Racial Reality, So you don't become a racist

**HorseArcher** · December 31, 2007, 03:23 PM

Ok, first of all, Put away your prejiduces. Not needed here. Actually this will convince you, that races as you might have learned from racist and anti-semite websites, are far more complicated and most of it are not true.

This is from a link I found, very useful, a book published in 1939.

It has nothing to do with racism, but human kinds and variations of the races, based on anthropology, history, and archeology, biology and other sciences.

I could just post a link, but I know there are just too many lazy people here to click it, so I'm gonna post the beef of it.

This website is a compendium of genetic studies, anthropological surveys, historical perspectives and photo series addressing various topics related to racial origins, affinities and myths. Its aim is to counter the proliferation of pseudo-scholarship coming from Nordicists (White Nationalists), Afrocentrists, Multi-Racialists and Race-Deniers all over the internet. The accumulated materials are intended only to correct misinformation, not to denigrate any group or advance a political agenda. The webmaster holds no special credentials in any of the fields mentioned.

RACES OF MAN

A brief overview of human races and their geographical distribution, with illustrative plates from Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races.

Caucasoid: Europe, West Asia and North Africa.

(Pakistan)

Mongoloid: East Asia, Oceania, the Arctic and the Americas.

(Taiwan)

Negroid: Sub-Saharan Africa.

(Sudan)

Capoid: Southern Africa.

(Kalahari Desert)

Australoid: Australia and Melanesia.

(Melville Island)

Anthropology

"Skin color is one of the most conspicuous ways in which humans vary and has been widely used to define human races. Here we present new evidence indicating that variations in skin color are adaptive, and are related to the regulation of ultraviolet (UV) radiation penetration.... Skin coloration in humans is adaptive and labile. Skin pigmentation levels have changed more than once in human evolution. Because of this, skin coloration is of no value in determining phylogenetic relationships among modern human groups."

(Jablonski and Chaplin, 2000)

* * *

"Skin color should always be taken on some unexposed part of the body. Among Middle Easterners this is simple, because they cover as much of the body as is consistent with their work. The exposed skin color may be a dark brown, while the skin of the underarm is ten shades lighter. (The sun shines brightly in the Middle East.) While fair-skinned people are to be seen, they live chiefly in shaded bazaars and government offices, whence they rarely emerge into the dazzling light of day."

(Coon, 1951)

* * *

Below is the 36-tone chromatic scale devised by Austrian anthropologist Felix von Luschan to assess the unexposed skin of human populations. It's often referenced by Coon, who loosely correlates it with his own broader adjectives for skin tones: In general, pinkish-white corresponds to #3-9 on the scale; brunet-white to #9-16; light brown to #15-18; medium brown to #21-25; and dark brown to #26-29. The last two are observed only outside of Europe, so even the darkest Europeans fall within the lighter end of the spectrum.

(Von Luschan, 1927)

Genetics

"A forceful presentation of the second point—that racial differences are merely cosmetic—was given recently in an editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine: 'Such research mistakenly assumes an inherent biological difference between black-skinned and white-skinned people. It falls into error by attributing a complex physiological or clinical phenomenon to arbitrary aspects of external appearance. It is implausible that the few genes that account for such outward characteristics could be meaningfully linked to multigenic diseases such as diabetes mellitus or to the intricacies of the therapeutic effect of a drug.' The logical flaw in this argument is the assumption that the blacks and whites in the referenced study differ only in skin pigment. Racial categorizations have never been based on skin pigment, but on indigenous continent of origin. For example, none of the population genetic studies cited above, including the study of Wilson et al., used skin pigment of the study subjects, or genetic loci related to skin pigment, as predictive variables. Yet the various racial groups were easily distinguishable on the basis of even a modest number of random genetic markers; furthermore, categorization is extremely resistant to variation according to the type of markers used (for example, RFLPs, microsatellites or SNPs).

"Genetic differentiation among the races has also led to some variation in pigmentation across races, but considerable variation within races remains, and there is substantial overlap for this feature. For example, it would be difficult to distinguish most Caucasians and Asians on the basis of skin pigment alone, yet they are easily distinguished by genetic markers. The author of the above statement is in error to assume that the only genetic differences between races, which may differ on average in pigmentation, are for the genes that determine pigmentation."

(Risch et al. 2002)

Adaptation

Examples of metrically identical racial types adapted to different climates:

MEDITERRANEANS

(Britain)

(Arabia)

ALPINES

(Germany)

(Tajikstan)

NORDICS

(Norway)

(Morocco)

(Coon, 1939)

Tanning

Striking contrasts of people deeply tanned and then with natural coloration:

(Spanish Model)

(Italian Footballer)

(Greek Model)

(Sicilian-American Actor)

WHITE AMERICANS

For all the accusations of miscegenation in Southern Europe coming from American whites, it seems that they've had much more historical contact with non-Caucasoid groups than anyone in Europe ever has. Indeed, the evidence indicates that their average admixture levels, though still low, match the highest levels found in Southern Europe (Portugal), while greatly exceeding the Southern European average.

Statistics

Sociologist and anthropologist Robert Stuckert examined census and fertility data to estimate how many blacks in America had passed as white, and how many whites had African ancestry as a result. His statistical tables showed that during the 1940s, 15,550 light-skinned blacks per year crossed over to live as whites, for a total of about 155,500 for the decade. Based on these figures, he determined that by 1950, some 21% of whites (about 28 million people then) had black ancestry within the last four generations, and he predicted that this number would only grow in the decades to come.

(Stuckert, 1958)

Celebrities with Amerindian Ancestry

Sampling of white-identified celebrities who have confirmed American Indian ancestry within the past few generations:

Cherokee

Lumbee

Cherokee

Choctaw

Chickasaw

Cherokee

Choctaw

HISPANICS

In the U.S., Latin Americans are often considered a single race possessing a distinctive "look". In fact, they're a heterogeneous amalgam of the three primary races of man: Caucasoids (Mediterraneans), Mongoloids (Amerindians) and Negroids (West Africans). These elements usually exist in solution with one another to varying degrees, though in some places are found largely in pure form. The unique and variable composition of Hispanics, which spans the entire spectrum of physical types, makes them a poor population to use as a standard for drawing comparisons with other groups.

Racial Types

Though most Hispanics are genetically mixed, one can identify several distinct racial types among them. The individuals below were chosen as representatives of each type, but intermediates and hybrids of every conceivable appearance are even more common. Hispanics exhibit huge phenotypic diversity that can't be adequately displayed with just a few images.

Indian (Peru)

European (Cuba)

African (Brazil)

Mestizo (Mexico)

Mulatto (Puerto Rico)

Skin Reflectance: Chart of pigmentation levels for selected world populations (after Jablonski).

Tanned vs. Natural: A few more skin color contrasts.

Italians

Spaniards

Portuguese

Greeks

Britons

Ancient Romans

Neolithic Farmers

Indo-Europeans

Basques

North Africans

Egyptians/Nubians

Phoenicians/Moors

Ethiopians

Jews

White Americans

Hispanics

(ED Horsearcher: Here you are going to witness one of the biggest "race-mixing" you have ever seen so if you are ready to separate who is white and who is not, you are going to have a giant headache with this

)

Chapter I: Introduction to the Historical Study of the White Race

Chapter II: Pleistocene White Men

Plates accompanying Chapter II:

Chapter III: The Mesolithic Period

Chapter IV: The Neolithic Invasions

Chapter V: The Bronze Age

Chapter VI: The Iron Age

Chapter VII: The Iron Age, Part II

(Speakers of Uralic and Altaic)

Chapter VIII: Introduction to the Study of the Living

Materials and Techniques
The Use of Statistics in Physical Anthropology
Distribution of bodily characters: (a) Stature and Bodily Form
Distribution of bodily characters: (b) Head Form, Head Size, and Other Metrical Characters of the Head and Face
Distribution of bodily characters: (c) Pigmentation, the Pilous System, and Morphology of the Soft Parts
Racial Classification within the White Family

Chapter IX: The North

Chapter X: The British Isles

[Photographic Supplement]

Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World

Chapter XII: The Central Zone, a Study in ReëmergenceChapter XIII: Conclusion

Appendices

RACES OF EUROPE
(and other parts of the world, where caucasoids are found)

Index:
Introduction
Plate 1 Lapps and Samoyeds
Plate 2 Ugrian-Speakers of Ladogan-Racial Type
Plate 3 Mongoloid Influences in Eastern Europe and in Turkestan
Plate 4 Brünn Survivors in Scandinavia
Plate 5 Borreby Survivors in the North
Plate 6 Borreby Men in Germany and Elsewhere
Plate 7 East Baltics
Plate 8 Carpathian and Balkan Borreby-like Types
Plate 9 Upper Palaeolithic Survivals in Ireland
Plate 10Upper Palaeolithic Survivals in Morocco
Plate 11The Alpine Race in Germany
Plate 12The Alpine Race in Western and Central Europe
Plate 13Aberrant Alpine Forms in Western and Central Europe
Plate 14Alpines from Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe
Plate 15Asiatic Alpines
Plate 16The Mediterranean Race in Arabia
Plate 17Long-Faced Mediterraneans of the Western Asiatic Highlands
Plate 18Long-Faced Mediterraneans of the Western Asiatic Highlands: the Irano-Afghan Race

Plate 19Gypsies, Dark-Skinned Mediterraneans, and South Arabian Veddoids Plate 20The Negroid Periphery of the Mediterranean Race
Plate 21Mediterraneans from North Africa
Plate 22Small Mediterraneans of Southern Europe
Plate 23Atlanto-Mediterraneans from Southwestern Europe
Plate 24Blue-Eyed Atlanto-Mediterraneans
Plate 25The Mediterranean Reëmergence in Great Britain
Plate 26The Pontic Mediterraneans
Plate 27The Nordic Race: Examples of Corded Predominance
Plate 28The Nordic Race: Examples of Danubian Predominance
Plate 29The Nordic Race: Hallstatt and Keltic Iron Age Types
Plate 30Exotic Nordics
Plate 31Neo-Danubians
Plate 32Nordics Altered by Northwestern European Upper Palaeolithic Mixture: I

Plate 33Nordics Altered by Northwestern European Upper Palaeolithic Mixture: II

Plate 34Nordics Altered by Mixture with Southwestern Borreby and Alpine Elements

Plate 35The Principle of Dinaricization
Plate 36European Dinarics: I
Plate 37European Dinarics: II
Plate 38European Dinarics: III
Plate 39European Dinarics: IV
Plate 40Dinarics in Western Asia: I
Plate 41Dinarics in Western Asia: II
Plate 42Armenoid Armenians
Plate 43Dinaricized Forms from Arabia and Central Asia
Plate 44The Jews: I
Plate 45The Jews: II
Plate 46The Jews: III

Introduction

The photographic supplement which follows has been arranged in such a manner that it may serve both to illustrate the text of Chapters VIII through XII, and to summarize the material of the book as a whole. The basic theses of the book, which these pictures illustrate, are:
(1) The living members of the white race who occupy Europe and the adjacent portions of Asia and Africa owe their initial differentiation to a dual origin.

(2) Some are descended primarily from the hunters and food-gatherers who occupied frigid, sub-glacial lands at the time of the last Würm advance. These hunters and food-gatherers were in turn descendants of Neanderthaloid-sapiens hybrid ancestors.

(3) Others are descended primarily from the purely sapiens Mediterranean peoples, who had never, during the Glacial Period, seriously encountered the cold, and who, in post-glacial times, developed agriculture and animal husbandry as a primary means of subsistence. The Mediterranean peoples began colonizing Europe from the east and south about 3000 B.C.

(4) Still others, and in Europe these form the most numerous group of all, represent clearly differentiated hybrid forms, indicating descent from both of the two stocks mentioned above. These hybrid forms follow well-marked metrical and morphological racial patterns, in accordance with definite biological principles. (See Plate 35 seq.)

(5) All mixture does not produce these forms, however, since most if not all of Group A or Palaeolithic phenotypes must from a genetic standpoint represent reëmergences.

(6) The racial map of Europe is never constant; there is always change, due to (a) environmental conditioning, (b) migration, (c) socially and economically conditioned racial selection both in migratory and in geographically static populations. In the following pages the scheme will be to deal first with the descendants of the Late Pleistocene inhabitants of the white racial area, then with those of the Mediterranean race in its various forms, and finally with mixed types combining the characters of A and B.
Anthropometric specifications of the subjects will be found in the tables which follow the plates.
1 The pictures which appear on the following plates have been collected from many sources. All which are not otherwise accredited were taken by the author either in the United States or abroad. The author wishes to express his gratitude to the subjects who permitted him to photograph and measure them, and who stated their willingness to have their pictures appear in this book; he assures them that whatever remarks may appear in reference to their physical characters are concerned with racial and historical matters only; there is no implication of superiority or inferiority, intellectual, moral, biological, or otherwise, in any case. No pictures of convicts or of other persons socially stigmatized have been knowingly used. The sole object of the author in compiling this supplement has been to cover as well as possible the range of racial variation within the white group.
The following individuals, other than the two New Englanders specified as such, the American-born English Gypsy and the Jews whose American birthplaces are specified, were born in the New World of parents from the places mentioned: Plate 5, Fig. 5; 9-4; 9-7; 22-3; 22-4; 23-1; 23-3; 26-4; 27-1; 27-3; 30-4; 32-3; 33-4; 37-2.

Lapps and Samoyeds

During the Late Pleistocene age, the post-glacial Mesolithic cultural period, descendants of Upper Palaeolithic hunters lived in North Africa, in most of Europe, and in western Siberia, where some of them merged into the ancestors of the mongoloid group of humanity. Even during the Upper Palaeolithic cultural period in western Europe, some of the hunting peoples showed incipiently mongoloid racial tendencies. Among the living descendants of these hunters, these tendencies are more common in the eastern groups than among those living in the west.
Aside from the Ainu, the Lapps represent the easternmost in locus of development of the basically white hunting groups which survived, and the only one which retained a non-agricultural economy until modern times. Their present location in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula is probably recent, and their area of differentiation is believed to have been situated in the neighborhood of the Urals.
FIG. 1 (3 views, Lundborg and Linders, The Racial Characteristics of the Swedish Nation, Plate 28).

This Swedish Reindeer Lapp from Jämtland shows no evidence of Nordic or other non-Lappish admixture; he may be taken as the closest approximation to a Lappish prototype which may be found. Like the Lapps as a whole, he is short-statured, small-bodied, small-headed, and brachycephalic. His morphological resemblance to the Alpine race is striking; he is less mongoloid in appearance than some others of equal purity.
FIG. 2 (1 view, photo Martin Luther).

An unmixed coastal Lapp from Norway, who looks just as Alpine as does Fig. 1.
FIG. 3 (1 view, photo Martin Luther).

Another unmixed coastal Lapp from Norway, who shows more of an incipiently mongoloid character than do the two preceding. Like the others, this individual is brunet white in skin color, dark-haired and dark-eyed.
FIG. 4 (1 view, photo Martin Luther).

The incipiently mongoloid features found in some Lapps are usually more pronounced in the women than in the men. This Norwegian Lapp woman, who possesses these features, is seen to resemble facially the type commonly known as quot;Slavic" or "East Baltic," in central and eastern Europe. There is nothing really mongoloid about these features; the resemblance is remote and collateral.
FIG. 5 (1 view, photo Martin Luther).

This 18 year old Norwegian Lapp boy possesses all of the most characteristically Lappish features of the face: a shallow mandible; a pointed, retreating chin; a lateral malar prominence; facial prognathism; a pointed and elevated nasal tip; and a low nasal bridge.
FIG. 6 (2 views, photo Martin Luther).

A Norwegian Lapp, with light skin, light eyes, and brown hair. Although considered a pure Lapp, this man has many Nordic traits. He is much more typical of the Lapps as a whole than are Figs. 1, 2, or 3, who were chosen to represent the Lappish prototype rather than the Lapps as a group.
FIG. 7 (3 views, Anthropological Laboratory, Institute of Peoples of the North, Leningrad).

A 20 year old Samoyed, from northern Russia. This young Samoyed, while by no means exaggeratedly mongoloid, is much more so than any unmixed Lapp; his coarse, black, and straight hair, his dark skin, and black iris color, as well as his facial features, show that he is at least partially descended from fully evolved mongoloid ancestors. Samoyeds vary greatly in mongoloid content; this individual seems to approach the mean in this respect. The arrival of the Samoyeds in northern Europe was later than that of the Lapps; their point of departure in Asia farther east.

[IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/MISTER%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg[/IMG]
Ugrian-speakers of Ladogan-racial Type

The Uralic linguistic stock, spoken by Lapps, Finns, Magyars, Asiatic Ugrians, and Samoyeds, is divided into Finno-Ugrian and Samoyedic. The Ugrian branch is today spoken by two widely separated groups, the Magyars of Hungary and Transylvania, and the Ostiaks and Voguls of the Obi drainage. The early Ugrians were presumably, like the Finns, Danubian-like or Nordic peoples of the middle Volga country, who absorbed the older hunting population of the eastern European forest. Later the Ugrians were subjected to mongoloid influences at the times of Hunnish, Turkish, and Mongol invasions. The individuals shown on Plate 2 were chosen to illustrate in varying forms and degrees the old Ladogan racial type.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Magyar from Budapest; a man of moderately tall stature, hyperbrachycephaly, and moderately great head size; with a large face, low orbits, a wide, interorbital distance, and a median eyefold. These characters, in combination with laterally prominent malars and a wide, heavy mandible, mark this individual as a Ladogan prototype. He represents a reëmergence of a racial element living in the eastern European woodlands in early post-glacial times; this type is one of the general group of Palaeolithic survivors, in this case largely unreduced. As with the related Palaeolithic survivors of northwestern Europe, its tendency to blondism must be considered integral, and not the result of Nordic admixture. Like the Lapp this type is incipiently mongoloid, but it differs profoundly from the Lapp in pigmentation, general size, and in the size and structure of the mandible. This individual appears to recapitulate in many respects the original Ladogan strain found among the Ugrian-speaking ancestors of the Magyars who invaded Hungary from their home in the Volga country. While typical of a true Magyar element in his country, he is not typical of the population of Hungary as a whole.
FIG. 2 (3 views, Institute of Peoples of the North).

An Ostiak woman from Siberia. The Ladogan facial features are usually better exemplified in women than in men. The Ostiak woman shown above is as good a Ladogan prototype as the Magyar shown above. Note the blond hair, light eyes, the great interorbital distance, the broad, low-bridged nose with elevated snub tip, and the wide malars.
FIG. 3 (3 views, Institute of Peoples of the North).

An Ostiak man with some Samoyed admixture; the hair is brown, the eyes mixed, the face freckled. In addition to the Ladogan element seen in the first two, this individual probably contains some evolved mongoloid admixture.
FIG. 4 (3 views, Institute of Peoples of the North).

A Vogul man; showing more evidence of mongoloid admixture than the above. It must be emphasized that nearly all of the mongoloid racial factors possessed by the Ugrian speakers resident in Siberia were acquired after their shift of territory from European Russia to Asia.

Mongoloid Influences in Eastern Europe
and in Turkestan

The invasions of mongoloid peoples from central Asia during the millennium from about 400 to 1400 A.D. caused the settlement of some Mongols proper (Kalmucks) near the mouth of the Volga, and the partial Mongolizing of some Finnic tribes, especially those which adopted Turkish speech. In Russian Turkestan erstwhile white populations became Mongolized in varying degrees.
FIG. 1 (2 views, photo B. N. Vishnevsky).

This deeply brunet Chuvash, a member of a tribe of Turkicized Finns in what is now the Chuvash Republic of eastern Russia, represents, in his facial features, either a pronounced early Ladogan prototype, or Mongol admixture, or both.
FIG. 2 (1 view, photo B. N. Vishnevsky).

A lighter-skinned, less mongoloid Chuvash. The median eyefold and snubbed nasal tip, with laterally oriented nostril axes, are Ladogan rather than mongoloid.
FIG. 3 (3 views, photo J. Wastl, Archiv für Rassenimages, Bildaufsatz 2, Archivkarte 11, 1926. Herausgeber E. von Eickstedt, J. F. Lehmans Verlag, München).

A Bashkir member of another tribe of Turkicized Finns living in the Kazan district and the southern Urals. This individual is almost completely mongoloid in the central Asiatic sense.
FIG. 4 (2 views, photo Gordon T. Bowles).

An Uzbeg from Russian Turkestan. The Uzbegs are Turkish-speaking inhabitants of the central Asiatic khanates, of mixed origin. This individual shows a partially mongoloid condition usual among these people.
FIG. 5 (1 view, photo B. N. Vishnevsky).

A Tajik from Russian Turkestan; the Tajiks are Iranian-speaking farmers inhabiting the oases of some of the khanates, and the Pamir mountains to the south. While characteristically European in race, a few of the Tajiks show evidences of mongoloid admixture.
FIG. 6 (3 views, photo B. N. Vishnevsky).

An Arabic-speaking native of Russian Turkestan. The remnants of the Arab invasions of the Middle Ages have been mostly absorbed by the Uzbegs, and those who retain their Semitic idiom have been in most cases racially altered. The old man shown here represents a common type in Turkestan regardless of speech or ethnic affiliation; a mixture between a mongoloid and a long-faced local Mediterranean strain, giving a pseudo-Armenoid appearance. Note the long, straight, coarse beard, a common feature among individuals of this type, which von Eickstedt calls Turanid.

Brünn Survivors in Scandinavia

During the Late Pleistocene age, the post-glacial Mesolithic cultural period, descendants of Upper Palaeolithic hunters lived in North Africa, in most of Europe, and in western Siberia, where some of them merged into the ancestors of the mongoloid group of humanity. Even during the Upper Palaeolithic cultural period in western Europe, some of the hunting peoples showed incipiently mongoloid racial tendencies. Among the living descendants of these hunters, these tendencies are more common in the eastern groups than among those living in the west.
Aside from the Ainu, the Lapps represent the easternmost in locus of development of the basically white hunting groups which survived, and the only one which retained a non-agricultural economy until modern times. Their present location in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula is probably recent, and their area of differentiation is believed to have been situated in the neighborhood of the Urals.
All Upper Palaeolithic survivors may be divided into two general groups (a) those who have been subjected to reduction in head size and bodily bulk, and who, have been partially foetalized in the course of the same process; and (b) those who retain the head size, bodily bulk, and masculinity of features characterstic of the Pleistocene hunters. Most of the latter group are to be found in northwestern Europe. Dolichocephalic individuals who recapitulate the metrical and morphological qualities of the Crô-Magnon and Brünn-Předmost Aurignacian people are commonest in Scandinavia and in Ireland. In Scandinavia they are found concentrated along the southern Swedish coast in the neighborhood of Göteborg, and in the mountains of southwestern Norway.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Swede from Trollhatton, southern Sweden. This man is both tall and heavy; of lateral bodily build. His head is of prodigious length, his face nearly as wide as his cranial vault; all dimensions of the face are great, especially the width of the mandible; the distance between the eyes, and the heaviness of the browridges, are likewise remarkable. This individual recapitulates, as closely probably as any other living human being, the physical type of many of the hunters who lived in western and central Europe during the Laufen Interglacial and the last advance of the ice. Note that in his case, as with most of his type, only a partial degree of blondism is present.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

Another Swede, in this case from Göteborg, a slightly less extreme example of the same type. Swedes of this type are habitually found in association with the sea. Both of these individuals, as well as Fig. 4, were measured and photographed in a Boston shipyard.
FIG. 3 (3 views, from Alette Schreiner, Anthropologische Lokaluntersuchungen in Norge; Valle, Halandsdal, und Eidfjord. Oslo, 1930. #113).

This Norwegian from the isolated mountain settlement of Valle in southwestern Norway represents the same basic type as the two men above; his face and mandible, however; are narrower; and his hair ash blond; admixture with Nordics is indicated.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

The same conclusion is suggested in reference to this extremely long-faced and golden-haired Swede from Helsingborg. He is, however, much larger in head and face size, much heavier in body build, and heavier in the facial skeleton than any Nordic. The predominant strain is Upper Palaeolithic.

Borreby Survivors in the North

In the same districts of southern Sweden where Brünn survivors are found, and across the Skaggerrak in Jutland, are found brachycephalic Upper Palaeolithic survivors, equally unreduced in head and body size, equally if not more lateral in bodily build.
The ancestors of, these people arrived on the western Baltic shores during the Late Mesolithic. Other colonies of them are to be found in the coastal districts of southwestern Norway, and they form an element of primary importance in the population of Germany. In general, their present distribution is wider than that of their dolichocephalic counterparts.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Dane from Jutland, very tall, heavy, lateral in build, with an enormous head and an extremely wide face. This individual is as exaggerated an example of the Borreby race as is #1 of the preceding plate of the Brünn race.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Swede from Göteborg, representing more nearly the mean of the Borreby race as it is found today. Both this man and #1 are golden blond in hair color; the Borreby group seems to run lighter-haired than the Brünn.
FIG. 3 (2 views, Bryn and Schreiner; Die Somatologie der Norweger, Table 44, Fig. 121).

This individual, while less brachycephalic than many of his compatriots, especially those in the Jaeren district, shows an essential affiliation to the Borreby race. The apparent facial flatness and the formation of the region of the nasal tip and the upper lip look "Irish"; this is an Upper Palaeolithic facial condition common both to Scandinavians and to British of Upper Palaeolithic type.
FIG. 4 (1 view, Gudmundur Kamban, author of I See a Wondrous Land, G. P. Putnam & Sons, N. Y.).

A prominent Icelandic author, who presents the same facial features and belongs to the general Borreby racial type. Iceland was settled mainly from the coastal regions of Norway in which the Borreby race is prevalent; an important Irish increment may have added a similar racial element.
FIG. 5 (3 views).

A Finnish example of the Borreby race. This Finn is more brachycephalic than most Borreby men; however his lateral bodily build, and his extreme breadth of face and mandible show that he is a trans-Baltic member.

Borreby Men in Germany and Elsewhere

The Borreby race was a relatively late Mesolithic arrival in Scadinavia; its earlier seat was central Germany, with ramifications both to the east and the west. Today it is probably the one most important racial element in much of northern and central Germany, with wide ramifications elsewhere. Its German form is, however, seldom as exaggerated as that in the north. In this sense it is partly transitional to the Alpine race on the one hand, and to the Ladogan on the other.
FIG. 1 (2 views, Sailer, K., "Die Fehmaraner ," Deutsche Rassenkunde, vol. 4, 1930, Tafel 41, #H-l1, #2193).

A concentration of a specialized and exaggerated Borreby type or types is found on the island of Fehmaran, between the Danish Archipelago and Germany. The individual shown has especially heavy browridges and a great nasion depression. Others are often rounder-faced and usually show less exaggerated facial profiles. The browridges on this individual recall Upper Palaeolithic prototypes.

FIG. 2 (1 view, C. W. Dupertuis, Century of Progress).

A German Borreby type with the excessive head breadth of 175 mm., which must be one of the widest non-deformed head breadths ever measured. This width is greater than the lengths of some heads shown in this section.

FIG. 3 (3 views).

A characteristic West-German Borreby type, from Stuttgart. The southwest-German Borreby nucleus has mixed with all invaders from the initial Neolithic onwards. It was with Borreby people from this region that the Bell-Beaker Folk mixed, before their invasion of Britain in the Early Bronze Age.

FIG. 4 (3 views).

A metrically typical Borreby specimen, a White Russian from the region of Vilna. The presence of this type to the southeast of the Baltic establishes its continuity between Germany and Finland.
FIG. 5 (3 views).

A North Italian from Lombardy, who, although brunet in hair color, conforms metrically and morphologically to the Borreby standard. He comes from typically Alpine and Dinaric territory.

East Baltics

The term East Baltic is properly applicable to a racial type of composite nature, found chiefly in northeastern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States, and Finland, although it also occurs sporadically in Sweden and elsewhere. It is a partially reduced Borreby derivative, with Ladogan and Nordic admixture.
FIG. 1 (2 views, Wide World photos).

Field Marshal von Hindenburg, a native of East Prussia, and a classic example of the East Baltic racial type, to which many Prussians of the land-owning Junker class belong.
FIG. 2 (1 view, Pix Publications, Inc.).

Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg, a successor of von Hindenburg, derived from the same ethnic source and a member of the same racial category.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A Pole from Grodno. This individual approaches Borreby dimensions in the cranial vault.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Lithuanian from the region of Vilna, who shows the Ladogan affiliation of this type clearly.

FIG. 5 (3 views).

A Finn from Tampere, Tavastehus. This man seems to show more evidence of Nordic influence than the others. As these pictures show, the East Baltic is not a stable or a basic racial type, but a variable blend.

Carpathian and Balkan Borreby-like Types

Evidence of the survival of an extremely tall, brachycephalized, Upper Palaeolithic stock is found to a lesser extent in the Carpathians; and to a greater, in the nucleus of the Dinaric Alpine region, from Bosnia to northern Albania, and centered in Montenegro. Although the presence of these nuclei cannot now be fully explained, it seems probable that they represent local survivals and reëmergences of relatively unreduced Upper Palaeolithic populations. The Montenegrins are the tallest people in Europe; their tallness does not, however, imply a thin or linear build; their bodies are frequently thick-set, lateral in constitutional type.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Carpatho-Russian, or Ruthenian, from the Polish Carpathians. His tall stature, heavy bony structure, large face, etc., point to a basic relationship with the unreduced Upper Palaeolithic survivors of the northwest.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Montenegrin of aristocratic lineage; in the main an oversized, Upper Palaeolithic survivor, but brunet in pigmentation, like many of the Serbs to whom the Montenegrins are closely related, and who do not, as a rule, possess the over-sized characters of their mountain kinsmen.
FIG. 3 (2 views, R. W. Ehrich photo).

A blond Montenegrin with extreme width of the cranial vault and mandible.
FIG. 4 (1 view).

An Albanian from Malsia ë Madhë, near the Montenegrin border.
FIG. 5 (2 views).

An Albanian from the clan of Shoshi in the isolated mountain tribe of Dukagin. This man is a blond giant with a broad, heavy-boned body; his face is shorter than the width of his mandible. The unreduced Upper Palaeolithic character of the local mountain type is clearly seen in this individual.
FIG. 6 (1 view).

A tall, portly man from Malsia ë Madhë; his facial features show an approach to those of the smaller, less rugged form of the Alpine race, which is particularly strong in southern Albania.

Upper Palaeolithic Survivals in Ireland

Ireland was first settled in the post-glacial Mesolithic by people of Upper Palaeolithic type coming overland from Scotland. The Mesolithic cultural period was long and full in Ireland, and the subsequent invaders of this westernmost fringe of Europe have been unable to effect a genetic displacement of the strain introduced by the earliest human occupants. This strain has undergone an evolution of its own in Ireland, as the presence side by side of individuals showing various stages and types of change will make clear.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

County Cork. A man of medium stature but great body size, massive bony structure and heavy musculature; a large head, heavy brows, deep, wide mandible and projecting chin. This individual is a close Irish approximation to the Brünn race of Scandinavia. His golden hair is curly; curly hair is a local specialty of the Irish Upper Palaeolithic group. It is also, however, occasionally found among Lapps and Finns.
FIG. 2 (2 views, photo C. W. Dupertuis).

County Clare. Cork, Kerry, and Clare are the three Irish counties in which unreduced Palaeolithic survivors form the major element in the population. This large individual has ahead of full Brünn-Borreby size dimensions, but one that is intermediate between the two Scandinavian types in form. This is typical of the Irish Palaeolithic group, which is characteristically mesocephalic or sub-brachycephalic and forms a single unit in this respect. The individual depicted possesses a mandible of extreme width, comparable to the widest in Scandinavia. Note that the hair is red and the complexion florid; rufosity is closely linked to Upper Palaeolithic survival in Ireland.
FIG. 3 (1 view, photo C. W. Dupertuis).

Another Clare man of similar type but less extreme dimensions. This type of Irishman is very common in America.
FIG. 4 (2 views, photo C. W. Dupertuis).

An Irishman from Leitrim, whose facial features are typically Irish, and yet who approximates a Nordic form in most anthropometric dimensions. There may well have been Nordic mixture involved in the production of this type, taking the form of a simple reduction in lateral size dimensions. In any case the facial features are of pure Upper Palaeolithic inspiration.
FIG. 5 (1 view).

A Finn from Vasa (S. Ostrobothnia), who is anthropometrically and morphologically very close to the Irishman from Leitrim. The same curly hair, and the same conformation of the forehead, lips, and nose have produced a striking similarity. This and other evidence indicate that features which in Finns are often popularly supposed to be mongoloid are actually of European Upper Palaeolithic inspiration.
FIG. 6 (2 views, photo C. W. Dupertuis).

A small-headed, absolutely short-headed and snub-nosed youth from County Longford. This individual serves as an excellent example of the extreme in size reduction and in partial foetalization which has taken place in some Irish Upper Palaeolithic survivors, comparable and parallel to the development of the Alpine race on the Continent.
FIG. 7 (1 view).

County Cork. An example of notable facial and alveolar prognathism in the case of a dark-haired, light-eyed Irishman. This feature is commoner with Irish of a tall Mediterranean type than with the Upper Palaeolithic strain proper.

Upper Palaeolithic Survivals in Morocco

During the Late Pleistocene North Africa was inhabited by the Afalou men, a race of tall, large-headed, heavy-boned, people with exaggeratedly rugged cranial and facial features comparable to those of the Crô-Magnon-Brünn group in Europe. This Afalou race bore with it a tendency to brachycephaly. In post-glacial time North Africa has been a highroad of invasion, from the eastern Mediterranean to Europe, and the survivors of those Afalou people who remained are to be found mostly in two refuge areas, the Moroccan Rif and the Canary Islands. Here only the Riffian group will be depicted. In the Rif, besides more numerous Mediterraneans, Nordics, and mixed types, the Afalou strain has survived or reëmerged in recognizable form, and may be seen to have gone through an evolution parallel to that of European Upper Palaeolithic survivors in Ireland and on the continent of Europe. As in Europe, these survivors are often blond; as in Ireland, frequently rufous.
FIG. 1 (2 views).

A sheikh of Targuist. Blond, metrically comparable to the Nordics, as in the case of the Irishman in FIG. 4 of the preceding plate, but in the same sense un-Nordic in facial features; probably Nordic mixture is partly responsible.
FIG. 2 (2 views).

A larger-headed, mesocephalic example of the same type, comparable in features to Northwest Europeans with Borreby blood; like the first example and wholly unlike the Nordic and Mediterranean strains in the Rif, this individual is lateral in constitutional type; heavy boned, and heavily muscled. This man is a fkih (schoolmaster and leader of the mosque) in the Riffian tribe of Bern Ulishk.
FIG. 3 (2 views).

The kaid or governor of the tribe of Targuist. For some unknown reason Riffians who hold public office usually belong to this physical type. The kaid is rufous, and like many Riffians, could pass for an Irishman if differently clothed and coiffured.
FIG. 4 (2 views).

A very blond youth from the Senhajan tribe of Ktama, the most isolated spot in northern Morocco. Facially he resembles a southern Swede; closely similar individuals have been observed in the Canary Islands. The dimensions of his head are small, however; he must be regarded as a mesocephalic, cranially reduced type similar to the Irishman on plate 9, Fig. 6.
FIG. 5 (2 views).

A highland Beni Urriaghel Riffian; short-statured, laterally built, rufous; with a snub nose and short face; a reduced mesocephalic Afalou type.
FIG. 6 (1 view).

A kaid of Taghzuth, a small tribe of Senhajan craftsmen located in the high mountain forest immediately west of the Rif. Rufous and exaggeratedly "Irish" in facial features.

FIG. 7 (1 view).

An old Riffian warrior, one of the Ulad Abd el Mumen clan in the Vale of Iherrushen, Gzennaya. Although indistinguishable metrically from many tall Mediterraneans, this individual possesses morphological features in the region of the eyes, nose, mouth, and jaw, which are clearly of Afalou inspiration, and which give him an "Irish" look.

The Alpine Race in Germany

The Alpine race is a reduced Upper Palaeolithic survivor; Alpines are as a rule of but medium stature, and lateral in bodily build; their heads of moderate size and globular; their faces characteristically round and their facial features slightly infantile. Their pigmentation ranges from blond to brunet, but is usually intermediate. The Alpines represent a reëmergence of a brachycephalized and partially foetalized Palaeolithic survival in the central highland and forest zone of Europe and Asia, all the way from the Pyrenees to the Pamirs. Alpines are at the root of all or nearly all the brachycephalic racial types throughout this entire expanse of territory. The Alpine territorial distribution is not the result of an invasion or expansion, but of a parallel set of emergences. In Europe, southern Germany is the seat of one of the greatest Alpine concentrations in the continent. The best place in the world to find Alpines is in a Bavarian restaurant; that is where all four individuals on this plate were photographed and measured.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A metrically and morphologically perfect Alpine, from Brandenburg.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A tall, curly-haired, and portly Alpine from the Hirschenberg, near Miesbach, Upper Bavaria; this individual might be considered the quintessence of a Bavarian.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

An Alpine from the Black Forest, Baden.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

An Alpine from the Spreewald, of German, not Wendish, origin. The low brachycephalic index, and the relative fineness of the facial features indicate a tendency in a Nordic direction.

The Alpine Race in Western
and Central Europe

FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Basque from Vizcaya, Spain. This blond Basque was rufous and freckled in childhood; his curly hair and facial features give him an Irish appearance. Nevertheless his general racial classification is with the Alpine group. This is an uncommon type for a Basque, since most of them are Atlanto-Mediterraneans and Dinarics.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A perfect example of a French Alpine. This individual is a Parisian, but his mother came from the Pyrenees.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A Ladin-speaking Swiss from the Canton of Ticino (Tessin). A fully brunet Alpine, typical of southeastern Switzerland and northern Italy.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Czech from Bohemia, Alpine morphologically but not as brachycephalic as the Alpine mean.

Aberrant Alpine Forms in Western
and Central Europe

FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Scotsman from Aberdeen, with blue eyes and dark brown hair. This brachycephalic Aberdonian is Alpine in head form and in most facial features; the length of the face and of the nose, however, are aberrant and point to non-Alpine influences. The predominant Alpine element present in this individual is presumably that which entered Scotland from the Continent during the Bronze Age with the Short Cist People. Other brachycephalic Scotsmen sometimes show Borreby features.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Frenchman from the Limousin region; father from the Dordogne, mother from Limoges. The sloping forehead and prominent nasal profile of this individual, as well as his long face and wide jaw, indicate non-Alpine influences; he presumably carries a strain of the large-headed early Mediterranean or Upper Palaeolithic element prevalent in this part of France and first noticed by Ripley.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A Frenchman from Doubs, in Burgundy. This large-headed and relatively tall northeastern Frenchman represents the local brachycephalic type differentiated from the south central French Alpines largely by stature and pigmentation.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Walloon, born in France, whose parents were from Ghent. Large-headed, not excessively brachycephalic, this individual is typical of the Walloon-speaking population of the hilly southeastern half of Belgium.

Alpines from Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe

East of Bavaria, Bohemia, and Switzerland, typical Alpines are relatively rare until one reaches southern Albania and Greece; their northeastern limit of frequency is the Carpathians, and between the Carpathians and the Adriatic, they are usually found ina hybridized (Dinaricized) form.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

Magyar from Pecas, Hungary. This tall Alpine from Hungary is, except for his stature, as perfect an example of the Alpine race as could be found; he may be compared to the Alpines on Plate 11, from Germany. Hungary is ethnically a composite nation, and this individual's family has traditions of both French and German admixture.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

Ukranian from Novograd Bolynsk, in the Volhyn District. Like many Volhynians, this individual is predominantly Alpine, although he shows evidence of Atlanto-Mediterranean or Nordic admixture, or both. The Volhyn constitutes in part an Alpine sub-nucleus to the northeast of the Carpathians.
FIG. 3 (2 views, photo Marion Lambert).

A Tosc from Katundi, southern Albania. This man is as perfect an Alpine as the Hungarian on the preceding plate, the Frenchman on Plate 12, Fig. 2, or the Germans on Plate 11. Southern Albania forms an Alpine nucleus comparable to that in south central France or Bavaria.
FIG. 4 (1 view).

Another Alpine Tosc; in this case from Gjirokaster, in the extreme southwest of Albania, bordering on Epirus.
FIG. 5 (3 views).

A Greek from Sparta. The Alpine strain of southern Albania extends down through western Greece into the Peloponnesus. In Greece it is frequently blended with a local tall Mediterranean strain.

Asiatic Alpines

The Alpine race is as important in the mountain zone from Syria to the Pamirs as it is in the corresponding portion of Europe. Both anthropometrically and morphologically, the European and Asiatic Alpines are essentially identical. Furthermore, when not too strongly altered by mixture with other stocks, the Asiatic Alpines tend to an intermediate pigment condition comparable to that of their European counterparts.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Syrian Alpine from Damascus. This man is typically Alpine, except perhaps for his rather extreme face length.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Druze from Shuf, southern Syria. This man is in all respects an excellent Alpine. The Druze, followers of a secret religion based on the schismatic teachings of the Khalifa Hakim of the Mediaeval Fatimid Dynasty, claim to be descended from immigrants who moved from Yemen to Syria in the sixth century A.D. Although this tradition may be accurate, nevertheless the majority of the Druzes today are brachycephalic, and show a predominance of Alpine facial characters, which could only have had a local origin.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

An Armenian from Cilicia, Asia Minor. The Armenians, for the most part Dinaricized, include in their ranks a minority of individuals who represent, as does this man, the Alpine prototype of the Asia Minor brachycephals.
FIG. 4 (1 view, photo B. N. Vishnevsky).

An Iranian speaker from Russian Turkestan; a good example of a central Asiatic Alpine.
FIG. 5 (1 view, photo B. N. Vishnevsky).

A Mountain Tajik from the Pamirs. The Tajiks are basically Alpine, and resemble the south-central French closely in an anthropometric sense. They form the last major outpost of the Alpine race to the East, as far as we know at present.
FIG. 6 (1 view, from a tempera painting by the artist Iacovleff, from his album Peintures d'Asie, Paris, 1935, permission Mme. Iacovleff).

An Alpine-looking Hunza from the Hunza valley above Gilgit, in the Himalayas. The western Himalayas, from Kafiristan over into Tibet, are proving to be a refuge area of the greatest importance, with interesting racial as well as cultural implications. Nordics, various varieties of Mediterraneans, as well as Alpines and other strains are apparently preserved in the inaccessible valleys of this territory.

The Mediterranean Race in Arabia

The Mediterranean race, in the widest sense, is one of the two basic divisions of the white stock. Although varying greatly in stature, different varieties of Mediterraneans do not, as types, attain the bulk, either in head or body size, of the unreduced Upper Palaeolithic group; tall Mediterraneans, whether or not depigmented (partially depigmented Mediterraneans are Nordics) are usually slender. Small or moderate statured Mediterraneans are as a rule less lateral in build than reduced Upper Palaeolithic survivors.
The homeland of the Mediterranean race appears to lie somewhere between East Africa and the Mediterranean, between the Indian Ocean and the Caspian Sea, and between the Egyptian Delta and India. Arabia is centrally located within this general territory, and the parts of Arabia lying west and north of the Ruba' el Khali desert seem to be basic Mediterranean territory.
FIG. 1 (2 views).

A youthful Yemeni from the desert-border tribe of Hadha. Facially he is a perfect example of a refined Mediterranean type; his head length is a little short, his stature a little tall, for the mean. He is a brunet-white in unexposed skin color, brunet in hair and eye color; narrower-faced than any of the Upper Palaeolithic survivors, reduced or unreduced, whom we have seen in the preceding plates. His forehead and jaw are both consistently narrow. It is a characteristic of the Mediterranean race, as of this individual, that the upper face height and nose height are great, no matter how small the other dimensions. Imagine this individual pink-skinned, blue-eyed, and blond-haired, and you will have a close approximation to a Nordic. There is no essential difference between the two races other than pigmentation. Both, however, are separated by a wide racial gap from the Upper Palaeolithic group.
FIG. 2 (2 views).

Another Yemeni highlander, in this case from the escarpment tribe of Beni Madhar. This man is shorter in stature, and much longer-headed. He is mixed in eye color; some 25 per cent of all pure brunet Mediterranean groups possess a trace of incipient blondism. The cranial and facial dimensions of this individual resemble those of the larger, Atlanto-Mediterranean strain as found in western Europe and North Africa. In Arabia the two are not clearly differentiated.
FIG. 3 (2 views).

A Yemeni soldier from the tribe of Khaulan, which goes back historically to Sabaean times. Metrically a perfect Mediterranean central type, this individual possesses a thin, aquiline nose of a type found frequently but by no means exclusively among Arabs.
FIG. 4 (2 views, photo Henry Field. Courtesy of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago).

A Ruwalla Bedawin, a member of an aristocratic tribe of camel breeders who inhabit the Syrian desert. The Ruwalla, more brunet than the Yemenis, resemble them closely in most respects.
FIG. 5 (2 views, photo Henry Field. Courtesy of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago).

A Solubbi; member of a small group of desert wanderers and outcasts who inhabit the North Arabian desert, travelling in small family groups and serving as hunters and tinkers for the Bedawin. They are the purest Mediterraneans in northern Arabia, and probably represent an extremely ancient element in the North Arabian population. This Solubbi may be considered a classical Mediterranean.
FIG. 6 (2 views, photo Henry Field. From Field, Henry, Arabs of Central Iraq, Anth. Mem. of the Field Museum of Natural History, vol. 4, 1935, Plate LXXX).

A tall Mediterranean from Iraq. The Iraqians, who are apparently direct and unaltered descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians, are Mediterraneans. They are, however, on the whole taller, darker-skinned, longer-faced, and straighter-haired than the Arabs.

Long-faced Mediterraneans of the Western Asiatic Highlands

In the highland zone of western Asia, aside from the Alpine rëemergences already studied, the most important racial type is a moderately tall to tall, slender, brunet Mediterranean type characterized especially by a great length of the face and nose. In Syria and Anatolia, as in Armenia and the Caucasus, this type occurs sporadically in the midst of Alpines and, more commonly, of Alpine-Mediterranean hybrids; in Iran and Afghanistan the dolichocephalic strain or strains are numerically predominant.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Turk from Kharput, eastern Turkey. This moderately tall, brunet Mediterranean Turk is remarkable for his considerable head length, and especially for the great height of his upper face and nose. The original Seljuks and Osmanlis who invaded Asia Minor and founded the Turkish Empire probably were men of this same general physical type. Like the Finns, the Turks never were, in all likelihood mongoloid.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Syrian from Kfar 'Akal, who, although slightly brachycephalized by the prevailing head form of Syria, still retains the essential features of the long-faced, long-nosed Mediterranean prototype of this region.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A dolichocephalic Armenian from Kharput. Dolichocephalic Armenians are rare; this individual appears to be a perfect example of the tall, long-headed, and long-faced Mediterranean prototype which, brachycephalized by Alpine admixture, is at the basis of the Armenian population.
FIG. 4 (2 views, Photo Wm. M. Shanklin).

A Cherkess (Circassian) from the northwestern Caucasus. The Caucasic peoples include in their racial repertoire a strong brunet Mediterranean element of the type shown above; this is especially prevalent among the Cherkesses, of whom this individual apparently forms a good example. One cannot be sure, however, in view of his kalpak, that he has not been partly brachycephalized.
FIG. 5 (1 view, tempera painting by Iacovleff).

This magnificent head by Iacovleff illustrates an extreme example of the long-faced Mediterranean type characteristic of the Turkomans, who inhabit, besides the plains of Turkestan, some of the mountain districts of northern Iran and Afghanistan.

Long-faced Mediterraneans of the Western Asiatic Highlands: The Irano-Afghan Race

The individuals shown in the preceding plate might be generally classified within the Irano-Afghan branch of the Mediterranean race, the main diagnostic features of which are an extreme vault length, face height, and nose height. In many instances extreme nasal convexity and prominence, and in others an extremely high cranial vault are additional features.
FIG. 1 (2 views, photo Henry Field. Courtesy of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago).

A Lur from Luristan, Iran. This Persian tribesman shows in exaggerated degree the great nasal prominence often associated with this branch of the Mediterranean race, and endemic among many Near Eastern peoples. Not only is the nose convex and salient, but also the forehead is sloping, and the chin receding, although the mandible is deep.
FIG. 2 (1 view, tempera painting by Iacovleff).

The same racial characters, typical among Kurds, appear in this Baghdadi Kurd in less exaggerated form.
FIG. 3 (1 view, tempera painting by Iacovleff).

Although one cannot be sure of the head form of this venerable Persian official from Teheran, his facial features are characteristically Irano-Afghan.
FIG. 4 (2 views, photo Gordon T. Bowles).

A Mohmand tribesman from eastern Afghanistan. The Afridis and Mohmands of the Khyber Pass country, the traditional harriers of the Northwest Frontier Province, are of the same racial type, for the most part, as the Persians and the Afghanis. This individual might be a brother of the Luri (Fig. 1) from the opposite end of the Irano-Afghan plateau.
FIG. 5 (1 view, tempera painting by Iacovleff).

An Afghan, the "son of a nomadic chief." This youth possesses the high, narrow cranial vault common to one variety of the Irano-Afghan race.
FIG. 6 (2 views, photo Wm. M. Shanklin).

A tribesman from the desert border of northeastern Syria, this gray-bearded man possesses the high cranial vault mentioned above.
FIG. 7, (2 views, photo Gordon T. Bowles).

Closely similar to the Syrian desert border tribesman is this Afridi from eastern Afghanistan. Its high, narrow cranial vault, in combination with a great facial and nasal height, and its general cast of cranial features makes this type nearly identical with that of the Corded people who invaded Europe from the east toward the beginning of the third millennium B.C.
FIG. 8 (1 view, tempera painting by Iacovleff).

This Persian from Teheran seems to belong to the same general branch of the Irano-Afghan race as the two preceding. The great length of his nose is an attribute of senility as well as a racial character.

Gypsies, Dark-skinned Mediterraneans, and South Arabian Veddoids

The Gypsies, who are believed to have left their home in the lower Indus Valley about the turn of the present millennium, and who arrived in Europe some four centuries later, belong, when comparatively unmixed, to a dark-skinned, small-bodied racial type of general Mediterranean appearance which is common in India.
FIG. 1 (2 views, photo V. Lebzelter, from "Anthropologische Untersuchungen an serbischen Ziguenern," MAGW, vol. 52, 1922).

A nomadic Serbian Gypsy, apparently relatively pure, who shows the characteristic Gypsy combination of straight jet black hair, black eyes, and dark skin, in connection with Mediterranean facial features.
FIG. 2 (2 views).

An English Gypsy of the Cooper family, whose ancestors moved to New England a century ago. Although some of the Coopers and Stanleys are blue-eyed and show other signs of non-Gypsy mixture, this individual possesses a sallow brownish skin, straight, coarse, shiny black hair, and dark brown eyes. He is apparently a relatively pure representative of the Gypsy prototype
FIG. 3 (2 views).

Of much greater antiquity outside of India is a dark-skinned, black-eyed, and straight-haired Mediterranean type which appears with some frequency in southern Iraq and along the coasts of the Persian Gulf. This young sailor from Kuwait will serve as an example. The origin and affiliations of this type have not as yet been fully explained.
FIG. 4 (2 views).

In southern Arabia, south of the Ruba' el Khali desert, the populations consist of a Mediterranean upper stratum overlaid upon a non-white racial group whose affinities are with the Vedda of Ceylon, and the curly-haired aboriginal tribes of southern India; more remotely, it possesses strong connections with the aborigines of Australia. The individual shown in Fig. 4 is an extreme example of this Veddoid prototype. Note the great prognathism, the ringlet hair form, the extreme nasion depression, and the general form of the nose and lips. Except for his light unexposed skin color, this individual, who is quite brown where exposed, could pass for an Australian aborigine.
FIG. 5 (2 views).

A coarse type of Hadhramauti, who represents a mixture between the Veddoid element shown above and the Mediterranean race; or who might be called a less extreme example of the former.
FIG. 6 (2 views, photo Wm. M. Shanklin).

A coarse, dark-skinned type of Ruwalla Bedawi. Among the North Arabian Bedawin, besides the more delicately formed Mediterranean types already observed, occur individuals who seem to show relationships with the Veddoid element on the other side of the desert, and perhaps also with the deeply pigmented element of southern Iraq, as exemplified by Fig. 3. Tribes and populations possessing these racial elements do not possess the normal 25 per cent of incipient blondism characteristic of most Mediterranean groups.

The Negroid Periphery of the
Mediterranean Race

In the deserts and highlands of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Somalilands is found a concentration of several related Mediterranean types, mixed in varying degrees with negroes. To the west these partial whites border on Sudanese negroes; to the southwest the partially Hamitic tribes of Kenya and Uganda form an extension of the peripheral Mediterranean racial area. To the north, the Beja-Bisharin group of Hamitic-speaking nomads connect the East African Hamitic-speaking peoples with their wholly white Egyptian and Berber relatives of North Africa.
FIG. 1 (2 views).

A Somali from the tribe of Mahmud Grade, British Somaliland. This Somali represents the closest approximation to a white man found among his people. The extreme narrowness of his head and face, the straight nasal profile, and the prominence of his chin, mark him as less negroid than many of his fellows. At the same time his skin is nearly black, his hair curly but not frizzly. The type to which this Somali belongs is ancient in East Africa, as shown by the excavations of Leakey in Kenya. It is a specialized, locally differentiated Mediterranean racial form.
FIG. 2 (2 views).

Closer to the standard Mediterranean type of Arabia and North Africa is this senile Agau, a member of a fast diminishing group of Hamitic-speaking aborigines in the kingdom of Gojjam in northern Ethiopia. Although his skin is dark, his hair is nearly straight, and his measurements as well as his cranial and facial features are purely or almost purely Mediterranean. He shows no visible signs of negroid admixture, although from a purely genetic standpoint some must be present.
FIG. 3 (2 views).

This individual is a tall, slender Semitic-speaking Ethiopian from the kingdom of Shoa. Except for his hair form he is essentially white and Mediterranean. His skin is a sallow yellowish, of a hue often seen among attenuated negro-white hybrids in America.
FIG. 4 (2 views).

A Hamitic-speaking Wollega Galla, frizzly haired but otherwise not specifically negroid. There is a non-negroid brachycephalic strain in Ethiopia, with heavy browridges and a strong facial bony structure. This individualshows some traits characteristic of this element.
FIG. 5 (1 view, © Karakashian Bros. Tropical Photo Stores, Khartoum).

The Mediterranean quality found among the partly negroid Beja and Bisharin is most evident in the female sex. Their bodily build and breast form, as well as their facial features and hair form, show this especially. This Baggara woman from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is less negroid than the majority.

Mediterraneans from North Africa

FIG. 1 (2 views, photo Aleš Hrdlička. From Hrdlička, A., Anthropometric Survey of the Natives of Kharga Oasis, Egypt; MCSI, vol. 59, #1, Washington, D. C., 1912, pl. 14).

An oasis dweller from Kharga. This extremely dolichocephalic, low-vaulted, and relatively low-nosed Mediterranean sub-type is typical of the inhabitants of the oases of the Libyan desert, in Siwa and Awjla, where Berber is spoken, as well as in Arabic-speaking Kharga.
FIG. 2 (2 views, photo N. Puccioni, Puccioni, N., Anthropometria delle Genti della Cirenaica, Firenze, 1936, Tab. XVI, #277).

A tall, slender North African Arab from the tribe of el Hasa in Cyrenaica. The narrow, prominent nose, the sloping forehead, and the protruding occiput are features typical of the nomadic Arabs of North Africa from Cyrenaica to the Atlantic.
FIG. 3 (2 views, from Zeltner, F. de, "A Propos des Touareg du Sud," RA, vol. 25, 1915, p. 172; Fig. 3 from original blocks).

A young Bourzeinat Tuareg, from the region of Timbuctu; this southern Tuareg shows clearly the Mediterranean character of this Saharan Berber people. Pictures of unveiled Tuareg men are very rare.
FIG. 4 (2 views, photo H. H. Kidder).

A moderately tall, long-faced Algerian Kabyle.
FIG. 5 (2 views).

A small Mediterranean who may be taken as a type example of this race in its North African form. This individual is a Shluh Berber from the Sous, southern Morocco.
FIG. 6 (2 views).

An equally standardized Mediterranean from the Riffian coastal tribe of Beni Itteft, northern Morocco. These two individuals may be considered representatives of the Mediterranean invaders who entered western Europe over Gibraltar in the Neolithic.

Small Mediterraneans of Southern Europe

The earliest Neolithic invaders of the southern fringe of Europe were brunet Mediterraneans of small to moderate stature and moderate head size. Unaltered representatives of this type or group of types may be found today from Crete to Portugal.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A native of Crete, a perfect representative of the small Mediterranean race, similar metrically to the Mediterranean Yemenite Arabs shown on Plate 16, and identical, as nearly as can be determined, with the mean type of Cretans in Minoan times.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

An equally typical example of the same racial strain, from the region of Naples in Italy. The only aberrant feature of this individual is his blue eyes.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A Mediterranean Spaniard; his father is a Galician, his mother a Cuban of unmixed Spanish descent.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A very dark-skinned, large-headed mesocephalic Mediterranean from Beira Alta in Portugal, with heavy beard and body hair. Many of the Portugese belong to this more robust Mediterranean sub-variety, which is also common in southern Italy, and may have been one of the earliest Mediterranean elements to arrive in southwestern Europe.

Atlanto-Mediterraneans from
Southwestern Europe

Toward the end of the Neolithic period, the western Mediterranean countries were invaded by seafarers of a tall, exceptionally long-headed Mediterranean variety; some of these invaders passed through the Straits of Gibraltar, whence they also invaded the British Isles and Scandinavia. The accompanying pictures show modern derivatives of this sea-borne type.

FIG. 1 (3 views).

A north Italian from Villa Romagno, Piedmont, near Genoa.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Frenchman from the Midi, a native of Toulouse. The Atlanto-Mediterranean race is an important element in the south of France, but is most frequently partially or wholly brachycephalized by Alpine admixture, of which this individual shows no evidence.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A metrically and morphologically perfect example of the late Neolithic Megalithic or Long Barrow race, the modern Atlanto-Mediterranean, from Azer in Portugal.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A dolichocephalic Spanish Basque from Sexto in the Basque Province. Like many Basques, he is extremely leptorrhine, narrow-jawed, and blue-eyed.

Blue-eyed Atlanto-Mediterraneans

As was seen in the case of the Basque on Plate 23, there is a tendency in the tall, extremely long-headed Atlanto-Mediterranean race toward a combination of black or dark brown hair and blue eyes. The four men shown on this plate all possess this same pigment combination, all are 170 cm. or over in stature, have head lengths well over 200 mm., and form a unit in regard to general anthropometric and morphological position. All come from regions near the sea, and touched by Megalithic navigators.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Sicilian from Messina. Aberrant in respect to an excessive mandible width, but otherwise typical.

FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Spaniard from Vigo, northwestern Spain.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A black-haired Irishman from County Donegal. The Neolithic invaders of Ireland were apparently all or nearly all of this tall, sea-borne Mediterranean variety. This individual is aberrant in head breadth, but otherwise typical.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Scotsman from Ayrshire. An excellent example of the British Long Barrow type and a direct Neolithic survival.

The Mediterranean Reëmergence
in Great Britain

The Atlanto-Mediterraneans were not the only members of the Mediterranean stock to invade Great Britain; smaller Mediterraneans are commonest in Wales and in the former Cymric territory which stretches from the Midlands to Glasgow. With the rise of the industrial revolution, the population increased greatly in these two last named regions, which became the most heavily industrialized areas in Britain; hence the Mediterranean increment in the British population has risen during the last century and a half.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Lancastrian from Blackburn, a slender, delicaltely built Mediterranean with an extremely narrow nose and mandible. He represents a characteristic Midlands type.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A metrically similar New Englander from a Massachusetts coastal city, of Colonial Yankee lineage. He represents, a reëmergence or survival within the New England stock of the same British Mediterranean element.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A Welshman from the neighborhood of Cardiff. An absolutely great head length, a heavier facial structure, and a less leptorrhine nose form indicate a different Mediterranean sub-type from the two above.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Mediterranean Scotsman from Paisley; typical of the industrial population of the Glasgow district.

The Pontic Mediterraneans

Along the northern and western shores of the Black Sea are found, among other populations, brunet Mediterraneans of a generalized type, called Pontic by the Russian anthropologists, who are usually of medium to tall stature and who seem related on the one hand to the Atlanto-Mediterraneans and on the other to the long-faced Mediterranean prototype of Asia Minor and the Caucasus. Inland from the Black Sea shores they are found sporadically in Russia, Poland, and the countries along the upper course of the Danube. They also seem to form an early population level in Serbia and Albania. Their precise archaeological history has not yet been traced, and their relationship to the Danubian invaders of central Europe at the beginning of the local Neolithic is unknown. They do not, however, conform closely to the physical type of the early Danubians as known to us by a small series of skeletal remains. Much more work needs to be done in southeastern Europe before their historical position and relationships can be established.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Bulgarian from Chepelare. An excellent example of the Pontic Mediterranean type, except for an unusually small cranial vault. In Bulgaria this Mediterranean type seems actually in the majority.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

Photo F. I. Rainer, from Rainer, F. I. Récherches Anthropologiques dans Trois Villages Carpathiennes, Bucharest, 1937, Plate II, #3.) A Moldavian farmer This Mediterranean type is common in Rumania on the plains of Moldavia and Wallachia, as well as in Bulgaria, but is largely replaced by brachycephalic forms in the Carpathians.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

This man, who is an excellent example of the type in question, comes from the region of Vilna, and has a Lithuanian father and a Polish mother. He is said to resemble his mother's family. This type is recognized by Polish anthropologists as an element in the population of their country, and is designated by them as Mediterranean.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Czech of Pontic Mediterranean affiliation, unusual in a population which is for the most part brachycephalic. Bohemia is nearly the last outpost of this type to the west; a few, however, occur in Bavaria.

The Nordic Race: Examples of Corded Predominance

The Nordic race is a partially depigmented branch of the greater Mediterranean racial stock. It is probably a composite race made up of two or more basic Mediterranean strains, depigmented separately or in conjunction by a progressive evolutionary process. As has been demonstrated on plates 9 and 10, it is impossible, as some European anthropologists believe, to derive a Nordic directly from a dolichocephalic Upper Palaeolithic ancestor of Brünn or Crô-Magnon type. Reduction of these overgrown races produces a result which is quite un-Nordic morphologically as well as in constitutional type. It is the author's thesis that the Nordic race in Europe was caused by a blending of the early Danubian Mediterranean strain with the later Corded element. At the present time both Corded and Danubian elements may be isolated, while other Nordics preserve the blended form. Nordics in eastern Europe, Asia, and North Africa may have been formed by separate recombinations or simple depigmentations of comparable Mediterranean strains, or by invasions of these regions from an European or West Asiatic depigmentation center.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Finn of predominantly Corded type; note the ash-blond hair and grayish eyes, the great head length, and extremely low cephalic index. In head and face proportions a resemblance is seen to the Corded-like Irano-Afghan sub-type, a resemblance which is enhanced if pigmentation differences are ignored Both metrically and morphologically this individual is seen to be fully Mediterranean; there is no evidence of Upper Palaeolithic admixture.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Swede from Sonderhamn who represents the same type, and who is very similar in most dimensions. The population of most of Sweden is predominantly Nordic; typical Upper Palaeolithic survivors are numerous only along the southwestern coast.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A Nordic Dane of Jutish parentage who also shows Corded predominance. His face is of extreme length, a trait common among ancient Corded crania. This individual is the son of the classic Borreby man shown on Plate 5, Fig. 1; this is graphic evidence of the fact that ancient racial types may be repeated in toto in individuals of mixed racial ancestry. Only through the agency of such segregation is it possible to present this collection of basic European racial photographs.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

New Englander of Colonial British descent. This tall, slenderly built, ash-blond-haired Nordic is an extreme example of the Corded type which entered Britain first during the Bronze Age in conjunction with brachycephals, and later during the Iron Age as an element in the Nordic invading groups. Its presence in New England in 1938 can only be regarded as a complete reëmergence.

The Nordic Race: Examples of Danubian Predominance

In contrast to the last plate, the present one shows a series of Nordics in whom the Corded element is notably weak or absent, so that an approximation to the earlier, smaller-headed, mesocephalic Danubian strain is perhaps attained. The reason for qualification on this score is that not enough Danubian crania have been found and described to make this point certain.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Norwegian from Drommen, near Oslo. The head is absolutely of moderate size, comparable to that of small brunet Mediterranean sub-varieties; the stature and bodily bulk are also small.

FIG. 2 (3 views).

A mesocephalic Englishman from Southampton, whose small face, concave-profiled, round-tipped nasal form, and whose lack of angularity or bony extravagance in the cranial and facial skeleton, combined with a high vault, indicate a close similarity to the known skeletal remains of Neolithic Danubians.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A Galician of mixed Ukrainian and Polish parentage; an excellent example of the Danubian type, bound to the soil since the Neolithic, which has reemerged throughout the entire length of the rich agricultural plain which stretches across southern Poland and Russia, while Nordics proper have for the most part moved elsewhere.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Lithuanian, who although brachycephalic, belongs essentially to the same Danubian type.

The Nordic Race: Hallstatt and
Keltic Iron Age Types

FIG. 1 (2 views, Bryn and Schreiner, Somatologie der Norweger, Table 27, Fig. 81).

A Norwegian from Drangedal of standard, Eastern Valley type as specified in Chapter 9, section 4. This is the type associated with the Hallstatt Iron Age remains in central Europe, and which probably did not enter Scandinavia much before the middle of the first millennium B.C. It has since been largely replaced in central Europe, but has found a refuge in Sweden and in the eastern valleys of southern Norway.
FIG. 2 (2 views).

An Englishman from the neighborhood of London, who belongs to exactly the same central Nordic type. In England this type is largely of Anglo-Saxon and Danish inspiration.
FIG. 3 (2 views).

An East Anglian from Ipswich, Suffolk. More of the English belong to this locally older Keltic Iron Age type, which came from southwestern Germany with the Kelts and is differentiated by a lower cranial vault, a more sloping forehead, and greater nasal prominence. The hair color is more frequently brown than light blond.
FIG. 4 (2 views, photo C. W. Dupertuis).

The Iron Age Nordic type is particularly important in Ireland, which was never strongly invaded by Germanic-speaking Hallstatt Nordics. This individual, a man from County Clare, with his sloping forehead, aquiline nose, and brown hair, is an excellent example.
FIG. 5 (2 views, photo C. W. Dupertuis).

A special population, largely the product of isolation, has developed in the Aran Isles. Here a local Nordic type of great vault length and exceptionally low vault height, great facial and nasal length, and an excess of blue eyes and golden and red hair, has developed. The young man shown in this figure is an excellent example of this type.
FIG. 6 (2 views, photo C. W. Dupertuis).

The Aran Islander shown in this figure is relatively brunet for his group, and has the exceptionally low auricular head height of 110 mm. He illustrates the principle that the low-headed factor is borne by the least blond element in the Aran population. Note the convergent temporal planes and the cylindrical profile of the vault when seen in the front view. This feature, in less exaggerated form, is a cranial diagnostic of the Keltic Iron Age type in general.

Exotic Nordics

On this plate are shown portraits of Nordics from places distant from the present northwestern European center of Nordic concentration.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Russian of the upper class from the Kharkov Government in southeastern Russia. His home is a secondary Nordic center, and probably has been a Nordic concentration point since the days of the Scythians. Nordics are common in what used to be the upper social levels in Russia; this may be ascribed largely to the retention of an original Slavic racial condition, and partly to the infusion of Scandinaviam blood at the time of the formation of the Russian nation. Other Nordic increments may have been absorbed from both Iranians and Finns.
FIG. 2 (2 views, photo B. N. Vishnevsky).

A Chuvash from the Chuvash Republic, eastern Russia. The Chuvash, who are Tatarized Finns, include both partially mongoloid forms, as shown on Plate 3, and also Nordics and Nordic-Ladogan hybrids. The Chuvash shown here is a Nordic of a long-faced, narrow-nosed type, and his Nordic character may be either ancestrally Finnish or else derived from the Iranian and Turkish-speaking Nordics of central Asia, brought in both by Scytho-Sarmatians and by Turkish invaders.
FIG. 3 (1 view).

An Albanian Nordic from the Gheg tribe of Luma. Nordics, rare in Albania, are most frequently found in the tribe of Luma, on the northeastern Albanian border, where there are traditions of the settlement of Volkerwanderung Germans, and where early Slavic influence is strong.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Portuguese from Tras os Montes, who shows strong Nordic tendencies. Nordics occur occasionally in northern Portugal as well as in northern Spain; from the days of the Keltic migrations onward, there have been Nordic invasions and settlement in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.
FIG. 5 (2 views).

A Riffian from the coastal village of Ajdir, in the tribe of Beni Urriaghel. In pigment, in measurements, and morphologically this Riffian is as perfect a Nordic as one could find in northern Europe. Nordics are as ancient in North Africa as the Egyptian monuments of the Middle Kingdom, and perhaps older. They survive today mostly in the mountains of the Rif, but others are found in the Canary Islands, and the Djurdjura and Aures mountains of Algeria.
FIG. 6 (1 view).

A Kabyle from northern Algeria, a smaller-headed North African Nordic.

Neo-Danubians

The term Neo-Danubian has been used in this work to designate a general class of central and eastern European blond or partially blond brachycephals who seem to be derived in a racial sense from a de-Corded Nordic (and hence Danubian) prototype brachycephalized by Ladogan admixture. This type is very prevalent among modern Slavs of Poland and Russia, and also among some eastern Germans and Austrians.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A White Russian from the Minsk Government.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

An Ukrainian from the Volhyn, where this type is especially common. The form of the nasal tip and the upper lip are derived from the Ladogan prototype. These features come out as a rule more strongly among women than among the men.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A German from Saxony, where the Neo-Danubian type is more prevalent than elsewhere in Germany. Note the exceptional narrowness of the interorbital distance, combined with the lowness of the nasal root and bridge, and the extreme brachycephaly. The type represented by this individual is not an intermediate Danubian-Ladogan form, but a recombination.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A brachycephalic Austrian from the neighborhood of Linz, Upper Austria. Although definitely less Ladogan-looking than than the other individuals on this plate, this Austrian is seen, upon examination, to possess the Neo-Danubian combination of a nearly globular head form, a low nasal skeleton, a broad, elevated nasal tip, a long, convex upper lip, strong cheek furrows, and blondism. As this and the other individuals on this plate demonstrate, the Neo-Danubian is a variable racial type derived from a blending of the Danubian element in the Nordic combination with eastern European Upper Palaeolithic survivors.

Nordics Altered by Northwestern European Upper Palaeolithic Mixture: I

Throughout the northwestern European area, from the British Isles to the Baltic States, and as far south as southern Belgium, south-central Germany, and the Carpathians, the Nordic race has combined and blended profusely with various types of unreduced Upper Palaeolithic survivors. Examples of such blendings will be seen on this and the next two plates.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Norwegian from Bergen; metrically for the most part Nordic, but with a high mesocephalic head form, a high cranial vault, and Brünn- or Borreby-like suggestions in the formation of the nose and mouth. This is the type called Tronder by the Norwegian anthropologists, owing to its concentration in North and South Trondelagen, on the central Norwegian coast. An "Irish" look is often a feature of this type, showing its relationship to the Palaeolithic element in Ireland.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Bergen sea captain, of the same general type, brachycephalic owing to an increase in head breadth unaccompanied by length reduction. The Tronder type is usually higher-headed, longer-faced, less dolichocephalic, and heavier in body build and in facial features than the Eastern Valley or Hallstatt Iron Age Nordic Type.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

Trondelag-like types are by no means confined to Norway. This individual is a Lett from Kurland of predominantly Nordic affiliation, but broader-headed and less delicate of facial features than the classic Iron Age type. Nordics of this general class are common in the Baltic Republics.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Highland Scot from Morayshire; tall, large-headed,brown-haired, with an extremely long face and a high cranial vault, he represents a local North British Trondelag approximation, either through the absorption of indigenous Upper Palaeolithic elements, or through importation from Ireland with the Gaelic invasions, or from Scandinavia.

Nordics Altered by Northwestern European Upper Palaeolithic Mixture: II

FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Netherlander from Gelderland in the northern Netherlands. Gelderland and Friesland are the home of overgrown Nordics with long faces and high heads; showing both Corded and Brünn or Borreby tendencies. This individual is absolutely long-headed for a mesocephalic index, and beak-nosed, in accordance with the local type under discussion. He is, however, a relatively little altered Nordic.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Schleswig-Holsteiner from Elmshorn, on the Danish border. He is a very blond, golden-haired Nordic of relatively great body size, with all lateral dimensions of the head and face broadened by Borreby mixture; the morphological features of the head and face, however, remain essentially Nordic.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

An equally blond specimen of the same type from Hannover, made much more brachycephalic through a reduction in head length. Nordics, brachycephalized in head form and made larger and more lateral in bodily proportions through Borreby admixture, form the major element in the population of northern and central Germany.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A heavily built Galician Pole, light red haired, and brachycephalic; a Slavic counterpart of the North German type depicted above. He is basically similar to the Ruthenian mountaineer shown on Plate 8, Fig. 1, but shows a more strongly Nordic racial character.

Nordics altered by Mixture with Southwestern Borreby and Alpine Elements

In southern Netherlands and in Belgium, as well as in northern France, there is a large-headed brachycephalic element transitional between the Borreby and Alpine forms. (See Plate 13, Fig. 4.) In mixture with Nordics this produces a large-headed brachycephalic or sub-brachycephalic type of only moderate blondism and medium stature.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

Southern Netherlander from North Brabant. An excellent example of this altered Nordic type.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Fleming from West Flanders, Belgium; a light haired and equally representative example. The Flemish people incline more to the Nordic type in eastern Flanders, more to the brachycephalized variety in the west.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A German Swiss from Bern; like many of the Swiss of the Rhine drainage, he is largely Nordic slightly brachycephalized by Borreby or Alpine admixture, or both. These Swiss are more Nordic, as a whole, than the South Germans.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A northern Frenchman, whose father came from the Vosges mountains, and mother from the Department of Indre. Blond, highly brachycephalic, and Nordic in most facial features, this man represents a major element in the population of northern France. This is the type which some French authors call "Galatian." Historically the Nordic element is mainly of Keltic introduction.

The Principle of Dinaricization

From France to Macedonia, and from Istanbul to Samarkand, are found populations in which the majority of persons present a characteristic morphology of the head and face; with a brachycephalic skull, often flattish in the occipital region, the foramen magnum and auricular passages set disproportionately far to the rear, the forehead often sloping, the face frequently elongated, and the nose salient and frequently convex. People who possess these characteristics have been lumped together in one or more races; the Dinaric in Europe, the Armenoid in Asia, and the Noric to include the blond varieties. It is biologically unsound, however, to postulate any historic unity for individuals of these so-called races, since they are products not of an historical association but of a biological principle. That principle is as follows: A mixture of a Mediterranean stock with a 33 per cent, more or less, solution of Alpine may bring about a differential inheritance in the majority of the offspring; from the Alpine side is inherited brachycephaly, often greater than that of the Alpine ancestral factor; the dimensions of the pre-auricular part of the head are derived from the long-headed strain, hence the posterior position of the ear; the breadths of the median sagittal sector of the face are inherited from the narrower-faced ancestor, often in exaggerated degree, and this applies especially to the width of the upper segment of the nose and to the interorbital distance; meanwhile the face often becomes longer than in either parent stock, and the nose, in response to the shortening of the antero-posterior length of the entire head, becomes salient. This process occurs in varying degrees with individuals and with local racial entities of different origin. If the solution is saturated either with Alpines or with Mediterraneans, phenotypically pure members of whichever stock is predominant appear in considerable numbers. If the solution is correct, such apparently pure individuals still occur, but with relative infrequence. This principle, studied in this work in reference to whites, applies to hybrids of other races as well.
It may readily be seen that the Dinarics, Norics, and Armenoids have no ethnic or historic unity, but are for the most part parallel results of the same process repeated with similar materials in different places. They are related only insofar as the parent stocks are related. There is one important exception to this rule, however; during the Bronze Age Dinaricized Mediterraneans spread with the knowledge of metal from an eastern Mediterranean source to the western Mediterranean Countries, to central Europe, and to the British Isles. In this instance Dinarics of a Near Eastern variety did actually invade Europe, and their descendants may be distinguished today in countries like England where, owing to the absence of an Alpine substratum, the process of Dinaricization has not been locally at play.
In this and the following plates, an attempt will be made to illustrate degrees andtypes of Dinaricization throughout the white racial area of the Old World.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Dinaricized German from Heidelberg; although his face shows in exaggerated degree all of the criteria of Dinaricization, the great size of his cranial vault is unusual for Dinarics and implies the presence of unreduced Upper Palaeolithic factors. This individual might be called a Noric, since the Mediterranean element contained is unquestionably Nordic, and probably Nordic of the Corded variety.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Noric from Berlin; the shallow nasion depression, and the great height and salience of the nose are especially noticeable here. Norics are extremely common in eastern Germany.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A Noric Pole from Galicia. This type is characteristic of many of the southern and western Poles.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Komi or Zyrian, member of the northernmost of the East Russian Finnish tribes. This individual illustrates the essential Nordic character of the Finns, brachycephalized by some unknown agency.

European Dinarics: 1

FIG. 1 (3 views).

An Englishman from Yorkshire; an excellent example of the Dinaric seafarers who invaded Britain in the Early Bronze Age. This man may be considered a type specimen of Bell Beaker brachycephal.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A less completely Dinaricized Netherlander from North Brabant.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A Frenchman from Lyon; typical of the local Mediterranean-Alpine product in much of France, especially in the northeastern half of the Republic.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Slovak from Třsoka, Czechoslovakia. Althoughthe Czechs themselves are predominantly Alpine, the Moravians and Slovaks are frequently Dinaric. This man could easily pass for a Frenchman.

European Dinarics: II

FIG. 1 (3 views).

Another Dinaric Slovak, in this case exceptionally long-faced in a more exaggeratedly Dinaric manner.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

An Italian from the province of Ancona, northern Italy; a Dinaricized Alpine-Mediterranean combination is characteristic of most North and many central Italians.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A similar example from the province of Prozioni, central Italy. These Dinaricized Italians are frequently thick-set and stocky.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Magyar from Öši, Hungary. This Dinaricized Alpine is more typical of the Magyar people than the Ladogan prototype shown on Plate 2, or the Alpine on Plate 14.

European Dinarics: III

FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Russian nobleman of Polish and Russian descent; although highly Dinaricized, this individual possesses a mandible of exceptional width.
FIG. 2 (3 views, photo F. I. Rainer; from Rainer, F. I., Enquêtes Anthropologiques dans Trois Villages Roumains des Carpathes, Plate V-3, Fundul Moldavii #65).

A Rumanian from the Carpathian mountain village of Fundul Moldavii in the Bukovina. A classic example of an European Dinaric.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A Croatian from Istria. Aside from the Carpathians, the greatest concentration point of Dinarics proper in Europe is the mountain zone from the Tyrol to Albania. This predominantly blond Croat is an excellent example of the Dinaric population in northwestern Yugoslavia.

FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Montenegrin Dinaric. Many of the Montenegrins are very large-headed and show evidences of unreduced Palaeolithic admixture. (See Plate 8.) The present individual is typical of the more strictly Dinaric element in Montenegro; brunet, like most Serbs; and shorter-faced than other Dinarics as, for example, in Albania.

European Dinarics: IV

FIG. 1 (2 views).

A Moslem Serb from Dibra, in Old Serbia. This Serb, like most of his countrymen, is tall, brunet, rather small-headed, and brachycephalic. It would appear that a brachycephalization of the "Pontic" Mediterranean type, shown on Plate 26, is involved.
FIG. 2 (2 views).

An Albanian gendarme from Puka, in the center of the Gheg country. This individual, like many Albanians when dressed and coiffured in western European style, looks like a Frenchman.
FIG. 3 (2 views).

An exaggeratedly tall, lean, and long-faced Dinaric from Klementi, the northernmost bairak of the tribe of Malsia ë Madhë. Northern Albania is probably the most highly Dinaricized country in Europe.
FIG. 4 (2 views).

A blond Gheg from Zadrima; a classic Noric.
FIG. 5 (2 views).

An extremely Dinaricized Zadrima Gheg; this individual may be considered an example of the ultimate in Dinaricization.
FIG. 6 (2 views).

A Dinaric Greek of Epirote stock, from Gjinokaster in what is now Albania. Many Greeks, especially Epirotes, are Dinarics.

Dinarics in Western Asia: I

In Asia Minor, Syria, Armenia, the Caucasus, and Turkestan the reëmergence of a basic Alpine population has Dinaricized the local brunet Mediterranean types shown on Plates 17 and 18. These Asiatic-Dinarics are usually called Armenoids, although the distinction is arbitrary, and in the strict sense only the Armenians themselves and others who live in the east deserve that name.
FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Turk from Istanbul. Small-headed, hyperbrachycephalic, this individual is an extreme type of Dinaricized Anatolian Turk. The Turks are (a) Mediterraneans of local Cappadocian origin, and (b) intrusive Irano-Afghans, the invading Turkish element proper, Dinaricized by a local Alpine reëmergence. The westernmost Turks are fair to brunet-white in skin color, the eastern Turks grow progressively darker as one approaches Kurdish and Armenian territory.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

An equally brachycephalic Turk from Khozat, Anatolia, with a strong trace of eye blondism.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A dark-skinned Turk from Kharput, eastern Anatolia. Kharput is also the home of many Armenians.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

An Assyrian from the mountains south of Armenia; the Assyrians are Christians who moved into the mountains from Iraq some 600 years ago, and who are now as brachycephalic as Armenians. Their exact ethnic origin is difficult to determine.

Dinarics in Western Asia: II

FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Syrian from Damascus; a perfect example of a Syrian Dinaric. The Syrians, who are, as a whole, highly Dinaricized, contain Mediterranean elements of Arabian origin as well as the long-faced elements shown in Plates 17 and 18.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

A Lebanese from Baalbek, Lebanese Republic. The Lebanese on the whole are more brachycephalic than the Damascenes; this individual is longer-headed than most, and inclines facially toward the Alpine prototype.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A Syrian from the district of Beka'a, with a cephalic index of almost 100. His extraordinary shortness of the cranial vault must be partly due to cradling, a practice which has affected the head form of many Syrians, Armenians, and also probably some Albanians. Cradling, however, is not the cause of Dinaricization, but merely a factor which may intensify it.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Druze from the Shuf district; facially this individual actually resembles the Yemenis from whom the Druzes as a whole claim descent. His extreme brachycephaly may be partly the result of cradling.

Armenoid Armenians

FIG. 1 (3 views).

An Armenian from Istanbul, facially a classic Armenoid type. Like many Armenians, he is dark-skinned.

FIG. 2 (3 views).

An Armenian from Kharput. Note the extreme face length, a measurement which differentiates Armenians as a group from the shorter-faced Turks.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

A tall, slender Armenian from Van; typical of the eastern Armenians, who are lighter-skinned, taller, and longer in all sagittal dimensions of the body, head and face than the western Armenians.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

A Van Armenian with pinkish-white skin color, blue eyes, and medium brown hair; although hyperbrachycephalic, this individual shows evidence of the Nordic element which gave the Armenians their Indo-European language.

Dinaricized Forms from Arabia and Central Asia

FIG. 1 (2 views).

A highly Dinaricized Arab from Jidda, the pilgrim port of Mekka. Typical of the sailor population found in maritime settlements on all Arabian coasts.
FIG. 2 (2 views).

An example of the same type found along the Yemen coast.
FIG. 3 (2 views).

A Dinaricized Hadhramauti; partially blond. The Mediterranean element in the Hadhramaut is often Dinaricized by mixture with the coarse, Veddoid-influenced type seen on Plate 19.
FIG. 4 (2 views).

An extreme example of the maritime Arab brachycephal; from Lenja, opposite Muscat, on the Persian side of the Persian Gulf. This type probably originated in the general Persian Gulf neighborhood, but this is by no means certain.
FIG. 5 (2 views).

An Iranian-speaking native of Russian Turkestan, showing a Dinaricized form of the usual Irano-Afghan type found in Iranian territory.
FIG. 6 (2 views. It is possible but unlikely that these two views represent two separate individuals).

A lowland Tajik from Samarkand, racially a Dinaricized Irano-Afghan. The early oasis population was probably of Mediterranean type, the brachycephalizing agent being Alpine, from the Pamirs.

The Jews

White Supremacists find it convenient to consider Jews a single race that's entirely distinct from European races. Recently, some Jews have also adopted this view, albeit for different reasons. The reality is that Jews are composed of many different subracial elements, generally reflecting those found in surrounding non-Jewish populations. Hence, both phenotypically and genetically, the Ashkenazim show affinities with Europeans, while the Sephardim are more similar to the original Hebrews and other populations of the Middle East.

Genetics

"Afro-Asiatic and Indo-European samples differentiate along the second axis of the multivariate analysis. The Sephardim Jews, the Ashkenazim Jews, the Turks, and the Lebanese samples are genetically located at the intersection of these two linguistic groups, the Ashkenazim samples being somewhat closer to Indo-Europeans...."

(Poloni et al. 1997)

* * *

"A sample of 526 Y chromosomes representing six Middle Eastern populations...was analyzed for 13 binary polymorphisms and six microsatellite loci. The investigation of the genetic relationship among three Jewish communities revealed that Kurdish and Sephardic Jews were indistinguishable from one another, whereas both differed slightly, yet significantly, from Ashkenazi Jews. The differences among Ashkenazim may be a result of low-level gene flow from European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation. ... In our sample, this low-level gene flow may be reflected in the Eu 19 chromosomes, which are found at elevated frequency (12.7%) in Ashkenazi Jews and which are very frequent in Eastern Europeans (54%-60%) (Semino et al. 2000). Alternatively, it is attractive to hypothesize that Ashkenazim with Eu 19 chromosomes represent descendants of the Khazars, originally a Turkic tribe from Central Asia, who settled in southern Russia and eastern Ukraine and converted en masse to Judaism in the ninth century of the present era, as described by Yehuda Ha-Levi in 1140 A.D. (Dunlop 1954)."

(Nebel et al. 2001)

* * *

"Ashkenazim are quite distinct from their Mediterranean and Middle-Eastern co-religionists in the incidence of the disease and in the mutations responsible... The genetic family tree of Jews from different parts of Europe shows that they are not a unique group, biologically distinct from other peoples around them. There is, though, evidence of common ancestry that gives Jews at least a partial identity of their own. In most places, there is overlap between the genes of the Jewish population and those of local non-Jews. There has been interchange; sometimes through recent marriage, but more often as a result of mating long ago.... The Y chromosomes of Jews are—unsurprisingly—not all the same; the idea of the sons of Abraham is a symbolic one. They do show that many males, some only distantly related to each other, have contributed to the genes of European Jewry. On the average, most Jewish populations contain more diversity for male lineages than for female (whose history is recorded in mitochondrial DNA). This means that there has been more invasion of the Jewish gene pool by the genes of non-Jewish men than of women. The Y chromosomes of Jewish men from the Balkans are rather unlike those of other European Jews, perhaps because there was more admixture in this unstable part of the world."

(Jones, 1997)

The Jews: I

The Jews have been left to the end because they do not as a whole fit into any single racial classification heretofore outlined. Historically the Jews of the Biblical period in Palestine were a Semitic-speaking people composed of various Mediterranean strains which had blended together at the time of the formation of the Jewish nation. These Mediterranean strains must have included a small Mediterranean type comparable to the present Yemeni Arabs; a taller, longer-faced strain with a tendency to nasal convexity, as is found among Irano-Afghan peoples today; and a straight-nosed, presumably Atlanto-Mediterranean element contributed by the Philistines.
The Jews began their expansion from Palestine as early as the time of the Babylonian Captivity; at this time they settled Mesopotamia in large numbers, and from there began an expansion into central Asia of which colonies still remain. In the Hellenistic period they migrated into Asia Minor arid the Black Sea region, as well as into Egypt; these emigrants became Hellenistic Jews. Under the Romans they settled in Italy, France, and Spain, with especial concentrations in Spain and in the cities of the Rhineland. The Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 and during previous expulsions became the Sephardim, whose descendants are to be found in various countries bordering on the Mediterranean, especially Morocco, the Salonika region of what is now Greece, and Turkey. The Rhineland Jews, persecuted at the time of the First Crusade, moved eastward into Poland, the Ukraine, and other central European countries, and met there and absorbed a group of Hellenistic Jews moving westward, among whom were some who had lived among the Turkish Khazars in the Crimea and elsewhere. The two groups blended, and the Germanic speech of the more numerous western element prevailed. The modem Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazim are the descendants of this amalgamated body. Racially they preserve to a large measure their Mediterranean character, altered partly by Alpine admixture which has in many cases produced Dinaricization. This Alpine, as well as some Nordic, admixture was probably obtained largely in France and Germany before their departure eastward. The most persistent Palestinian Mediterranean traits which the Jews preserve is a narrowness of the face. The Jewish facial expression, by which many Jews may be distinguished, is a cultural and not a genetic character.
FIG. 1 (1 view, photo W. E. Forbes).

A group of Yemenitic Jews photographed in Sana'a, the Capital of Yemen. These Jews are derived from more than one early Jewish source, but the bulk of their ancestors left Palestine for Arabia very early. Their purely Mediterranean and essentially Jewish facial and cranial character may be easily observed. They probably come as close to the original Jewish prototype as do any living Jews.
FIG. 2 (1 view).

The Sheikh of the Jewish village of Zerekten, Glawa tribe, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. These Berber-speaking mountain Jews have lived in Morocco since not only pre-Islamic but probably also pre-Christian times; nevertheless they are easily distinguishable from the Berbers with whom they live. The sheikh here represented is aberrantly brachycephalic.
FIG. 3 (1 view).

A much more typical mountain Jew from the same colony.
FIG. 4 (1 view).

A group of Berber-speaking Jews. The man on the left has a concave nasal profile; he belongs to a coarser Mediterranean type than does the man in Fig. 3, or the tall Yemenitic Jew in Fig. 1.

The Jews: II

FIG. 1 (3 views).

A Sephardic Jew from Alexandretta, Asia Minor. Facially this Spanish-speaking Jew is a good example of the Sephardic Mediterranean type; his cephalic index, however, is extremely high, owing to an absolute shortness of the cranial vault. The interorbital distance is very narrow, as are all facial widths.
FIG. 2 (3 views).

An American Ashkenazic Jew (Massachusetts) whose parents were born in the Ukraine. Brown-haired and blue-eyed, and slightly brachycephalic, he still preserves the facial features of a Palestinian Mediterranean racial element dating back at least to the time of the Amorites.
FIG. 3 (3 views).

The American-born (Massachusetts) son of a rabbi from Memel, and a mother born in Riga. This individual, despite his cephalic index of 81, is otherwise a good example of the straight-nosed Mediterranean type which is as numerous among the unmixed Jews as the convex-nosed variety.
FIG. 4 (3 views).

An American Jew (New York) whose ancestors without exception have lived in the Rhinelands for several centuries and who probably first settled there in Roman times. Racially this individual is Nordic; he shows little or no physical evidence of Jewish ancestry.

The Jews: III

FIG. 1 (2 views, photo C. W. Dupertuis).

A tall, blond, dolichocephalic Jew from Illinois, whose parents were born in Russia. Metrically Nordic, only the morphology of the nasal tip suggests non-Nordic ancestry. Like many American Jews, this young man has not acquired the "Jewish" facial expression more common among the generation born in Europe.
FIG. 2 (2 views, photo C. W. Dupertuis).

An extremely tall, large-headed Jew, also from Illinois, whose father was born in Poland and whose mother was American born. Brunet, brachycephalic, and morphologically within the Jewish range, this individual does not look Jewish in the popular sense for the same reason as in the case of the Nordic Jew shown above.
FIG. 3 (2 views).

A Jew from New Jersey, parents from Lithuania and Russia; metrically and morphologically close to the Ashkenazic mean; a central Jewish type.

FIG. 4 (2 views).

A Jew from Illinois, both parents from Russia. Although metrically mesocephalic, this individual is morphologically close to the prototype of the Alpine element acquired by the Jews in western Europe before their march eastward.
FIG. 5 (1 view).

A Massachusetts Jew of Lithuanian Jewish parentage. Racially he is completely Alpine.
FIG. 6 (1 view).

A central Asiatic Jew , from Bokhara; a member of an ancient and isolated Jewish colony. This individual shows unmistakable Alpine characters, no doubt acquired from early Tajik admixture. Few if any of the Bokharan Jews are mongoloid.
FIG. 7 (2 views).

Another Bokharan Jew, clearly Dinaricized. The old Mediterranean Jewish element in central Asia has been altered by Alpine accretion. Yet the Bokharan Jews, if appropriately dressed, could easily pass in most cases for central European Jews, which shows not only the extraordinary racial continuity of the Jews in widely separated regions, but also their tendency to mix with similar elements in different places. All or nearly all racial types found among whites anywhere may be isolated among the Jews; the majority, however, preserve some inheritable physical evidence of their Palestinian origin.

http://racialreality.sitesled.com/

http://carnby.altervista.org/troe/troe.htm

Further Reading

The Ancient Egypt "Race" Issue
A rebuttal to Afrocentric exaggerations about a "black" ancient Egypt.

Anthropological Research Page
Emphasis on physical anthropology, human population genetics and the study of the Greek people. Also,
articles refuting Nordicism and Afrocentrism.

Biblo - Indice de Biodiversidad Humana
Spanish language site about population genetics, racial anthropology and more.

Carnby's Physical Anthropology Website
Transcribed anthropological works and photographic plates. (In English and Swedish)

Dienekes' Anthropology Blog
Frequently updated weblog of research on race and culture. Includes discussion areas.

Kemp's Countrymen
Hilarious parody of a South African White Supremacist.March of the Giants: History of the Medish Race
Another parody, this time spoofing two primary Nordicist texts—March of the Titans and The Racial
Compact—with some side jabs at Afrocentrism.

The Races of Europe
Seminal work in racial anthropology by Carleton Stevens Coon. (Full text) The Racial Basis of Civilization
A critique of the Nordic doctrine by Frank H. Hankins. (Full text)
The Racial Fuss Surrounding the "Moors" in Medieval Europe
A rebuttal to Afrocentric exaggerations about "black" Moors.

Refuting Arthur Kemp
In-depth refutation of a Nordicist's lies and misinformation about Portugal.

**Lunar4** · December 31, 2007, 03:34 PM

great topic unfortuneatley i dont have the time to look at it all right now but ill deffinatley check it out later

+rep

**HorseArcher** · December 31, 2007, 03:52 PM

You can basically look around the pictures and figure out what you are made of, but most of the time you probably just look alike. Only a professional anthropologist could tell you if you want to know (and he might not be able to help you at all, due to extreme mixing), regardless where you live or what country your parents from, but even if you just browse around, you basically figure out, that trying to put people into the 4-5 sub categories of the humans, just do not work.

Unless you go back to the stone age with a time machine you might be able to distinguish correctly , but today, everybody is fairly mixed up.

Remember, this book was written in 1939 (The european race), so trust me, we are even far more mixed up now.

**Lunar4** · December 31, 2007, 04:36 PM

Yes, more and more we are becoming one race.

the Human.

**The Sundance Kid** · December 31, 2007, 04:50 PM

But thats a good thing, a more unified human existence rather than several sub-categories fighting for supremacy. We're already seeing some of those categories effectively 'dying out' -- yes they're being continued through mixed heritage bloodlines and the like, but if you look at the part with celebrities with Native American ancestry, they look far more European than American Indian, showing that the American Indian genepool has been far too diluted by now.

We may be becoming the 'human' race, but not every category of humans has made it this far strongly enough to really have an impact on our eventual appearance.

**mongrel** · January 01, 2008, 05:42 AM

Excellent post.

Many of the most prominent proponents of race theories are politically driven and are funded by by segregationist Pioneer Fund and peer review themselves, rather undermining their arguments.

http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intel...le.jsp?aid=580

**Richard** · January 01, 2008, 06:07 AM

I don't have time to read the entire thing; but if it for one second promotes the idea of genetically distinct 'races' occurring anywhere in the Old World (other than pointing out historical trends in anthropology) as opposed to gradual clines, I declare it heresy.

**Armfelt** · January 01, 2008, 07:13 AM

Yes, we can call a person with a long face, straight nose, strongish jaw and dark hair Nord-Atlantid if we wish so but what's the ****ing point? Of course there is genetic and phenotypic variation but why should we try to classify people into some pseudo-scientific criterias to please our human need of classification?

**Richard** · January 01, 2008, 10:06 PM

Originally Posted by Armfelt

Yes, we can call a person with a long face, straight nose, strongish jaw and dark hair Nord-Atlantid if we wish so but what's the ****ing point? Of course there is genetic and phenotypic variation but why should we try to classify people into some pseudo-scientific criterias to please our human need of classification?

And then be totally wrong when we find that person comes from Turkey.

**Armfelt** · January 02, 2008, 12:18 PM

Originally Posted by Richard

And then be totally wrong when we find that person comes from Turkey.

Racial classification, though I do not believe in it, has nothing to do with geographical origins.

**HorseArcher** · January 02, 2008, 04:28 PM

Originally Posted by Armfelt

Racial classification, though I do not believe in it, has nothing to do with geographical origins.

LOL, the entire first post and topic proves just exactly that.

**Dayman** · January 01, 2008, 07:18 AM

That's a nice long post but unfortunately, modern anthropology doesn't distinct "races" like that anymore. It may not be meant to be racist, but the minor variations in appearance do not justify these vast categorizations and labeling of people.

Not to mention these are all based on physical appearance, and have nothing to do with genetics.

edit: I saw the part on genetics. It was crap.

**HorseArcher** · January 01, 2008, 01:06 PM

Originally Posted by Boeing

That's a nice long post but unfortunately, modern anthropology doesn't distinct "races" like that anymore. It may not be meant to be racist, but the minor variations in appearance do not justify these vast categorizations and labeling of people.

Not to mention these are all based on physical appearance, and have nothing to do with genetics.

edit: I saw the part on genetics. It was crap.

Well, the source of the info (Races of Europe) was written at the time (1939), when the persecution against Jews, Gypsies and other minorities begun in Germany. I believe, this was probably censored or even banned to be published during that time, because it would have raised doubts about what the 3rd. Reich tried to accomplish by "aryanize" Germany and Europe.

At that time, this would have come perfectly to contradict the "aryan" propaganda, used to round up millions of people and send them to death, based on their race and religion.

Unfortunately the "we are one" will never will serve as a good example to convince people that we aren't much different. Further sub-categorizing type of people based on skull, posture , hair etc..is actually the perfect antidote against white/black/asian/ supremacism, because once they figure out, just how complicated it is to categorize anyone based on physical features , pretty much defeats their view point of who is black/white/asian.

Of course, this entire sub categories, doesnt' really matter to any person, who believes that its baseless to prosecute anyone based on their facial features or bone structures, but trust me, we aren't done with racism on this world, matter effect, you don't have to go too far. All you gotta do is visit the mudpit and just read around some of the posts.

**Da Skinna** · January 01, 2008, 07:25 AM

I just call 'em human. The simplest classification and the only one that doesn't lead to such problems like racism, believing a further name of human to be lesser that one's own.

Classification Cannibalism is what it is.

**Muizer** · January 01, 2008, 07:39 AM

I think "race" categorisation is a consequence of calibrating of the mind in early childhood. We humans are hyper-social animals and we have a highly sophisticated machinery for in our senses and brains to read the facial expressions, body language, intonation etc.. of those around us. There may be some racial hardwiring there, but most of its working is the result of calibration in early childhood. So, essentially we are aware of the range of "race traits" in those who look like the people we grew up with, but beyond that limited range of calibration we're left looking through matted glass. I think we can learn to overcome that to a certain extent even in adulthood, but such training won't ever be a substitute for or equivalent to early childhood's programming.