (school for pages training as white eunuchs), gatekeeper-in-chief, head of the infirmary, and master of ceremonies of the Seraglio, and was originally the only one allowed to speak to the Sultan in private. In 1591, Murad III transferred the powers of the white to the black eunuchs as there were too many embezzlements and various other nefarious crimes attributed to the white eunuchs, but later they regained some favor.

Kızlar Ağası:
Kızlar Ağası, the chief black eunuch, was the master of the harem, sometimes considered second only to the Grand Vizier (head of the imperial government, but often working in his own palace or even away, e.g. on military campaign) in the confidence of the Sultan, to whom he had and arranged access (including his bedchamber, the ne plus ultra for every harem lady), also being his confidential messenger. As commander of an imperial army corps, the baltaci (halberdiers), he even held the supreme military dignity of three-tail pasha (general).


RELIGIOUS RANKS AND TITLES:

Caliph:
The Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'a. It is a transliterated version of the Arabic word Khalīfah which means "successor" or "representative". The early leaders of the Muslim nation following Muhammad's (570–632) death were called "Khalifat ar-rasul Allah", meaning the political successor to the prophet of God (referring to Muhammad). Some academics prefer to transliterate the term as Khalīf.

Caliphs were often also referred to as Amīr al-Mu'minīn "Commander of the Faithful", Imam al-Ummah, Imam al-Mu'minīn, or more colloquially, leader of the Muslims. After the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib), the title was claimed by the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, and at times, by competing dynasties in Spain, Northern Africa, and Egypt. Most historical Muslim governors were called sultans or amirs, and gave allegiance to a caliph, but at times had very little real authority. The title has been defunct since the Republic of Turkey abolished the Ottoman caliphate in 1924.

Sheikh ul-Islam:
Sheikh ul-Islam (Shaykh al-Islam, Sheikhul Islam, Shaikh al-Islam, Şeyhülislam) is a title of superior authority in the issues of Islam. It became a prestigious position in the Caliphate state of the Ottoman Empire, that governed religious affairs of the state.

Grand Mufti:
The title of Grand Mufti refers to the highest official of religious law in a Sunni Muslim country. The Grand Mufti issues legal opinions and edicts, fatwa, on interpretations of Islamic law for private clients or to assist judges in deciding cases. The collected opinions of the Grand Mufti serve as a valuable source of information on the practical application of Islamic law as opposed to its abstract formulation. In the Ottoman Empire the Grand Mufti was a state official, and the Grand Mufti of Constantinople was the highest of these.

Mufti:
A mufti is an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia). A muftiat or diyanet is a council of muftis. These individuals and councils are capable of issuing fataawa (plural of "fatwa"). In various Muslim countries, the person in the position of mufti rules if the application of the criminal law is in accord with Islamic jurisprudence and the sharia and sometimes overrules criminal courts.

Mullah:
Mullah is a title given to some Islamic clergy, coming from the Arabic word mawla, meaning both 'vicar' and 'guardian.' In large parts of the Muslim world, particularly Iran, Turkey, central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, it is the name commonly given to local Islamic clerics or mosque leaders.

Imam:
An imam is an Islamic leader, often the leader of a mosque.

Sheikh:
Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "elder". It is commonly used to designate an elder of a tribe, a lord, a revered wise man, or an Islamic scholar. Although the title generally refers to a male person, there existed in history also a small number of female sheikhs.

Khoja:
Hoca or Khoja, a Persian word literally meaning 'master', was used in Central Asia as a title of wisdom and religious scholarship.