Medieval Armor from the Royal palace
in Tarnovgrad
(summary)
Deyan Rabovyanov,
Stanimir Dimitrov
This article discusses 19 iron plates found in
rooms Nos. 1 and 4 in building II of the Royal
Palace on Tsarevets hill in the Bulgarian Medieval
capital of Tarnovgrad (Figs. 1, 2). The building,
that served as a royal house, was burnt together
with the rest of the palace during the capture of
Tarnovgrad by the Ottoman Turks in 1393. This
provided the terminus ante quem for the find. Due
to their fragmentary nature and poor preservation,
the plates were wrongly identified as fragments of
iron shields by their excavator.
After conservation, it was possible to reconstruct
ten well preserved plates and nine small fragments
(Figs. 3-5). The big plates are rectangular, slightly
concave, measuring 15.5-19x13.5-14.5 centimeters,
and are 0.3-0.4 centimeters thick (their
original thickness was cca. 0.2 centimeters. The
average weight of the big plates is around 350 g.
Traces of leather lining were found on the back
of the plates, while their surface was covered with
fabric attached by decorative rivets with six-petal
rosette-like heads. Two other plates (№№ 14, 15)
have big rivets with semi-circular heads used for
attachment to the leather. A special feature of the
plates is that they are arranged and fixed to each
other in rows. Their long sides are joined by an
iron band - 1.5 centimeters wide that was hammered
on their edges.
The find from Tsarevets was obviously part of a
coat of plates. The form of the armor, the peculiarities
of its construction and the shape of the decorative
rivet heads, all suggest a Western European
origin. The lack of chains attached to the breast
plates indicates a possible date before AD 1340.
Fixed plates in rows were not known in armor before
the 14th century AD. On the other hand, the
lack of vertical connection between the rows of
plates prevents the appearance of monolithic armor,
which is introduced circa AD 1340. Because
of these characteristic features, the armor from
Tarnovgrad is dated to the period 1320-1340 AD.
Similarly to the armor from Chalcis and Azov, it
can be used and kept for an extensive period.
Probably the front side of the armor was made of
two rows of three plates each, and the rows overlapped
slightly. This is testified by the absence of
a third row of rivets on the plates. The side and the
back of the body were covered by four big plates.
The small plates with round rivets were probably
placed below the armpits and over the shoulders,
thus facilitating the attachment of the row of plates
to the leather lining. A similar coat of plates is depicted
on one of the frescos in the church St. Abbondio
in Como (Fig. 12), painted in AD 1330-
1340.
This armor, together with other examples of
defensive weaponry from Bulgaria demonstrates
Western European influence over the warfare of the
Second Bulgarian Kingdom. The Bulgarian military
elite were not very different from their contemporary
counterparts in Western Europe, who
were utilizing a coat of plates over chain mail.