BULGARS
Bulgars, Bolgars, Bulghars, Bolghars and other variations
Time
4-3 millennium BC Ancient barrow (pit) archeological culture, formation of pra-Turkic Kurgans.
World's first cities appear along banks of Tigris and Euphrates. They make up Uruk culture, with principal city Uruk, Biblical Erech. This culture invents writing and lunar calendar, uses metals, develops medicine, builds monumental architecture.
In Uruk culture no unified government evolves, and they remain independent for almost one thousand years
Sumerians are making use of wheeled transportation
Cuneiform writing emerges in Mesopotamia. This form of writing, involving wedge-shaped characters, is used to record first epics in world history, including Enmerkar and Lord of Aratta and first stories about Gilgamesh
Sumerian King, Gilgamesh, rules city of Uruk, which has now grown to a population of more than 50,000. Gilgamesh is subject of many epics, including Sumerian "Gilgamesh and Enkidu in Nether World" and Babylonian "Epic of Gilgamesh"
Sargon conquers independent city-states of Sumer and institutes central government
Sumer regains its independence from Akkadian rule, though it does not revert back to independent city-states. At this time, Sumer is ruled from important city of Ur
Sumerian King List is written, recording all kings and dynasties ruling Sumer from earliest times. According to this list, Eridu is named as earliest settlement, a claim that seems to be confirmed by archeological evidence
2000-1600 BCE: Old Babylonian period begins after collapse of Sumer, probably due to increase in soil salt content thereby making farming difficult. Weakened by poor crops, lack of surplus goods, Sumerians are conquered by Amorites, situated in Babylon
Consequently, center of civility shifts north. Though they preserve most of Sumerian culture, Amorites introduce their Semitic language, an early ancestor to Hebrew, into region
Epic of Gilgamesh is redacted from Sumerian sources and written in Semitic language. Thus, though Gilgamesh was Sumerian, his Epic is Babylonian
Semitic group of nomads migrate from Sumer to Canaan and then on to Egypt. They are led by a caravan trader, Patriarch Abraham, who will become father of Israel nation
Eventually recorded Chinese traditions tell of Kia, 17th member of old Chinese Hia dynasty, dethroned due to evil ways. His son Sunni went with 500 members of his Hia nationality to Hun relatives. Hia still has many common words with Altaic languages
Oldest Turkic words are in Chinese annual chronicles noting cultural and political events. Hsiung-nu words tanry, kut, byor?u, tug, kylych etc are oldest monuments of T? language. State rulers' endoethnonym is Hun, Turkic "man, male, people"
Amorite King, Hammurabi, conquers Sumer. He writes Code of Laws containing 282 rules including principles of "an eye for an eye" and "let buyer beware". It is one of first codes of law in world history, predated only by Laws of Lipit-Ishta
Hammurabi empire lasts for another one hundred and fifty years, until 1600, when Kassites (Kas=T?mountain?), a non-Semitic people, conquer most of Mesopotamia with help of light chariot warfare
15-9 centuries BC Frame culture. Kurgans.
First evidence of widespread organized pastoral nomadic economy in Bronze Age Andronovo culture (mid-second to early first millennium B.C.), found throughout steppe. Settlements of up to forty rectangular, semi-subterranean dwellings found at Atasu, Karkaralinsk and Alekseevka in Kazakhstan. In Dzhezkazgan and Zyryanovskfound are mines from this period
First elements of Hun state in highlands of Ordos
First Hun state in highlands of Ordos
Cimmerians (Turk. Kam-er, Kim-er - "river man", akin to "Suv-ar", "Bulak-ar" ("Bolkar, Bulgar"), "Sub-ar", "Suv-ar",? "Shum-er") begin to occupy Pontic Steppe
Assirian chronicles report about Cimmerian invasion to countries of Transcaucasus and Near East. Beginning of Scythian domination in East-European steppes. Assyrians called Cimmerians Gimirrai (Hebrew Gomer; Gen. XI)
Plinius of Scythian origins: "Ultra sunt Scytharum populi, Persae illos Sacas in universum appellavere a proxima gente, antiqui Arameos"
Hesiod, 7th Century BC, writes: Inventors of bronze working were Scythians. Early Mesopotamian name of metal Zubur, indicates that northern Mesopotamian Subartuan's or a people of region were indeed inventors of process.
Herodotus on origin of Scythians from area of eastern Anatolia: "nomad Scythians living in Asia (once only Near East) were attacked by Sarmatians and were forced to cross Araxes (modern Turkish Aras) and wander to land of Cimmerians."
Greeks associated invention of iron working with northern Mesopotamian and Anatolian Scythian tribes like Kalybs tribe which gave steel its name in many early European languages. In time Sarmatians and Yazig absorb Kalybs.
Kalybs are absorbed by Sarmatians and Yazig, via Yazig cavalry taken by Romans to Britain and were foundation of King Arthur myths of Ex-Calibur, and sword myths, which are all early Anatolian traditions.
Sword myths traditions are all early Anatolian, are also found in Hun and Magyar traditions and mentioned by Herodotus amongst early Scythians.
Pi-van moves capital to the East to Loi or Tsyaju, supposedly because capital with some Chjou territory was under "barbarians" because of disturbances. Later Tsin rulers Syan-gun and Ben-gun captured this territory. Only a part of land returned to Chjou
In late 8th century BC Cimmerian and Scythian troops fought against Assyrian king Sargon II, and at end of 6th century BC conflict arose between Scythians and Achaemenian King Darius I
Scythians replace Cimmerians in Steppe region
Cimmerian tombs of their kings were shown on Tyras (Dniestr), and on south-east another group threatened Assyrians
Scyths (Assyrian Ashguzai, Heb. Ashkenax, fr. T?s - ?nomad?, G?sh, Kiji - ?tribe, people?) whom Assyrians welcomed as allies and used against Cimmerians, against Medes and even against Egypt. Hence references to Scyths in Hebrew prophet (Jer. IV.3, VI. 7).
685 - 643 BC Rule in Tsi of Huan - hun
Huan - hun organizes a congress of rulers inTsi, taking that right from Chjou
659 - 621 Rule of Mu-hun in Tsin
Scythian interregnum in Median Dynasty history. Herodotus dating of this event remains uncertain but traditionally it is seen as falling between reigns of Phraortes and Cyaxares and as covering years 653 to 625 BC.
Scythian invasion to Transcaucasus and Fore-Asia.
F. Altheim "Das Alte Iran" writes that Iranian Avesta's most archaic texts, Gathas, are still not understood by today's linguists.
R. Stiehlel writes, it is quite obvious that language of old Avesta is closely tied to ancient Altaic languages. Since newcomers to Iran joined older settled inhabitants often associated with Scythians, Turkic and Finno-Ugrians, and borrowed much
Many of local people were Iranianized, today we call certain Scythian nations as Iraninan in origin. Much of Persian literature in Persepolis is not in Iranian but in aboriginals' Elamite language that up until last century was also called Scythian
About 500-600 BC Hungarians moved south to steppes, where, according to linguistic evidence, they took animal breeding from Chuvash people, as a high proportion of words specific to agriculture in Hungarian language are of Chuvash origin
Darius I "the Great" succeeds Cambyses as emperor of Persia. He engages in many large building programs, including a system of roads. In addition, he institutes first postal system
6th cent. BC Invasion of Transoxiana by Achaemenids of Persia under Darius I and Cyrus
Darius' expedition (516 - 513 BC) against Scythians in N. Pontic is described in great detail by Herodotus, who provided first and perhaps most penetrating description of Europian great nomad empire
Hecataeus (6th century B.C.) map showing Scyths
Scythian war with army of Persian king Darius I Hystaspos invading Scythia
Herodotus mentioned Sarmatians living to north of Scythians of N. Pontic regions and not close to their old homelands along Araxes, Sarmatians must have been a long time thorn in Scythian side.
Herodotus: "Anyone who does business with Scyths (Sakae) needs seven interpreters speaking seven languages"
Scythians who make this journey (via Budini (Be祮/Pe祮ek, Budun=T?clan, nation, people?), Thyssagetae (Tis-Saka-it =T?uter Sakas), Iyrcae (Y??omad), Argippaeans (Arik-bay=T? pure+ bay=rich man) communicate with inhabitants by means of seven interpreters and seven languages.
Sarmate (Sauromatae, Sarma-te=T?with sac?) speak language of Scythia, live W of Palus Maeotis (Azov Sea). W of Tanais (Don) and fifteen days' journey N of Sarmate, dwell Budini, "blue-eyed and bright red-haired", whose territory is thickly wooded with trees of every kind
Persepolos inscription text is "Darius Hystapes (522-486) rex popularum bonorum posui. Hi adorationem igni mihi attulere: Choana, Media, Babilon, Asyria, Guthrata, Armenia, Cappadocia, Sapardia [Sabir], Hunae."
Herodotus World Map (ca. 450 B.C.) shows Agathirsi (Agach-ir=T?orest+people), Scythians and Massagets, Malanchleni, Budini and Geloni, Thissagets and Jurcae
In Issyk fifth-century B.C. Sak's kurgan in town in Kazakhstan near Lake Issyk (Issiq), in a royal tomb, in 1970 is found a flat silver drinking cup jar with Turkic Issyk Inscription in Turkic alphabet, attesting that Sak-Massagetan tribes spoke T?/p>
In Issyk kurgan all human skeletons found in graves showed race characteristics very similar to today's Anatolian Turks, with no trace of Mongoloid features at all (Larousse)
Sarmatians take leadership over Scythians.
Macedonian burials in kurgans
Macedonian raids to North in 339,335,331, 313 蠲92 against Scythians and Celts. Celtic alliance with Scythians evidenced by Celtic artifacts in Scythian sites
Defeat of Scythians led by king Ateios in battle with army of Philip of Macedonia. Death of Atheios.
Macedonian barbarian Philip II defeated united Greek states at battle of Chaeronea in beginning of August 338 BC and appointed himself "Commander of Greeks"
Philip II of Macedonia (382-336 BC), king of Macedonia, is buried in kurgan per Macedonian custom. Greeks viewed Macedonians as barbarians (non-Greeks), and consequently treated them in same manner in which they treated all non-Greeks.
In battle of Gaugamela with Alexander Macedonian, Darius had Scyths (35K Cavalry) and Bactrians in his army
First historical document connected with Huns is Chinese-Hun treaty signed in 318 BC
Sirac(i), a Sarmatian tribe occupied Kuban region north of Caucasus shortly before 300 B.C. (Tr. Sarig=yellow, blond, Sirs are ansestors of Cumans/Kipchaks)
Turkic language splits into 2 branches, Oguz (Eastern) and Ogur (Kipchak) (Western). Oguz 'z', 'y,i', (Oguz, yilan, Yaik) Ogur 'r', 'd, dj', (Ogur, djulan, Djaik)
From Chinese sources Alans are listed as one of four Hunnish tribes (Xu-la, Lan, Hiu-bu, Siu-lin) most favoured by kings of Eastern Huns (Mao-dun/Mete and his son Ki-ok/K?of 3rd century B.C.
In 300 BC Neapolis Scythia In Crimea (Simpheropol area) was capital of Royal Scyths
Earliest occurrence of Parthian name in form of Aparnoi or Parnoi in Turan. According to Armenian historians who served Armenian dynasty of Parthian origin, Parthian Arsac who founded dynasty was of white Hun (Ephtalite) origin
Hun state consists of 24 clans, some of them: Kuyan (Jack rabbit) Lan (Orchard) Suybu (West Tribe) Suylyanti Tsulin Taychi Uyti Tsetszuy?
Hun state leader is titled Great Shan?quot;Chenli gydu shan?t; - "Son of endless sky" Succession is from father to eldest son.
Start of Parthian Dynasty (ab. 247 B.C.-A.D. 226) which was one of longest in history
In Antiochus 11th year Parthians shook off Macedonians, and Ephtalite king's son is new ruler. All nations of Eastern and Northern Asia accepted his rule. King Arsac had four sons. One received Ephtalites, second Hindus, third Parthians, fourth Armenians.
Parthian Arsac, lost to Persian king Selecud and retreats amongst Aspasiac Scythians, near Aral Sea. With their aid he reconquers his empire
Touman (Tumen, 240 - 210 BC), of clan Suylyanti with a bull totem establishes Hunnic Empire
Chinese ruler Si Huang Ti (259-210 BC) builds Great Chinese Wall against attacks of Huns
Touman died (Tumen, 240 - 210 BC), accession to throne of Maotun (Batur, 210 - 174 BC), founder of Hun Empire. Expansion of Hun Empire.
HUN EMPIRE
204 B.C - 216 A.D
Founder - Mete (Bagatir, Maotun, Batur)
Area - At north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea, (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
Emergence of Huns (Hsiung-nu) on western borders of China.
A strong stone and mortar wall surrounds capital Neapolis Scythia of Royal Scyths in 200 B.C. Of note is a mausoleum that contains seventy-two richly furnished tombs, which are probably representative of royal Scythian house
Mete Khan (Maotun) letter to Chinese government describes that 26 nations are in T? sate and all of them became "nations stretching bow-string", or Huns
Kokkhan (174-161 BC), Huns (Hsiung-nu) attack Tocharians (Y?ih), driving them from Gansu
Kunkhan (161 - 126 BC)
Rise of Hun Empire's puts pressure on territory of Iran dislodging many Scythian nations who were pushed west, including Saka-Uraka whose kings' title was Makar.
Migration of a part of Sarmats (Bulgarians) from Northern Caucasus to Cis-Caucasus.
141-128 BC Tochars (Y?ih), fleeing from Huns (Hsiung-nu), overrun Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which is renamed Tocharistan.
El Chishi (126 - 114 BC)
Asi (Yazig), Pasiani (Budini/Be祮/Pe祮ek), Tocharian, Sabir (Sabaroi) tribes break into Sogdiana and Baktria. In next five years two Parthian emperors loose their lives in wars. They also later conquer Sakauraka tribe.
Chinese, under General Ho Chu-ping, defeat Huns (Hsiung-nu).
Ovi (114 - 105 BC)
Tribe Pu-ku/Bu-gu is repeatedly mentioned in different Chinese sources from 103 BC up to 8-th century AD. They inhabit W and E parts of Central Asia, N and NW of Tien-Shan, Semirech'e and W of rivers Syr Darya and Amu Darya.
One of tribal lords of Pu-ku - Sofu sulifa Kenan Bain, bears title sulifa, attested later among Dagestan Bulgarians.
Diodorus Siculus, 1st c. B.C. Scythians "lived in very small numbers at Araks River....they gained country in mountains up to Caucasus, in lowland on coast of Ocean (Caspian Sea) and Meot Lake (Azov Sea) and other territories up to Tanais River.
"They won for themselves a country "behind Tanais River up to Egyptian Nile River" (Diodorus II, 43).
Scythian nomads from Central Asia conquered Kabul River Valley, with Taxila and Pushkalavati as their twin capital cities in Gandhara, from Greek kings of Bactria
First split of Hun Empire into Western and Eastern branches Qoghoshar (Khukheniy I) (56 - 36 BC)
Chinese chronicles mention Ogurs as separate people in vicinity of Edisu
Parthian nomads from east of Caspian Sea conquered Kabul River Valley, with Taxila and Pushkalavati as their twin capital cities in Gandhara, from Scythians. After defeating Greeks in 53 BC, Parthians ruled northern Pakistan area. Parthians promoted art and religion, developed Gandhara school of art with Greek, Syrian, Persian and Indian art influences
Huns (Hsiung-nu) split into two hordes, with Eastern Horde subject to China.
Dionisios Periegetos says, already in 1st century BC, Huns dominate over all Caspian lands
Illirian rebelion (6-9 AD). Introduction of Roman provincial rule in Pannonia
Strabo (c.64 BC - A.D. 20): Massagetae, [meaning hero-tribe] who also live in Balk are Kush. According to Armenians Baktria is land of Kush and Balkh is its capital city, where great Arsac set up his throne.
Strabo: Parthian Scythians became Persian and Armenian kings from which even Byzantines received capable rulers. In Armenia Arsac dynasty ruled for about 600 years.
Rebellion in Thrace and Gaul
35?36 AD Alanian participation in Ibero-Parphian war on side of Iberia.
WESTERN HUN EMPIRE
48 - 216 A.D
Founder - Panu
Area - area over present Central Asia
Kujula Kadphises unites (Y?ih) to establish Kushan Empire, stretching from Persia to Transoxiana to Upper Indus.
1st century AD (first half) Alans (Alani =Tr. ?field?) mentioned by written sources of Ancient Rome (?) for first time.
Apostle Paul (Saul) begins spreading Christianity to the gentile world. Start of Christianity as a world event
Kushana king Kujula, ruler of Central Asian nomads, overthrew the Parthians and took over Gandhara. Kushans extended their rule into northwest India and Bay of Bengal, south into Bahawalpur and short of Gujrat, and north till Kashghar and Yarkand. They made their winter capital at Purushapura, City of Flowers, now called Peshawar, and their summer capital north of Kabul
Alans invade Transcaucasus
78-144 Reign of King Kanishka over Kushan Empire (territory extended to include Tarim Basin), with Buddhism as dominant religion.
Western (Northern) Huns suffer a major defeat from Mongols (Hsien-pi) and start westward migration (93-c.380).
Chinese armies reach Caspian Sea.
Jornand recalls that Nocopol on Danube was founded by Trayan after victory over Sarmats
Dionysius Periegetes (the guide) Orbis terrae descriptio map showing Huns (Unni), Caspii, Massagets, Sacii, Alani, Scyths, Hyrcanii, Sarmats, Taurii
Dionisus Periegetes (end of 1st - beginning of 2nd c.) maps and talks that on Northwestern side of Caspian sea live Scythians, Uns, Caspians, Albanians, and Kaduses, of Huns living next to Caspian Sea Sak (Gr. Sacae)=T?Persian saka=water carrier
Kanishka, the greatest of Kushans, ruled from 128 to 151 AD
Alanian campaign in Transcaucasus and Media
Dionisus Periegetes: Huns living next to Dniepr in Eastern Europe. Calls them Khuni (Chuni) and Suni. (Khuni is clan/national designation while Suni is probably from Sen?ir ruler)
Ptolemy (83?-161? AD) writes that in European Sarmatia ?below Agathyrsi (Akatsirs, Tr. Agach-ers ?forest people?) live Savari (T?Suvars), between Basternae (Tr. Bash-t-er 'head people') and Rhoxolani (Tr. Uraksy Alans, i.e. ?Alans-farmers?) live Huns
Mid. 2nd century Alans defeated by Roman army at Olvia (Olbia)
End of Huns as a major power in inner Asia.
ca. AD 200-370: Invasions by Goths., who colonize and mix with local populations. Tervingi branch consolidated their realm between Dniestr and Danube, and became known as 'Visigoths'. Greutungi dominated west of Dniestr and became known as Ostrogoths
Roman war with German and Danubian tribes. Caracalla defeats Alemans
Edessa becomes a Roman colony
End of HUN EMPIRE
204 B.C - 216 A.D
Founder - Mete (Bagatir)
Area - At At north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
End of WESTERN HUN EMPIRE
48 - 216 A.D
Founder - Panu
Area - area over present Central Asia
End of Parthian Dynasty (ab. 247 B.C.-A.D. 226), it was one of longest in history
Roman war against Alemans. Maximin, a Thracian, is proclaimed Emperor by Pannonian army (��5 to 238)
Roman war against Sarmatians and Dacians
Gothic invasion across Danube and invasion of Dacian Carps
In 60's of 3rd c, Caucasian Huns served in Persian army
Unification of China. Hun rebellion is suppressed
EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE
275 - 454 A.D
Founder - brothers Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars
Area - S Russia, Romania, N Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, S& C Germany. From E France to Urals; from N.Hungary to Byzantine Empire
(Area - 4,000,000 Km2)
In 90's of 3rd c, Armenian sources write about Hun's wars in Trans-Caucasus (N.Caucasus )
Sasanid (Persian) inscriptions dated by 293 mention name of one of T?khakans from Caucasus
Tele left early Huns Horde, keeping patriarchal relations and nomadic life. They were not Sinadized. They move in steppes on carts with high wheels.
Tele have 12 clans, each governed by aldermen, all living in peace
Genealogy: Gaog?gt;Tele =>15 tribes =>
1 Uange (Uygurs)
2 Seyanto (Sir + Yanto)
3 Kibi
4 Dubo (Tubalar)(Dabo)(Tele)
5 Guligan (Kurykan)(Yakut)
6 Dolange (Telengits)
7 Bugu (Pugu)(Uygurs)
8 Bayegu (Baiyrku)(Uygurs)
9 Tunlo (Tongra)(Uygurs)
10 Hun
11 Sygye (Uygurs)
12 Husye 13 Higye
14 Adye(Eduz)
15 Baysi (Barsil)
Sirs and T?ive at Ordos
Bulgars and Khazars are blood relatives, with a common or similar language.
In 4-7c. Seyanto (Sir + Yanto) occupied steppes between Mongol Altai and E. Tianshan
Huns and Syanbinians conquered from China Khan Empire northern part and established a sequence of kingdoms. Toba tribe led predominantly Chinese population.
Hun's raid eased by rebellion of (Chinese) people against officials
Intrigues of Emperor Huai-di against Sym Yuy. Aliance with Tabgach Khan Ilu against Huns
Defeat of Sym Yuy. Fall of Loyan, Huns take Chanan
Small Syanbinian tribe with Khans from Muyun family moved from southern Manjuria to west and settled in proximity of lake Kukunor. They fought Tibetans successfully and Tobases unsuccessfully.
Syanbinian tribe with Muyun Khans were organized into kingdom Togon and became vassals of Empire Wey.
Chinese displace Huns from Chanan
Muyun Khoy becomes Great Shanuy
Tsu Ti dies, and Chinese advance against Huns stopped
China loses lands north of river Huai
First mention of Bulgars, they live in basin of Tanais and Cuban
Beg. 4th c. Invasion of Armenia by Hun-Maskuts (Gr. Massagets), together with Sakas, led by king of Massagetae Sanesan (Tr. Sen-esen=you+storming (man))
Turkic names of Hun rulers
Karaton (kadadon= dress)
Mundjuk, Attila's father (bondjus = bead, tirquose)
Attila (Itil= birthplace, or Ata-il = father of country)
Illek, Attila's son (Il-Ek = country fortress)
Dengizik, Attila's son (Den(g)iz = Sea)
Irnek, Attila's son (=young soldier)
Aibars, Attila's uncle (= bars, lion)
Oktar, Attila's uncle (= )
Ary Kan (aryg-kan = beautiful quinn)
Basyk
Kursyk
Atakam
Eshkam
Turkic names of Hun rulers (cont'd)
Nation
Agacheri (Forrest people)
Shar (sary - ak, = yellow - white)
Ogur (Ok-gur = ten federates)
Potential link of ruling family with Asian Tankhu (king)
Hun' s vanguard reached Tanais, displaced Ostgoths, who displaced Visigoths and Sarmats into Roman territory. Death of Constantine the Great leads to formal division of Roman Empire into Western and Eastern Empires
Tele tribes subjugated by Tobases Khan. They live west of Ordos
ܧ?rom Syanbinian cavalry organizes a band and joints neighboring nomads.
Tele are living of animal husbandry, in a weak confederation of tribes, fighting for their independence.
Earliest known European record about Bulgarians is "Anonymous chronograph", a list of tribes and peoples in Latin. He mentiones a certain 'Ziezi ex quo Vulgares'.
Huns cross Volga and attack Alans. Part of Alans retreat to N. Caucasus, part is absorbed in Hun's Horde, part retreat to N. Donets. Most likely, after conquest a part of Bulgars joins Huns, and a part remains
Uhuans and Syanbins become subjects of Fu Tsyan II, who moves them beyond Chinese Wall
In 363, Armenian, Roman and Persian authors write about necessity of fortifying Caucasian passages, especially Derbent passage, against Huns, who make repeated raids and campaigns against Persians, Armenians and peoples of Middle East
Goth's invasion of Thrace
Valens twice crossed Danube with his troops and devastated much of Goths' territory
Huns defeat Goths (Germans)
Romans hired Hunnic warriors as auxiliary troops and paid them a yearly tribute, partly for services rendered and partly as a bribe to keep them from raiding provinces
Huns were a Genetic hypbrid between Mongoloid, Altaic (Siberian), and Central Asian Turkic stocks. Typical Hunno-Bulgars probably had a squarish face, high cheekbones, and slanting eyes. Term 'Bulgar' comes from Turkic 'bulgha' = 'to mix'. These nomadic horsemen groups were mainly composed of As - Ossetians, Eastern Antes - Iranian-Slavic blend, Khazars - a mixed Turkic group, and a people known as Sarmatians, an Iranian group.
Huns defeat Ostrogoths. Death of Germanarix. Vinitari (Vitimir?) becomes new Ostrogothic king. Ostrogoths retire to Lower Dniepr. Geruls and Burgundians part of Ostrogoths.
370-376 War between Alans and Goths.
Huns control N. Pontic, Tanais, and N. Caspian steppes. Alans who live there join Huns.
Guyl? successor to ܧ?organized a horde, move along all Khalka to Khingan, subordinated to Tobas Khans, paid tribute in horses, sable and martens.
Guyl?life and organization are primitive and organized by regiments of 1000 men. No changes for 200 years. All efforts went to rob neighbors.
2 migrations of Bulgarians from Caucasus to Armenia. 1st during Armenian ruler Vaharshak, immigrants of Vh' ndur Bulgar Vund, lands named Vanand.
2nd migration during Armenian ruler Arshak, disturbances ... in land of Bulgars, many of whom migrated and settled south of Kokh, because of expansion of Huns in E European steppes
After crushing, or compelling alliance of, various nations Alpilzuri, Alcidzuri, Himari, Tuncarsi, Boisci, Huns reached Alani, Don Alans crushed by Huns. Part of Alans joins Huns in advance to Europe
Retreating to Dnieper Ostrogoths fight with Ants living there. After a number of battles and defeats, Ostrogoths captured Antian King Boz (Bus, Bog?) and executed him
Jordanes, XLVIII, 249. Battle between Alans under Balamber and Ostrogoths at river Erac (present Tiligul). After death of Vitimir, young Vidirix bacame a King. Alatey and Safrac ruled under his name. Ostrogoths retreated to Dniestr.
Ammianus Marcellinus: After his (Hermanaric) departure, Vitimir was made a King, and resisted Halans for some time? But after many defeats he suffered, he was subdued by arms and died in battle
Huns captured Atilkuzu (Bessarabia). Alans remained in Dacia. Vestgoths and Ostrogoths, defeated by Huns and Alans, retreated to Danube.
Vestgoths and Ostrogoths Goths fled from Huns, asked help from Emperor Valens, who allowed them cross Danube to guard borders, and entered Roman Empire. Poor control of crossing, extractions by officials caused rebellion. Rome faced Gothic invasion.
Goths who crossed Danube became Visigoths, and Goths who remained behind and became subjects of Huns were designated Ostrogoths. Ostrogoths who cross Danube joined Vestgoths. Entire Alaric's Visigothic population is estimated to be around 100,000 people
Hunnish-Bulgarian association during period of Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Attilla's combat power consists mostly from mounted Bulgarian troops. Attila' dynasty is continued for Bulgars.
A detachment of Huns crossed Kerch straight from Caucasus, displaced Goths in Crimea to center of peninsula, and went to join main army in Dniestr estuary
At a victory celebration Bul?360??---378) dies, his son Alyp-bi becomes Khan of Huns (378-390)
Oldest son of Hun's Bul?Balamber) Alyp-bi defeats Sadumes (Scandinavians), crossed Danube, and with Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Alans defeats 80K Byzantium army at Andrianopol
Valens acted alone and engaged a massive Gothic force of estimated 200,000 warriors near Adrianople. Result was a catastrophe, Valens army was completely annihilated, he perished (9 August AD 378). His body was never found
Western (Northern) Huns in westward migration (93-c.380) take possession of lower Tanais river valley and north of Meotida
New Roman Emperor Theodosius settles Gothic problem diplomatically. Goths become federates, and Alans move north.
380-395 Alans clear Dacia and Atilkuzu from Vestgoths, Taifals, Gepids, Burgunds and other peoples. Huns went to Pontic steppes
Creation of Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire
Tele move north, to Djungaria, and spread in West Mongolia to Selenga.
Alyp-bi (378-390) dies, is buried on Kuyantau mountain (current Kiev) under Baltavar stone with Ψ sign. His son Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk) becomes Khan of Huns (390-434)
Hun campaign in Cis-Caucasus and even raid Syria. Alans, Ostrogoths and Geruls, retreated earlier to Cis-Caucasus, subordinate to Huns
Rebellion of Alarics and Visigoths
Syanbian language, ancient Mongolian, becomes inter-tribe language for T?allied tribes. "T?ot; = "strong", "powerful".
Alans and Bulgars live between Itil and Don
In Danube area, evidently, arrived Huns. They killed Byzantian federate Gain, expelled by rebels from Constantinople.
Arab and Persian authors mention town Varachan (Belenjer), capital of Hun state, in Sulak valley near Upper Chir-ܲt in Dagestan. Later authors refer to Balanjar as native land of Khazars.
Ancestors of Khazars among Huns called selves Basils (Bas, head; il/el, people--ruling people)
Ruler of Western Empire Stilihon allied with Huns and Alans, who help Stilihon to fight off attack of German tribes.
New help by Huns and Alans to Stilihon to fight off attack of German tribes (Suewes).
Alans join Vandals in invasion to Gallia (modern France).
Radagais leads Vandals, Suebis, Kuads, Burgonds, Saxsons, Almants, is captured at Fiesol by Huns under Ulduz (?-410?), supposedly, ruler of right, eastern wing of Hunnish army, allied with Romans, and is executed (Aug 406). Vandals cross Rein, retreat to Gaul
Alans and Vandals moving from Gaul to Spain.
Uldiz, ruler of right, eastern wing spread from Balkhash to Volga, tells to ambassador of Byzantium, governor of Thrace, "I can capture all lands to sunset"
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday died (?-410), his brother Khul?0-414) becomes Khan.
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday unlimitedly controlled steppes from Khingan to Altai. Tele were subjugated. Central Asian Huns, after winning battle at river Ili, recognized suzerainty of Syanbinian Jujans and bought peace by submissiveness.
Huns attack Roman Empire and sack Rome. Huns introduce pants to Roman Empire, which replace traditional togas
After death of Uldiz (?-410?) Karaton (410-422?) becomes Khagan of Huns. In 412 Karaton receives Byzantian ambassador Olimpiodors. Karaton rules mostly eastern part of empire. No information till 422
Byzantian embassy to Huns in Pontic area
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Khul?0-414) died, his cousin Datan (414-?) becomes Khan
Syanbinian Jujanes penetrated Tarbagatay area
Toba tribe unites Northern China into a kingdom known under Chinese name of Empire Wey
Huns settle in middle Danube. Rulers were Roila (Rugila), Mundzuk and Oktar
WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE
420 - 552 A.D
Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur)
Area - Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern Turkestan but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan, Chaganian, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2)
Ephtalites were divided into White Chions and Red Chions
Jujan Khan Datan (?-424) with 60K cavalry invades Empire Wey. In 425 Tobases of Empire Wey expel them to behind Gobi
Major campaign by Tabgach Empire Wey army, under Emperor Tay-u-di (Toba Dao) disperses Syanbinian Jujanes. Datan disappears, leadership taken by his son Udi (430-445). Udi agrees to pay tribute to Empire Wey
Huns reach Rein. Yabgu Roila (Ruga) keeps friendly relations with Rome, lending troops to suppress Bagauds in Gaul
After Oktar, Ruga (432-437) becomes Hun Khagan
Akatzirs are subjects to Huns under Hunnish Khan Ruga (432-437)
Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk) (390-434) dies. His son Attila becomes Yabgu of W. Huns (Kara Bulgar) (434-445). His son Bleda becomes ruler of E. Huns (Ak Bulgar) (434-445).
Roman bishop of Margus crossed Danube and robbed royal Hun graves, stealing their burial treasures. War broke out
Attila forces Eastern Roman Empire to recognize the superiority of Huns. Constantinople gives many concessions in treaty of Margus: Hun merchants? rights, military alliance conducts, the return of Hun fugitives, and increases tribute to 700 pounds of gold to be paid each year
Possibly during Byzantine campain Ruga (Rua, Roila, Rugila) dies (?-434), Atilla and his brother Bleda are elected, his nephew Attila becomes ruler of left (western) wing of empire
Syanbinian Jujanes under Udi resume attacks on Empire Wey. In 439 Empire Wey counterattacks, without decisive battle. In 440 Udi attacks border and flees. Then again in 445.
In 439 Tobases had victory over Huns and joined Khesi to Wey Empire, Khan Ashina with 500 families fled to Syanbinian Jujanes and settled south of Altai mountains and produced iron for Syanbinian Jujanes.
An horde of warlike Syanbinians retreated to Tibet from Khesi. Coming to a rich, but disunited country, Syanbinian leader attracted Kyans, i.e. occupied a dominating position between ever-hostile tribes.
In Tibet, descendants of Syanbinian leader had title Tsenpo, meaning in between King and Head of Government, supported by Syanbinians who are the only real force in country.
Huns stand in Dunkhuan and battle against Shanshan
Atilla has a full control in N. Caucasus. Treaty with Persian Shakh Yazdagar
Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in West as Avars) move south from Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khurasan, and eastern Persia
Huns are again on Danube border, took Singidun (Belgrad)
Ultimatum by Atilla to Theodosius II, who rejects it.
442-447 Huns invade Byzantium. Destruction of cities in Illiria and Thrace, capture and inclusion of vast territory in Hunnish state.
Peace between Theodosius II and Atilla. By peace of Anatolius (the mediator of the treaty negotiation) Romans were to pay 6,000 pounds of gold immediately, and yearly tribute set at 2,100 pounds of gold, and immediate release of Hun fugitives
Atilla, Kara Bulgar Yabgu, becomes Hun Kagan (445-453) upon death of Kagan Bled (434-445), the highest ruler from Caucasus to Danube. Per Priscus, Bleda had honor burial and three-day giant feast attended by all nobles in Kaganate
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Udi (430-445) died, his son Tukhechjen becomes Khan. Empire Wey undertakes punishment raids into steppes against Syanbinian Jujanes.
2-nd peace of Anatolius between Byzantiun and Huns. Big tribute to Huns. Hun commander Edeco assented to assassinate Atilla for 50 pounds of gold
Byzantian embassy to Atilla, described by Priscus. Byzantian attempt to organize Atilla's murder.
Akatzirs are reported by Priscus living near Black Sea and subjects to Huns. Attila (7) (437-453) installs Karidach (Kuridach) as Akatzirs Khan.
In written sources, Huns are identified with Scythians and Cimmerians, and specifically with "Royal Scythians". Scythian ethnonym "As-kishi", or its stem "as" is retained in written sources, especially old Georgian documents, in Huns' name as "ovs", "os"
Hunnish society attained progress thanks to contact with Roman civilization. In dwelling place of Onegesios, in Attila's court, for example, prisoner from Sirmium constructed baths
Priscus: "because Scythians are mixed and besides their own language, they try to speak language of Huns, or Goths or Ausoni, when some of them have to do with Romans"
Per Priscus, Sabirs conquered lands of Onogurs, Saragurs and Ugors in steppes around north-western Caspian coast.
Death of Theodosius II Flavy on a hunt (10.4.401). Markian, a son of a plain soldier, becomes Emperor, formally as a husband of Pulheria. 450 Markian refuses to pay tribute to Huns.
Huns were called Os in 5th century, during their raids in Georgia in time of king Vakhtang. Word "ovs" of Georgian sources is actually a slightly deformed name of a Turkic tribe "As"
Attila heads great army, size of Hunnic army has been variously estimated at between 300,000 and 700,000, crossed Rhine and swept across Europe looting, pillaging, and burning. Aetius battles Attila on Rein in June at Battle of Chalons on Catalaunian Plains
451.06.15 "Battle of Peoples" at Catalaun ravine near present Trua. On Atilla's side are Huns, Geruls, Ostrogoths and part of Franks, on Aecius side Roman legions recruited from Gaul and Germany, Vestgoths, Burgunds, Franks, Armorician Alans headed by San. No definite result.
Jordanes: In a direct fight battled strongest troops on both sides, without surprise attacks. Mighty tribes were killed, 165K on each side, plus 15K Gepids and Franks who fought at night, killing each other, Franks on Roman side, Gepids on Hun's side
Atilla prepares a campain in Italy
Italian campain of Atilla, ending with peace. In spite of large conquests, Atilla agreed to peace because of epidemy in his army.
Atilla (434-453) weds young German Ildico. Next morning he is found dead. End of Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Atilla is given state funerals. Ellak becomes Hun Kagan (453-454).
Vestgoths, headed by Torismud, son of killed in Catalaunian Plains Theodorix, defeat Huns and expell them from their territory.
Coalition of Germanic clans defeats and kills Ellak in battle at Nedao.
Gepids under Ardaric battle Huns under Ellak. Tingiz (Dengizik/Diggiz) and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) retreat to a military camp and defend for 2 years. Negotiations allow Tingiz and Bel-Kermek leave with Bulgars, remaining defenders are surrendered to Ardaric
To Ellak, eldest of brothers, given Sabir ulus, to 2-nd son Tengiz given Kutrigur ulus, to Bel-Kermek, 3-rd son, given Utigur ulus
454-565 Gepids control Pannonia. Gepidian reign is established in Dacia (current day Transylvania)
Several Hunno-Bulgar uluses outside of three main Hunnic hordes joined with Byzantines with obligation of military services, and were given land to settle as protectors against their northern cousins
Coalition of Germanic clans defeats and kills Ellak in battle. Sabirs without Ellak retreat to East, through Pontic Steppes, to Daghestan. Kutriguri and Utiguri under Bel-Kermek (Hernach), fell back to 'Ugol' place that corresponds to Bessarabia
454 - 455 Rebelion in Hun's state. German tribes of Gepids, Rugs, Geruls rebelled. Battle at Nedao (Nedava, tributary of Sava). Coalition was composed of Gepids, Scires, Suaves, Ruges, Herules and Ostrogoths
Jordanes: You could see Goth with lances, Gepids mad with sword, Rug breaking spears in his wounds, and Svev bravely acting with bat, and Hun with arrow, Alan with heavy, Gerule with light weapons.
Atilla's son Ellak tried suppress rebelion, was defeated and died in battle. Remains of Ellak's army retreated east of Carpathians. Two other sons Dengizik and Ernak remained in Dacia and Bessarabia. Alans led by ruler Kandak were forced to go to Dobrudja
Ostrogoths take part on losing side in battle at Nedao where Gepids under Ardaric crush last Hun coalition. Ostrogoths become sovereign and settle in Pannonia
End of EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE
275 - 454 A.D
Founder - brothers Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars
Area - S Russia, Romania, N Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, S& C Germany. From E France to Urals; from N Hungary to Byzantine Empire (Area -4,000,000 Km2)
Tingiz and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) (455-465) lead Bulgars, on way from Pannonia to estuary of Buri-chai (Dnieper) are attacked by Gallidjians (Scandinavians). Tingiz is killed. Bel-Kermek raises red flag of Asses and breaks through to lower Dnieper.
Bel-Kermek, 3rd son of Atilla, leads Bulgars to settle between Crimea and estuary of Buri-chai (Dniepr), and proclaims a beylik of Altynoba, with Bel-Kermek as Baltavar (Lord of Beys) (455-465).
Bel-Kermek with Hun's Sadagariem and other tribes remain in Dobrudja (Little Scythia) and Lower Moesia. Later known as Sacromontizies and Fossatizies.
Two other Attilla's sons, Emnetzur and Ultzindur lead from Crimea tribes of Ultzindzur and Ultzindgur to Byzantium on right bank of Danube
Jews from Armenia and Persia begin immigration to North Caucasus
Hephthalites conquer Kushans and invade India
Bulgarian tribes Ultinzur, Bittugur and Bardor of Pannonia join Altynoba, with Bel-Kermek as Baltavar (Lord of Beys). Huns adopt name Bulgars, Bulgars use Hun's language.
Ogur Turkic tribes, including Onogurs (Onoghur = 10 Ogur Confederation), Saragurs (White T?and Uturgurs (Utigurs) (Uturgur = 30 Ogur Confederation) cross Itil and enter Europe.
Priscus Rhetor: In 463 Byzantium was visited by an embassy of Saragurs, Urogs and Onogurs, who, dislodged by Avars drive to west, conquered conquered lands of Akacirs and asked for a union with Byzantium
Destunis G.C.: Saragurs, Urogs and Onogurs sent embassy to Byzantine.They said that they were expelled by Savirs, who fled Avars, who fled from people living on shores of ocean. Saragurs subjugated Akacirs and want to become Roman federates
Gumilev suggests that after fall of Hun's Empire Bulgars take a lead and decimated Akacirs, finishing fall of Hun's Empire
Bulgars led by Bel-Kermek control lands of Akacirs and asked for a union with Byzantium
Altynoba's Bel-Kermek (455-465) dies, his older son Djurash Masgut becomes Baltavar (465-505).
Aga祲is crossed Caucasus and invaded Media. Aga祲is are included in Five Ogur confederation which also included Karluk, Kangly, Kala犠 and Kipchak nations
Tengiz (Dengizik) and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) sent ultimatum to Byzantium, when it is rejected, Dengizik invades Thrace, but is defeated under command of Byzantians Anagast and Aspar. Dengizik dies in battle.
Bulgar Kutigurs fight Byzantine (468-469). Bysantine's Anagast procured Khan Dengizik's head after he was killed and sent it to Constantinople where it was displayed atop of a spear. Kutrigurs never forgot Utigur Hernach's refusal of help.
468 - 469 Danube war between Huns and Byzantium. Bel-Kermek (Hernach) after Dengizik death leads army. Byzantium beats off invasion with difficulty. Byzantium mercenary army consists of Slavs and Alans commanded by Aspar, whose father was Alan.
Vernadsky G.V.:"in some respect Danube war of 468 - 469 was a war of Alans and Ants against their former masters, Huns." After Byzantian victory Huns left Dacia and Bessarabia. These provinces opened for Slavic colonization.
Western Hunnish clans retreated. Utigurs to Azov-Taman SE of Sea of Azov. Kutrigurs to between Dniepr and Don Rivers, NW from Sea of Azov Utigurs. Sabirs in Daghestan SE of other two Hunnic hordes, between Daryal Gorge and Kuma River on Caspian Sea.
469 - 488 movement of Bel-Kermek army back to Meotian-Taman region. They call themselves descendents of Hernach and are known as Utigurs (Kulakovsky "Alans")
Remnants of Tengiz (Dengizik) horde follow Utigurs to Dniepr and settle between Dniepr and Meotian Sea. They were called Kutigurs.
Peace between Syanbinian Jujan and Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire
Promulgation of first Sinicization decree in Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire
Ioanes Antiochenus: First written agreement of Byzantium emperor Zeno (474-475,476-491) with Bulgars' Djurash Masgut (465-505), allying them in war against Ostrogoths Goths of Theodoric (493-526), son of Triarius [Must be 475]
Syanbinian Jujan Khan ܹchen (?-485)died, his ???... Doulun (485-492) becomes Khan.
Bulgars fight again against Goths as allies of Byzantium
Bulgars settle in Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia after expelling Theodoric Ostrogoths (488).
Khazarian khalifa begins rule over Georgia and Abania in S. Caucasus
Bulgars fought again against Goths as allies of Gepids.
Bulgarians had been regarded as a brave and invincible in war people
Chersonesus ruler decided to restore walls and towers damaged by earthquake, scared of Kutugur's raids
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Doulun (485-492) killed, end of Syanbinian Jujan overlordship over steppes and Tele. Nagay (492-493) becomes Khan
Kutigur Bulgars invade Thrace, defeat Byzantine army and kill their leader Julian.
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Nagay (492-493) died, his son Futu (493)becomes Khan.
493-499 Altynoba's Djurash Masgut Kutigur Huns start raiding Thrace, possibly with Slavs. They took advantage of a civil war in Byzantium.
Publication of Sinicization decree in Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire prohibiting use of Tabgach language.
Altynoba's Djurash Masgut in winter 498-499 annihilate Byzantium Illyrium army and extends to left bank of Danube. Altynoba subordinates to Avar overlordship.
Toba conquerors assimilated and switched to Chinese language
Gaochan in Turfan oasis, under ethnically Chinese lord, under overlordship of Syanbinian Jujanes, breaks with their allies Syanbinian Jujanes.
Earliest settlement on site of city of Bolgary dates to about AD 500
Altynoba's Djurash Masgut Kutigur Huns Bulgars plundered all of Thrace
Buddhism proclamed a state religion in China.
Altynoba's Djurash Masgut Kutigur Huns raid Thrace, possibly with Slavs
Altynoba's Djurash Masgut (465-505) dies, Tatra (505-) becomes Bulgarian Baltazar subordinated to Avar overlordship.
Sabirs from Pannonia immigrate to North Caucasus and Itil valley
Sabirs created a powerful federation of akin tribes, "Kingdom of Huns". They were populous and had an army of 20,000 well equipped cavalrymen. They were masters of art of war and build siege machines unknown even to Persians and Byzantines.
Teles (Teleutes) Khan Mivotu in vassalage to Ephtalites. Helps Empire Wey 's 3K army defeated Syanbinian Jujanes at lake Puley, after being paid 60 pieces of silk by Empire Wey. Futu dies in struggles. Mivotu is rewarded with musical instruments.
Cheunu (508-520) becomes Syanbinian Jujan Khan.
Altynoba's Tatra Bolgarian raids against Byzantium become annual. Hunno-Bulgars aid in Vitalians Revolt (514 ).
Buddhism penetrates to Syanbinian Jujanes. Khan Cheunu converts to Buddhism. Religious divisions in ruling clan
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Cheunu attacks Tele's kingdom Gaog?ptures Tele (Teleut) lord Mivota, Tele escape to Ephtalites.
Slavs raid Macedonia and Illiria
Cheunu sends an embassy to Empire Wey, received by emperor Syao-min-di, re-establishes vassalage to Wey.
Justin I repulsed Slav hordes beyond Danube
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Cheunu makes a treaty with Ephtalites, gives Eftalite lords his princesses as wives. Allies with Korea (Gao-Guyli) against Empire Wey, and together smash Manju tribe Dideugan.
Empire Wey recognized suzerainty of Turfan's Gaochan, and Syanbinian Jujanes continue to trade with them, receiving bread and cloth. Iron goods are provided to Syanbinian Jujans by their T??uku) vassals in Altai.
Syanbinian Jujan Khan Cheunu (508-520) killed by his mother, installed her another son, Anahuan, replaced by Polomyn.
Teles rebel and defeat remaining Syanbinian Jujanes under Polomyn, and Polomyn moves to Empire Wey with remains of his Horde. Anakhuan escaped to Empire Wey in 520, so both branches of Syanbinian Jujan horde ended up in Empire Wey.
Polomyn's horde is resettled within Empire Wey by lake Kukunor, and Sinifa, brother of Anakhuan, is resettled beyond border, north of Dunkhuan.
Anahuan leads Empire Wey expedition against rebel fortress Bo-ye and defeats rebels. Receives rewards and absolution from Empire Wey.
Togon's Syanbinian prince Kual?nounces himself Khan.
Procopius Caesariensis: Hephthalites are people from Unn tribe, but they do not mix with them? they are not nomads like other Unn tribes, but live since ancient times in a fruitful country? Among all other Unns they are the only ones with white bodies and not repulsive faces
Procopius: Chosroes sent army of Huns into Roman Armenia, to create a diversion there, had fallen into hands of Valerian and his Romans, and these barbarians had been badly beaten in battle, and most of them killed
Procopius gives first historical accounts about invasions of Slavic tribes across Danube. These invasions started during first half of 6th century during Roman emperors Justinian (527-565) to Heraklios (610-641)
Migrations of Slavs were frequently led by T?shown by archaeological finds (oldest pieces of Slavic pottery and metal art objects are borrowed from T?peoples), and by numerous T?loanwords concerning state organization and cultural life
Second army of Romans in Caucasus consists of Saracens (sary chechle - yellow haired, or Kipchaks) under Arethas, ruler of Saracens,
Gao-Khuan revolted, defeated Tobases and split Empire Wey into East Wey and West Wey, both controlled by Chinese military leaders under a nominal Syanbian Emperors.
With split of Empire Wey Syanbinian Togon became free.
Khazarian khalifa loses rule over Georgia and Abania in S. Caucasus to Persian Sasanid Chosroes I (531-578)
Procopius Caesariensis: "Huns and Ants, Sklavens already crossed Danube many times and caused unrecoverable damage to Romans". Attack of Altynoba's Tatra Huns and Slavs on Byzantium. After next raid Justinian appoints Ant (Slav) Khvalibud a Roman commander on Danube
Anahuan with his horde attacks Tele's kingdom Gaog?defeats it. Tele's lord Ifu killed by his brother ܥg?o continues resistance, is defeated, killed by Ifu's son Bidi.
Goths siege of Rome. To help Belisarius came army of Altynoba's Tatra Bulgars, Sklavens and Antes. Byzantines drive Goths from Rome with help of Bulgar troops (537-538).
Slavic soldiers are mentioned in Roman army
Altynoba's Tatra Bulgar Huns raid to Thrace. Byzantium runs 3 wars
Tele's kingdom Gaog?er Bidi is defeated and Gaog?tops existing.
Split of Empire Wey makes Syanbinian Jujan Khan Anakhuan a gegemon for both halves of Empire Wey.
Altynoba's Tatra Kutigur Bulgars take and plunder not only rural areas, but take forts (539-540). In Illyrium alone, in 540, Kutigur Bulgars seized 32 forts.
Syanbinian Khan Kual?ds embassy to Gao-Khuan in Syanbinian Eastern Wey, becoming an enemy of Syanbinian Western Wey.
Togon occupied considerable territory, had cities (protected settlements), had organized government, maybe copied from Tobases, had extensive cattle growing economy, low in culture, and under strong dominance of Khans.
T?autonomy is recognized by Western Wey
Byzantine use of treacherous politics cause Utiguri and Kutriguri to unite against them
Altynoba's Tatra (505-545) dies, Boyan Chelbir (545-590) becomes Baltavar subordinated to Avar overlordship
Syanbinian Jujan lord Anakhuan, allied with Syanbinian Eastern Wey, together with Eastern Wey's emperor Gao Khuan, and Togon's king Kual?tack Syanbinian Western Wey, but do not defeat Syanbinian Western Wey decisively.
Emperor of Syanbinian Western Wey Ven-di sends ambassador An Nopanto to T?rd Bumyn. Bumyn displays disloyalty to their suzerain Syanbinian Jujanes and sends a reciprocating embassy to Syanbinian Western Wey capital Chanan.
T?nder lord Bumyn become allies of Syanbinian Western Wey and its successor Bey Chjou.
Bey Chjou dynasty was not of Chinese, but of Syanbinian roots and relied on assimilated Syanbinian elite.
Ephtalite embassy came to W. Wey
West Tele tribes revolt against Syanbinian Jujan dominance, and attack from western Djungaria toward Khalka in Syanbinian Jujan heartland.
West Tele tribes are intercepted on the march by T? army coming from valleys of Gobi Altai in lined formations, covered by armored plates, on well fed war horses. West Tele army, surprised by unintended enemy, pledged submission to T?Lord Bumyn.
Bumyn, by accepting West Tele tribes vassalage displays another unloyalty to Syanbinian Jujanian suzerainty.
Descendant of Gao-Khuan, Gao Yan, establishes his own dynasty in Syanbinian Eastern Wey named Bey-Tsi.
Mid. VI century Period of king Sarosius' government in Alania. Establishment of tight contacts between Alania and Byzanthia.
T?Khan Bumyn (1) provokes Syanbinian Jujanes to a war by asking for a Syanbinian Jujan princess as a wife. Anakhuan refuses, calling him slave-smelter daring for such an offer.
Boyan Chelbir Bulgars and Slavs led by Khagan Zabergan (558-582) cross Danube, loot Thrace and Macedonia, and attack Constantinople. Military losses, Byzantine bribes, and attack of Bulgar homeland by Avars causes Khagan Zabergan to withdraw his forces.
Boyan Chelbir Kutriguri Bulgars break through Antian border guard into Byzantine
Zachariah Ritor: Bulgars and Alans are mentioned once as settled populations with towns, and once as nomads. Bulgarians towns were in territory immediately next to Caspian gates, while nomads - in steppes north of Caucasus.
Zachariah Ritor: Thirteen peoples Avnagur (Onogur), Avgar, Sabir, Burgar, Alan, Kurtargar, Avar, Hasar, Dirmar, Sirurgur, Bagrasir, Kulas, Abdel and Hephtalit live in tents, earn their living on meat of livestock and fish, of wild animals and by their wea
Onogurs had towns - in earlier times they had built town of Bakat.
Boyan Chelbir Kutrigurs raid Thrace. Byzantium, with a skillful diplomacy, incite Uturgurs against Kutrigurs, and Uturgurs attack Kutugurs
Turkic Khan Bumyn executes Syanbinian Jujan's ambassador, and in winter of 552 attacks Syanbinian Jujanes and defeats them.
Bumyn Il Khan (1) dies in 552, his son Kolo Isigi (3) becomes Khan (552-552) under name of Kara Issyk Khan (3) , his uncle Istemi (2) remains Istemi-Yabguu.
Syanbinian Jujanes, defeated by T?elect Anakhuan's uncle Dynshuttsy Khan and continue fight. In a battle near mountain Lyanshan they are defeated by Kara Issyk Khan.
Anakhuan commits suicide, his son Yanlochen flees to Syanbinian Eastern Wey under dynasty of Bey-Tsi. Bumyn takes title of Il Khan, but dies in same 552
Kipchaks were members of Turkic Khaganate, Boma were not members of Turkic Khaganate
Kipchaks lived in Altai, valley of Chjelyan = Djilan = Snake, so Snake mountain and city Zmeinogorsk. Probably same as Boma of Dinlin Belonged to Turkic Kaganate, lived in Alashan, mixed with Kangals, became Koman/Kuman/Cuman Russ. Polovets)
Kara Issyk Khan (3) dies in 552, his younger brother Kushu (4) becomes Khan as Mugan Khan (553-572).
Huns and Syanbinians conquered from China western part of Shansy province. Local people were submitted to Hunnish Khan Mugan, who controlled Chesi area west of Ordos, between bends of Chuanche and Nanshan.
GOKTURK EMPIRE
552 - 743 A.D
Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen)
Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
End of WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE
420 - 552 A.D
Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur)
Area - Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern Turkestan but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan, Chaganian, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2)
Sabirs switch from Iran to Byzantium and conquer Agvania. Byzantium conquer Italy
2 Nestorian monks smuggle silkwarm eggs from China to Byzantium, and by early 7-th c silk industry is well established in Asia Minor
Syanbinian Jujanes are defeated by new Gokturk Khan Mugan Khan. They flee to Syanbinian Eastern Wey under dynasty of Bey-Tsi, who accepted them and repulsed Gokturk pursuit.
553-568 Gokturks and Sassanids ally to destroy Hephthalite Empire (Avars?).
Ephtalite embassy to W.Wey
Kidanes defeated and subordinated by Emperor Ven-di of Eastern Wey under dynasty of Bey-Tsi. Rest of Kidanes fled to Kogurio (Korea) or subordinated to Gokturks who reached Yellow Sea.
Syanbinian Jujanes do not have their herds, and are unable to work. They terrorize and rob population, and Syanbinian Eastern Wey Bey-Tsi sends an army against Syanbinian Jujanes.
Thirty Tatar tribes (Chinese Shi Wey), Tatabs (Khi by Chinese), and Kidanes are east of emerging Gokturk Khaganate. All three people were close in culture and life, spoke dialects of Mongolian language, but had hostile relations.
Tatabs lived on west slopes of Khingan and were allied with Eastern Wey under dynasty of Bey-Tsi.
Destruction of Syanbinian Jujanes weakened Syanbinian Eastern Wey Bey-Tsi. At same time, Syanbinian Western Wey Bey-Chjou was growing and more powerful.
Persians defeat Sabirs in Agvania.
Jujans started looting in Tsi, but are repelled by Chinese. 555 Jujans flee from Bey-Tsi to W Wey, given to Gokturk and decimated. Lyan attacks Bey-Tsi
Syanbinian Jujanes are expelled from Syanbinian Eastern Wey by Bey-Tsi army to steppes. Syanbinian Jujanes are beaten by Gokt?nd Kidanes.
Gokturks defeat Avars (Abars). First encounter of Gokturks with Ephtalites.
Syanbinian Jujanes flee to Syanbinian Western Wey, which surrenders 3K army to Gokturks ambassador, who orders decapitation of all except children and servants. End of Syanbinian Jujan dominance of steppes.
Avar's ambassador Kandikh to Byzantium Justinian demands lands and tribute.
Emperor Justinian (527-565) began a huge fortification program in Balkans, in an attempt to slow, if not stop, invasions across Danube
Assimilated Syanbinian, ܹvyn Tay, establishes his own dynasty in Chanan of Syanbinian Western Wey.
557-561? Turks and Sasanians ally to destroy Hepthalite state in Central Asia, which had ruled, among other places, Sogdiana.
Bulgars living along lower Dniepr and Don are Kuturgur Huns. Bulgars living along Kuban are Uturgur Huns. Kuturgurs raid Byzantium's Thracia, Byzantium incites Uturgurs to fight with Kuturgurs.
Avars then confederated Kuturgurs and proceeded to attack Byzantium. Perso-Avar union lasted to 628 and almost destroyed Byzantium.
Avars devastate Thessalia, Hellas, Epirus, Vetus, and Attica, invad Peloponnese and kill "noble and Hellenic race". Avars ruled over Peloponnese for 218 years
Kutugurs under Zabergan raid Byzantine on Balkans and come to walls of Constantinople.
Avars smash Bulgars/Uturgurs, loyal allies of Byzantine, and Zals (?) living along lower Don. Kutugurs supported Avars.
Istemi Yabgu stops at Itil (Itil), allowing Vars and Huni, both from North of Aral Sea, to escape to west and become known as Avars. Istemi: When I finish with Ephtalites, I will go after Avars, they can't escape
Vars (Ugrian tribe, related to Hungarian ancestors Ogors/Ugrs which lived between Itil and Yaik (Ural) rivers, and to Hungarians living in Bashkiria up to 13 c.) and Huni (Khionites = Sarmato-Alanians), both from North of Aral Sea, become known as Avars.
Avars first crushed T?Sabirs, allies of Byzantine, who lived on Kuma river and in Dagestan. Avars then crushed Uturgurs, a Bulgarian tribe and also allies of Byzantine, living between Itil and Don, then crushed Zals and Ants on both sides of Don.
Avars negotiate with Persia and Byzantium to find an ally. Avars conclude agreements with both Persia and Byzantium. Avars proceed to play in their own interests.
Invading Avars attack Hunno-Bulgars. Utiguri, Kutriguri, and Sabiri are conquered (559-560).
Gokturk conquered Itil and Yaik areas. Remains of Huni, Var, and Obr tribes went west to Danube, creating united Avar people. Their first task was to escape from Gokt?emy. They managed it only because Ephtalites in C Asia distracted Istemi Yabgu
T?coins with T?inscriptions 'Khagan' and 'Yabgu' are minted in Soghd, Chach and Ferghana. Terminated by Arab conquest of Mawaranahr and consequent introduction of new kinds of coins, in Semirech?e issue of T?coins continues into 9th to 10th
Hephthalites (Avars) move west to Black Sea steppe to form Avar Khanate
Slavic warriors may have taken part in a Bulgar invasion to Greece
AVAR EMPIRE in Europe
558-805 AD
Founder - Khan Bayan
Area - Pannonia, Balkans, Bessarabia, N. Pontic steppes to Tanais and Itil (Total Area - 2,500,000 Km2)
Seat of Avar kaghan and his warlords east of Danube in Pannonia, known as Rhing
Discovered in Mongolia late in 20c inscription Var-guni (Bar-guni) mention Europian Avars. Majority of Avar's time skeletons from Hungary are Mongoloids, Bayan was probably Mongolian word, evidence that Avars were Mongol Jujuns
Avarian embassy to Byzantium. Avars defeat Sabirs and Ants.
Avars led by Khan Bayan invaded N Caucasus and faced Byzantium's allies. In Byzantian sources first time they are mentioned
Avars show up on Danube.In Jan-Feb embassy of Kagan Bayan negociates in Constantinopole. Justinian hires them to guard agains "barbarians", the same Turkic nomadic hordes as Avars, who continued to erupt from N China.
Utugurs under Sandilch attack returning Kutugurs, and start a war. War weakens both peoples.
Kutugur Bulgars under Zabergan, with Avars, made a treaty with Sklavins(?), cross Danube on ice, raid Byzantine, in three directions. Via Macedonia to Ellada to Thermopile, to Thracian Chersones, under Zabergan through a break in Long Wall to Constantinop
Velizarius led defense and repulsed Kutugurs. Kutugurs remained in Thracia until paid off and received "gifts" on same conditions as Utugurs. Kutugurs leave Thracia.
After unsuccessful storm of Constantinopol Bulgars and Slavs were trapped. Byzantians cut their retreat. Justinian magnificiently spared them. Velizarius pushed them behind Long Wall. Zabergan retreated because Avars were coming fron east.
Avar Khaganate extended from Itil to mouth of Danube. Bulgars are split, with Kuturgur Huns (also listed are Onogundurs (10 Ogur Confederation), Hunnogurs, Sabirs belonging to Avar Khaganate, and Utugur Huns (30 Ogur) and Khazars loyal to W. Khaganate
Avars invaded land of Utigurs on east shore of Meotida. Utigurs recognized Avarian rule. Avars invaded Kutigurs. Kutigurs defeated and became Avarian vassals too. Bayan proclames himself Kagan.
Gokturks ambassadors to Iran killed by Ephtalites on the road
Embassy from Kucha to Bay-Chjou
Avars captured Bessarabia, execute local ruler Mesamer
Sosroi Nushirvan crushes Sibirs
Last incursion by Kutigur Bulgars into Byzantium, stopped by Byzantium's instigating internecine wars between two most powerful branches, Kutigur (Kutrigur) and Utigur.
Second Avarian embassy to Byzantium
Avars came to Dobrudja and settle there
Persians defeat Ephtalites
Western Wey dynasty Bey-Chjou was of Syanbinian descent, and relying on support of Syanbinian elite transformed into large landlords. They assimilated and used Chinese language.
Gokturks emissary in Constantinopole
Gokturks armies, supported by Khosrov, attack Balkh, invade Ephtalite lands south of Amudarya. Per 'Shah-Name', decisive battle near Bukhara. Ephtalite army of King Gatifar is crushed
Army service was made compulsory for simple people of Empire Wey, and two armies were organized. Army of nobles - fubin - was balanced by army of people. Fubin came from military organization of Syanbinian tribe Toba, who conquered Northern China in 4 c.
Service in army was mandatory for Syanbinian clansmen. In reward they received land parcels, and were released from any other obligations. Service was inherited, and with time soldiers become a privileged caste.
Initially army consisted exclusively of Syanbinians, but later it was supplemented by rich Chinese from Shansi and Shensi who accepted foreign dynasty after it adopted Chinese culture and language.
Avars under Khan Bayan (c. 565-602) subjugate Hunnugur and Sabir, and other Hunnic hordes, assimilating them under Avar Khaganate.
After defeat of their forces by Avars, Khazars took lead in Sabir-Khazar federation. Part of Sabirs move north, to Middle Itil region, among settled there Bulgarian tribes. Their main city Suvar is a great center of Itil Bulgaria.
Pannonia came under pressure from Avars, Lombardian new king, Alboin, found support from Constantinople less then he had hoped for.
Langobards destroys Gepidian Reign
Gokturk Khagan Mugan Khagan and Istemi Yabgu defeat Ephtilites at Neseph. Considered fall year of Ephtilite state. Ephtilites traces lost in history
Hephthalite territory divided between Iran and Gokt?Khaganate. Border between them ran west of Balkh and east of Murgab
Between 566 and 571 Istemi Yabgu subjugated peoples Bandjar, Balandjar (Belendjer) and Khazar. Barandjar (Balandjar) = Onogur = Utigur Bulgars. Khazar influence increased as Khazars became Gokt? closest allies and assistants.
Gokturks capture Bosphorus
Gepidic kingdom defeated by Avars
Avars ally with Longobards
Gokt?bassy to Sasanids, with a request for Silk Route transit trade through their territories is rejected
Sirs live in towns and have ports in Djurdjan, across Amu-Darya
Avars occupy Panonia
Lombardian King Alboin led a host of Lombards, Gepids, Sarmatians and other peoples (including Hunnic Bulgars, per Paul the Deacon) from Pannonia to Italy. Others, amongst them Bavarians, Saxons and Taifali, joined invasion en route
As Lombardian King Alboin advanced, vacuum left behind them was filled by Avars, Bulgars and Slavs
Gokt?bassy to Constantinople led by a Soghdian Maniakh, proposing to ally against Sasanians
Gokturks invade and conquer Sirs.
Zemarkh embassy to Gokt?with five further embassies exchanged by 576
Gokt?r agains Sasanians; penetration of Kabul and Gandhara regions
Kutugurs, as all people on Itil ruled by Gokt?are encouraged by rise of Avars as alternative to Gokt?zerainty.
Syanbinian Jujan horde keeps robbing neighbors. Language = Syanbinian Consider themselves to be ethnically Tobases.
Khazars are ruled by Western Gokturk Khaganate (570-659)
Gokt?lers receive 100,000 pieces of silk tribute a year from China. Gokt?re the first Eurasian steppe empire to extend from Roman/Byzantine world in west, Iranian/Sasanian in south and Chinese in East
572-591 Gokturks and Byzantines ally against Sassanians
Gokt?ubjugate Utiguri until about 581.
Western Gokturk Khaganate's "Ulus" on lower Itil and Yaik
Mugan Khan (4) dies in 572, his younger brother Tobo (5) becomes Khan (572-581)
Peace between Bey-Tsi and Gokt?p>
Embassy from Khotan to Bey-Chjou
Istemi Yabgu (2) dies, his son Dyangu (Tardu) Kara ChurinT?) becomes Tardu Yabgu (575-603).
Uturgurs are allied with W. Gokturk Khaganate.
Alliance between Gokturks and Uturgurs
Tardu Yabgu sends Bokhan to attack Byzantine in Crimea and Panticapeum (Kerch) as a leader of Utigur Huns under chief Anagai (576-590).
Utugurs under Khan Anagai, as auxiliaries of Gokt? take Bospor. Utugurs remain on N. Caucasus from Dagestan to Derbent, under W. Gokturk Khaganate suzerainty
Gokt?stablish Khazar Khanate.
Bulgars of lower Itil and Kuban are loyal to Gokturk dynasty Ashina
Gokturks are on both sides of Kerch straight. Gokturks army leader (Tma Tarkhan) on Taman peninsula, giving name to city Tmutarkhan
Gokturks invade Crimea
Slavs invade Ellada
Bysantium allies with Avars. Avars defeat Slavs, killing their Prince Davrit
Regions along lower Danube were in 6th and 7th centuries inhabited by Sclavinae, Antes, and Huns (probably Bulgarians). Moldavia and northeastern Muntenia were populated by Slavic tribe of Antes.
Avarian ultimatum by Kagan Bayan to sessede city Sirmiy. Tiberius refuses. Avars capture Sirmiy after a two tear siege
Presence in Istria of hostile to Bysantium Slavs and Avars. Avars were partly responsible for southward migration of Serbs and Croats
Slavic chieftain sacked Corinth
Avars conquered and plundered cities and strongholds in Hellas
Gokturks invade Lasica
Peace of Bay-djou with Kaganate
Tobo (5) dies, Shetu (9) becomes Khagan (581-587).
Tardu Yabgu sends Bokhan to attack Cheronesus as a leader of Utigur Huns under chief Anagai.
Gokt?t Chersonessus walls
581-584 Devastating raid of Slavs through Thrace, Macedonia and Ellada. Settlement of Slavs in Thrace
Khans Ashina are T?nd are" wolves". Syanbian quean describes her husband Shabolio as Wolf by his personality.
Chinese revolt against Syanbinian dynasty. New dynasty received name Suy. Sinadized Syanbinian elite survived.
Avar Khagan Bayan attacks Byzantium in Thrace.
Kuturgur Hun Bulgars settle in Bessarabia and Wallachia, from which they will move to Moesia under pressure from Magyars, and make it Bulgaria.
Hunnic Khan Zabergan (558?-582) dies, Gostun becomes Hunnic Khan ruling over Kutigurs.
Shetu Kagan appoints Gostun Kutigurian Khan
Gokt?Khaganate officially breaks up into Western and Eastern Khaganates. Khwarezm (lower part of Amu Darya R., S. of Aral Sea) and Sugd/Sogdiana (Zerafshan and Kashka Darya R., including area around Samarkand) likely autonomous kingdoms to become independent in next century with Tang defeat of Gokt?/p>
582 - 602 Rule of Byzantine Emperor Maurice. First mention of Khazars in Byzantine annals, along with Bulgars and Barsils. Noted their coming from Bersilia, supposedly in Caspian steppe
Avarian attack on Byzantium
Hunnic Khan Gostun (582-584) dies, Orchona becomes regent of his nephew Kubrat (584-594).
New Emperor recognizes queen Khan's wife as daughter, thus Shetu as son, thus recognizing previous traditions of trading with Gokt? as a form of paying tribute, and confirming privileges of Syanbinian elite. Shetu acknowledges vassalage to empire.
New Slav attack on Constantinople. Defeat and retreat
Avars and Slavs besieged Thessalonica
Shetu (9) dies, Moho (14) becomes Khagan, followed by Tulan (ܮ-Ulug) (16) (587-599). Tulan has anti-khan Tuli (Jangar) (18) (600-609) supported by empire.
Byzantium peace with Avars
Shetu Khan (19) dies, ܮ Ulug (Tulan) (Dulan) (16) (587-599) becomes Khan
China open markets for trade with T?p>
582? Separation of Gokturk Empire into East (Mongolia) and West (Turkestan) parts
W. Gokturk Khaganate campaign against Persia in Caucasus, with Khazars but without Bulgars. Both Khazars and Bulgars are confederated (jointed voluntarily, not as conquered) into W. Gokturk Khaganate.
W. Gokturk Khaganate's Khazars supply military contingents and participate in division of captured wealth. Bulgars man western border with Avars and don't benefit from captured wealth.
Invasion of Khazars, Greeks and Georgians to Agvania is repelled by Persians
Under dynasty Suy position of fubin worsened. Soldiers were moved from "military" lists to "Civil household lists", thus exemption from taxes ended. This was aimed against Syanbinian privileges left from Syanbinian overlordship.
Hunnic Regent Orchona (584-594) dies, Kubrat accends to Khanship (594-642).
Judging from some eparchial lists from end of 7-th or beginning of 8-th century, in 7-th century there was an Onogurian episcopate in Gothic eparchy. This attests early spread of Christianity among Onogurs
Theophanes Confessor and Constantinus Porphyrogeneus explicitly state that Bulgarians, settled on Balkans, had been called earlier Unogundurs
Byzantine patriarch Nicephorus calls ruler of Great Bulgaria khan Kubrat "ruler of Unogundurs"
Heir of throne, Tulan Khagan's cousin, Tuli (Jangar), with a title of Toleses' Khan = Tuli Khan, was Khan of north-east territory. Tuli Khan had vassals ShiWey (Tatars), Kidanes, Khi (Tatabs).
Kara Churin embassy to Constantinipole
Tulan (ܮ-ܹl?6) is killed, Kara Churin T?) becomes Khan with title Boke Khan (599-604)
Chinese fight successfully in Ordos
Tulan (ܮ-ܹl?6) dies, Jangar (Tuli) (18) (600-609) assumes control of all Eastern Gokt?aganate, in vassalage of Chinese empire.
Byzantians defeat Avars
Priskos, Byzantine general, defeated Avars in Banat and collected 9.000 prisoners, 3000 Avars, 800 Slavs, 3200 Gepidae, and 2.000 Abarbarians
Byzantium general Priscus defeats Avars. Bayan (c. 565-602) dies. Next Khan rules (602-630).
HAZAR EMPIRE
602-1016 A.D
Founder - no historical data for founder, its greatest ruler was Hazar Khakan ( Khazar Khagan ).
Area - Hazars separated from Gokt?nd formed a state from Caucasian Mntns to Danube and N. Pontic area
Tardu Khan (7) dies in 603, his grandson Buri-Shad (13/14/15) becomes Khan of partitioned Western Gokturk Khaganate, controlling westernmost part. Chulo (10) controls eastern part.
Kushans rebel against Iran with help from Gokturk Tocharistan separates from Iran
Rebellious Tele in basin of Selenga area pacified, but Djungaria and basin of Tarim did not return to Eastern Gokturk Khaganate.
New dynasty treat carefully descendants of Tobases (Syanbinians). Assimilated Syanbinians live along Great Wall from Khebey to Chanan. There were many large landowners and professional military pushed from power by Chinese landowners who took power.
Kara Churin T?ke Khan (7) dies, Gokt?ganate split into West and East. Tuli (Jangar) (18) becomes Khan of Eastern Gokt?Kaganate, Taman (28) becomes Khan of Western Gokt?aganate (604-610).
Nominally Djungaria and basin of Tarim entered Western Gokt?aganate. However Kibi on northern slopes of East Tian-Shan and Seyanto on S. Slopes of Altain-Nuru crest fought western Gokt?or 2 years (605-606) and gained freedom.
Kidanes revolt against Gokt?ppression
New state was created in Djungaria, under Kibi leadership, with a vast territory and including settled population necessary for nomadic state, in oasises Karashar, Turfan and Khami. Kibi's Prince Gelen took title Mokhe-Khan.
Leader of Seyantos Ishibo subordinated to Gelen but retained control over his tribe. State was likely a tribal union.
Order about outlawing a free trade of Chinese with Gokt?p>
Wars between Tele and Gokt?f Western Khaganate end.
Troops of Empire Suy attack Togon and destroy it.
Jangar Khan (Tuli) (18) (-608) died, his son, Shad Dugi, becomes Khan of East Gokturk Khaganate in vassalage of Empire Tan, under name Shibir (Shipi) Khan (25) (609-620).
Troops of Empire Suy attack Tele and Western Gokt?Khaganate
610-620 Avar Slavs raided Thessalia, Hellas, Aegean Islands, Achaia, and Epirus
Marquart: Leader of Unugurs (Unogundurs) Organa, founder of Bulgarian Dynasty Dulo, uncle of Kubrat Dulo, related to Ashina by female line, of most-western ulus, is baptized in Constantinople. Kubrat is not baptized.
Future Sibir-Khan (14), Mokhodu, of most western ulus is baptized in Constantinople. This starts his fight with Buri Shad (34) (610-618) and Tardu Yabgu (Tun-djabgu) (23) (618-630). Kubrat is not baptized.
Taman Yabgu (28) dies, Buri Shad Yabgu (34) becomes Khan of Western Gokturk Khaganate (610-618). Chulo (26) = anti-Khan (610-611).
Tobases living along northern border of Western Wey stopped being Tobases long ago, but did not become Chinese yet. They are equally distanced from steppes and China, and equally close to both. Gokturk called them Tabgach.
In time of revolt Tabgaches participated because of warlike ancestry, but acted aimlessly, because lost organization and unity.
617(?) A defeat from Byzantines resulted in deterioration of situation for Avar?s Khakan. Alburi killed at court of Avar?s Khakan.
Shi Wey, along with Kidan, Togon and Gaochan submitted to Shibir Khan Khagan (25).
Buri Shad Yabgu (34) dies, Tung Yabgu (23) becomes Khan of Western Gokturk Khaganate (618-630).
Bu-Yurgan refused to be elected Baltavar, saying, that he will be a bolyar, i.e. a cleric. On his advice, Kara Bulgars elected Alburi?s senior son Kurbat a Baltavar
Kubrat allies with Byzantium against Avars.
Both Tele leaders, Kibi's Mokhe-Khan and Seyanto's Inan, subordinate to Tung Yabguu Khan = Yabgu of Shenuy. Djungaria returned to Western Gokturk Khaganate.
Sirs are controlled by Tung Yabgu Khan directly.
Baptism of "Hunnish Khan" in Constantinopole. Avars reach Constantinopole.
China breakes union with Gokturks Capture of Khesi. Lyan Shi-du and Lyu U-Chjou invade N China with Gokturk support
Shambat, younger brother of Baltavar Kubrat, on Kubrat order, builds in aul Askal on mountains Kuyantau city-fortress named Bashtu, present Kiev. Other names Askal, Kuk-Kuyan, Shambat, Kyi.
Shibir Khagan (25) (609-620) dies, Kat Il Khan (27) becomes Khan of Eastern Gokturk Khaganate, free from vassalage of empire (620-630).
In 200 years descendants of Syanbinians assimilated in Tibet. Tsenpo was an inherited position, he received income from lands, taxes, tributes, confiscations and executions. But he could be dismissed at any time because he did not have support or real pow
Tibet army was under a special advisor. Tsenpo Nimry (570-620). In following history there is no Syanbinian role,
Avarian retreat from Constantinople
The Hijra. Start of Islam as a world event
Union of Lu Shey-da with Gokt?p>
Several successfull uprisings of Slavic tribes against Avars are recorded, for example revolt of Vends in 623.
Avars reigned over a vast territory between Alps, Adriatic Sea and Black Sea
Shambat starts war against Avars, with Ulchis (Slavs) and Ugrs. Shambat captures Pannonia and calls his ulus Duloba (623-658). Baltavar Kubrat calls him Kyi (Separated).
Slavs attacked Crete
Byzantine authors recorded ethnic composition of Avar Empire as Avars, Gepids, and Slavs
Birth of Samo state, first political formation of Slavs, first mentioned in writing in 623
Exchange of embassies between Byzantium and Western Gokt?Khaganate
(Onogur?) Bulgars live in Trans-Caucasus on right bank of Kuban' to Don Different fr and rival to Khazars
Avars controlled all Kuturgur Hun lands Uturgur (Onogur?) Bulgars did not participate in Khazars' war raids into Caucasus Uturgur (Onogur?) Bulgars guarded western border of Western Kaganate Uturgur (Onogur?) Bulgars are allied with Tele (Dulu).
W. Gokturk Khaganate campaign against Sasanian Persia in Caucasus, with Khazars but without Bulgars
Khazars and (Onogur?) Bulgars confederated (voluntarily, not conquered) into W. Gokturk Khaganate. Khazars supply military contingents and participate in division of captured wealth. Bulgars man western border with Avars and don't benefit from captured we
Kubrat proclaims independence from W. Gokturk Khaganate and assumes title of Khagan.
While Heraclius with W, Gokturk Khaganates fights Persians in Caucasus, Persians with Avars attack Constantinople. Avars retreat with heavy losses and in disgrace. Kubrat suggests sucking Avar Khagan and replacing him. End of Avar-Persian union.
Khazars ally with Byzantine under Emperor Heraclius (626-630)
Li Shi-min coup. Peace with Gokt?t river Vey
Greeks and Gokt?eige Tbilisi
Avars suffered a crushing defeat at Constantinople in 626
Seyanto tribe and Djungaria left Western Gokt?aganate and joined Eastern Gokt?aganate Kat Il Khan
Cinese embassy to Tun-Yabgu Khan stopped by Kat Il Khan
Seyanto and Uygurs, both Tele tribes, help each other in Gokt?Khaganate. Seyanto's Inan and Uygur's Pusa support each other.
Series of revolts against Avars start among subjugated tribes. Uprising of western Slavs, led by Samo, a Frankish merchant, resulted in founding of a Slavic state on territory of present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Avars and Perians beseige Contantinopole
Khazars capture Tbilisi
Seyanto tribe with 70K yurts gains independence.
Chinese take fortress May in Ordos. Counterattack by Gokt?n all fronts. Srontsangambo enthroned in Tibet
Bulgars/Barsils are incorporated into elite of W. Gokturk Khaganate horde.
Great Bulgaria north of Black Sea under Kubrat (630-660)
End of rule of Khazars by Gokturk Khaganate
Seyanto pursue Gokt?ebi Khan who finds refuge in Altai valley with 30K army.
Avars treat Bulgars/Barsils badly as conquered people. Western Bulgars/Kuturgurs move to Bavaria, and are annihilated by Frankish king Dagober. Eastern Bulgars/Kuturgurs joint with Bulgars/Uturgur
Avar Khagan (602-630) dies. Next Khan rules (630-?).
Sibir-Khan (14) recognized independence of Bulgaria under Kubrat of Dulo dynasty, his nephew of feminine line.
Qarluqs rebel, Tung Yabgu (23) dies, W. Gokt?aganate split, SW and NE. SW run by Nushibis, under Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) (631-631), installed by Nishu Khan Shad (32), son of Baga Shad (24). NE run by Tele (Dulu), under Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) (630-631).
Chinese Tang defeat Eastern Gokturk and occupy Eastern Gokturk Khanate (Mongolia). Kat Il Khan (27) taken prisoner by Tang army, Eastern Gokt?aganate is ruled by Tang Empire for 50 years (630-682)
630-640 Chinese subdue Tarim Basin
T?f Ordos become known as Gok T?Blue T? different from their northern neighbors - Tele
80 K Chinese living with Gokturk are captured
Tardu Tong Yabgu of Western Gokt?aganate (619-630), per Chinese chronicle Tanshu, subjugated Toleses between rivers Orkhon and Tola, and Lake Aral, Iranians, advanced to Khandagar in south. His army has hundreds of thousands of good bow-shooters.
W. Gokturk invade Armenia and defeat Persians. W. Gokt?lear S Caucasus
Xuanzang visits court of W. T?ghan Tung Yabghu near Lake Issyk-Kul
Seyanto tribe keeps independence.
Seyanto under China = 70K wagons
Uygur leader Tumidu, heir of Pusa, defeated Seyantos and seized their ranges. Emperor Taitszun sent an embassy to Seyanto leader Inan and recognized him as Khan, as a counterweight to Uygurs. Uygurs subordinated and recognized new Khan.
Seyanto state organized like T? Khan's sons are Shads, leading Tolos (North) and Tardush (South). Army numbered 200K lances, smaller than was 1,000K of Gok?Shibir Khan.
Seyanto state successfully controlled all T?leaders except for Ordos T?nder Chinese protection. Some Ordos T?ove north into Seyanto state.
Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) replaced by Nishu Khan Shad (32) as Dulu Khan (631-634). Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) killed. W. Gokt?aganate reunited.
New Seyanto state spread from Altai to Khingan and from Gobi desert to Baikal.
Kutugur's rebelion against Avars and defeat of Kutugurs by Avars
Samo Slavs in 631 beat Frank Army of King Dagobert near Vogatisburg and gain their independence from Franks and Avars
Seyanto gave a blow from behind. Ashina Chuni, loyal to traditions of Eastern Kaganate, raised his army against Seyanto. He had 50K army without success.
Yishbara Tolis Shad (33) is not trying to re-subjugate Bulgars
Kipchaks are not in 10 arrows of Western Kaganate
Kubrat unites Bulgar Kuturgur and Uturgur tribes and liberated from W. Gokturk khaganate.
Kubrat organizes state, 2nd=kavkhan, 3rd=lchirguboyl ??
Seyanto tribe with 70K wagons keeps independence.
Dulu Khan (32) (631-634) dies, his younger brother Tong Shad becomes Yabgu as Yshbara Tolis-Shad Yabgu (634-639).
Kubrat escaped dominance of Gokturks and Khazars, by supporting Sibir-Khan in 630. He became independent, defeated Avars. Controlled near- Black Sea steppes
Kubrat sent embassy to Constantinople and received title of Patrician. Kubrat's Bulgaria joins Byzantium as Federatae. Byzantium becomes a bordering state with Khazaria of W. Gokt?aganate, controlling former Khazar territories.
In W Gokturk Khaganate nations that did not receive autonomy were Karluks, Yagma (YanNyan), Kipchaks, Basmals, and Hun (Dulu) tribes Chue, Chumi and Shato
Yshbara Tolis-Shad Yabgu reorganizes W. Gokt?aganate into 10-arrow Gokt?of 5 Nushibi and 5 Tele (Dulu) tribal leaders, recognizing them as Shads (blood prince).
Bulgaria hostile with Khazars of W. Gokturk Khaganate on East, with Avars on West, with Byzantium on South.
NE of Western Gokturk Khaganate controlled by Tele Khan Tong Shad Yabgu, who attempts to unite W. and E. Gokt?aganates.
Seyanto ally with Gaochan in defense of Gaochan from aggression of Empire Tan. Gaochan is attacked and occupied.
Yishbara Tolis Shad (33) died, then (42), then cousin Bagadur, title = Irbis Yshbara Yabguu Khan (37)
Capital of 'South Horde' at Chu & Ili
T?n service of Tan Empire are moved to north bank of Khuankhe and serve as a barrier against Seyanto.
Seyanto Khan Inan organized expedition against restored Gokt?ssal Khaganate on north bank of Khuankhe. Seyanto army demolished 80%.
Kipchaks have 100K people, 40K army, 90 K horses
Irbis Yshbara Yabgu Khan executed (37), his brother Yugu-Ukuk (38) selected Khan of Western Gokt?aganate (641-651)
Kipchak on Altai subordinated to Khan ܫuk Yabgu,
Boma on Enisey subordinated to Khan ܫuk Yabgu.
First Khazar - Arab war (642-652) against Abd Al Rahman
Imperial Chinese garrison in Khami deafeats W Gokt?f Irbis Dulu Khan
Seyanto Khan Inan died.
Remains of Seyanto Horde loose to Empire Tan army and are dispersed. Uygurs fought Seyanto with Empire Tan and become loyal subjects and fight in all wars for Empire.
Seyanto Khanate was destroyed by Empire and their allies Uygurs, people were mercilessly wiped out. Remains of Seyanto dispersed by slopes of Beyshan, and joined Gokt?/p>
Empire Tan breakes relations with W Gokt?Khaganate
T?ebi Khan horde is resettled in East Khanganate vacated by Seyanto.
Irbis becomes first Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate (650?-?.).
Kipchaks move to Upper Irtysh and E. Kazakhstan steppes under pressure from China and Uygurs
Langobards conclude conquest of whole Italia, excluding Ravenna, South Italia and Sicilia.
In village Nagi Szent Miklos in Hungary is found famous treasure, 23 golden cups with T?inscriptions, dated by Avar period (c 650)
Migration of Bulgars to middle Itil, attested to by burial sites in Shilovka and Brusyany. Burials are of T?nobility with complex rites and rich implements.
With loss of W.Gokturk Khaganate rule, former confedrate Khazaria with attached Bulgar Kutugurs, Alans, Slavs and Itil Bulgars gain independence. Khazars keep Kagan from Ashina dynasty.
Defeat of Khazar-Alan army by Abd Al Rahman Arabs in Euthrates battle.
W. Gokturk take Tinchjou (Bishbalyk = Head City)
End of first Khazar - Arab war (642-652) against Abd Al Rahman
ܫuk (38) died, son Chjenchu (39) (653-659)
Khazars allied with Alans.
Murder of Calif Osman. Civil war in Califate.
Founded Khazarian state
Advance of Chinese inperians against W Gokturk Khaganate. Rebelion of Baiyrku, Sige, Bugu and Tonra against Empire Tan. Sogdiana occupied by Chinese (657-700)
Great Bulgaria, Baltavar Kubrat's state, is divided into 2 uluses, Western Kara Bulgar and Eastern Ak Bulgar Yorty, separated by river Shir (Don).
Kara Bulgar extended from estuary of (Danube) to Shir (Don). Ak Bulgar Yorty extended from Shir (Don) to estuary of Itil (Volga). Border went by river Aksu, including aul Kharka (current Kharkov). Bulyar was included as semi-autonomous beylik.
Great Bulgaria's capital Bandja, renamed fron Onoguria (Gr. Phanagoria). Summer stan is Khorysdan or Batavyl ( Lord's stan), present Putivl. In between are two more stans, Tiganak and Baltavar, present Poltava.
Tang defeat last rulers of first Gokt?empire. Chjenchu (39) executed, end of dynasty. Western Gokt?Kaganate ceased to exist forever. Yshbara Khan died
Khan Kubrat Dulo (24) (618-660) died, is buried 13 km from Baltavar, present Poltava, burial excavated in 1912, no anthropological, forensic examination.
Kubrat's 1st son Bayan (Batbayan) is elected Baltavr and remains in Great Bulgaria, confederated with Khazars
Kubrat's 2nd son Kotrag resettled his Kuturgurs (Kotrags) West of Don, and in 730-740 they spread to E. Azov area to join Kuban Bulgars. Kotrag domain consisted of groups Barsula, Eskel and Bulkar (Bulgar).
Kubrat's 3rd son, Atilkese, nicknamed Asparukh (Khan Asparukh) heads Onogurs (Utigurs)
Agvanian Djevanshir defeats Khazars
Tibetians penetrate Western region to support rebelling T?p>
Arabs fight Khazars for Derbent
Dismemberment of Great Bulgaria - Divided up among Kubrat's five sons, third of which was Asparukh, Khan of Utiguri.
With death of Prince Samo first Slavic state is re-intrgrated into Avar Khaganate in 665
Kutlug (56) restores E. Gokturk Khaganate, becomes Elteres Khagan (665-691).
150K Kumans, Turkmens, Gok-Oguses and Kyrgises, confederated with Khazars, cross Itil from the east. Shambat and Asparukh battle Khazars, loose and flee to Bashtu, present Kiev.
Arabs defeat Peroz, last Sassanian shah, and cross Oxus River (Amu Darya) for the first time
Peace treaty between Khazars' Kagan Kaban and Kara Bulgar's Baltavar Bat-Boyan. Kara Bulgar is subordnated to Khazar.
Split of Kara Bulgar into W. and E. of Dniepr. West is controlled by Shambat and Asparukh, and East, including Bulyar, by Baltavar Bat-Boyan
Bat-Boyan Bulgars are defeated by Khazars. Khazars recover territory with east Bulgar (Utugur) and Alan populations.
Khazars under Alp-Ilitver defeat Bulgars
Large Horde of Kubrat's 3rd son, Atilkese, nicknamed Asparukh, after death of Shambat in 670, moved west with Onogurs (Utigurs) and some Turkmen (Byzantian historians call them Bolgars from now on), to Danube and Pannonia district Kashan, between rivers B
Arab raids to Bukhara, across Oxus River
Bulgars arrive on Danube under Asparukh
Kubrat's 4th son Kuber (Ultzindur?) (Balkor?) moved from S of Crimea his Ultzindurs and Ultzingurs of Hunnish stock to Pannonia under Avars (678-679)
Kubrat's 5th son Emnetzur (Altsek) moved his Alciagirs, Alcildzurs and Alpidzurs from Crimea to Italy under Byzantines, to duchy of Benevetto/Abruzi region, Pentapolis at Ravenna.
Byzantine's Constantine IV attacks Asparukh Bulgars. Bulgars retaliate, take Scythia and lower Moesia, Pliska becomes Khans' new headquarters.
Chuvash may be descendants of Utugur Bulgars and Volgo-Kama Bulgars. Tatars may be descendants of Utugur Bulgars and Volgo-Kama Bulgars.
Territorially, Bulgar's split is along Kutugur/Utugur uluses, with Kutugurs independent of Avar and W. Gokturk Khaganates, and Utugurs remaining in W. Gokturk Khaganate sphere.
Kubrat's Bulgaria is split into independent (Byzantium Federatae) west Khanate under Asparukh, controlling from Donets on East to Danube on West, and Eastern Ak Bulgar Yorty, subject to Khazar Kagan from Itil to Donets, with capital Onogoria (Gr. Phanago
Kipchaks restored Gokturk Khaganate, second component = Sirs, descendants of Seyanto, became 'Kok Gokturk Blue Turk known as Kipchaks from that time
Revolt Against Tan Empire
Asparukh Bulgars invade Thrace
Asparukh Khaganate includes Slavs. Asparukh Khaganate spreads into Dobrudja south of Danube.
Asparukh 680 treaty with Slavs recognizes their self-government and territory. Slav princes participate in people assembly along with Bulgarian nobles. state administration consists of a Khan and 12 Great Boyls.
Slav's obligation to Bulgars is to pay tribute and supply military contingents. state capital established in Pliska in Moesia.
Empire of Avars peaked at end of 7th century (680 AD), after devision of Kubrat Bulgaria between Avars and Khazars, when it reached from Volga to Danube
In Avaria, men were laid down in tombs with their horses, arms, and horse-trappings. Tomb objects are characterized by geometrical ornaments pressed upon a print, with a certain degree of Byzantine influence
Arab raids to Khwarizm, Samarkand
Albanian missionary bishop Israel describes "Kingdom of Huns" (Belendjer) capital Varachan located north of Derbent, and Tangri cult of Northern Dagestan Barandjar (Balandjar) = Onogur = Utigur Bulgars, subordinated to Khazars.
Kutlug is proclamed Khagan, title Ilterish (Country Creator) and oranized a second Khanate, appointing his brother Kapagan as Shad, and another brother Tosifu as Yabgy
Successful Turk rebellion led by Kutlug Ilterish (56) and Tonyukuk, restoration of Turk Gokturk Khaganate
Khazar raid to Armenia
Khazar raid to Cis-Causasus
Greek occupation of Cis-Causasus
Otuz-Tatars are hostile to Kutlug Khan state
Bulgar Khan Bat-Boyan (660-690) dies, succeeded by his son Bu-Timer (690-700) in vassalage of Khazars
Kutlug Khan (56) (682-691) died, succeeded by his brother Mochur (Bak-chor) (Mochjo) (Mochur) (57) (691-716) as Kapagan Khan.
Boma live N. of Kyrgyz Khanate
Kutlug Khan subordinated Khalka
Kipchaks mixed with Kangar (Besenyos, Russ. 'Pecheneg') between Black Irtysh and Syr-Darya in Desht-i-Kipchak
Embassy from Kurykans arrived to China. Rebellion of Ashina Suytsy and his alliance with Tibetians. Chinese imperial troops crush Tibetians, Turgeshes and W Gokt?p>
Khazars are frequently allied with Huns of North Caucasus. Alp Elteber of Huns of North Caucasus is a vassal of Khazars. Huns capital city is Varachan (late 10 c).
Tatars lived north of Tatabs and Kara-Kibi, on Kerulen tributary of Amur river, in those times mostly engaged in fishing.
Oguz tribe federation relocates in great numbers from Orkhon area to vicinity of Talas, then to Syr Darya. Oguz dialect separates from Eastern T? and by 11th century Oguz language of Syr Darya differs from Eastern T?in lexicon and pronounciation
Khan Asparukh (679-701) of Danube Bulgaria dies, his son or grandson Terval (702-718) succeeds him
Busir (Ibousir-Glavan) becomes Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate (703?-?.).
Khazar royal princess ?.. marries Bysantine emperror Justinian II to become Empress Theodora.
Ashina Khayn subjugated Semirechye for Empire Tan. Shato subdued without fight. Western Gokturk are subjugated, and Karluks, Huvu and Shunishes accede
Khan of Danube Bulgaria Tervel aids Justinian II in regaining his control of Constantinople after a rebellion. Afterwards, Terval is crowned "Caesar"
Beginning of systematic Arab conquest of Transoxania. Qutaiba ben Muslim becomes Governor of Khurasan
Chinese break negociations with Gokt?p>
Chinese built three fortresses north of Huanhe against Gokt?p>
709 Arabs capture Bukhara and Samarkand. 711 Arabs capture Khiva. 712 Arabs subdue Khwarezm and recapture Samarkand. 713 Arabs sack Kashgar.
Khazars help to install Phillipicus as a Byzantine Emperor
Gokturk uppress rebelion of Turgeshes. Divisions in Khorezm
Khan-Caesar Tervel, after leaving Justinian II to his doom, sees fit to avenge his death by raiding and looting southern Thrace.
Kuteyba subjugates Khorezm and takes Samakand. Emperor appoints Mohedo Tutuk a ruler of Samakand
Arab embassy to China
Chinese, under emperor T'ai-tsong, defeat Gokturk in Lake Issyk-Kul.
Khazars loose Derbent to Arabs
Trurks are defeated at Byshbalyk. Shato subordinate to Empire Tan
Chinese beat back Gokturk attacks on Beytin, and Arabs and Tibetians on Fergana 716 Luchen is taken from Kidanes. Turgeshes rebel against Empire and defeat Chinese and Karluks
Ases, and then Yasygs, are cruelly suppressed by Kapagan Khagan
Mochur (Bak-chor) (57) (691-716) Qapagan Khan died, after defeating Bayirku of upper Kerulen but killed on return trip. He was succeeded by Mogilyan (Mokilien) (63) (716-734), elder brother of Kul-tegin, installed by Kul-tegin. Peak of second Gokt?pire (716-734)
Danube Bulgars under Khan Tervel as federats of Byzantium defeat Arab invasion and save Byzantium. Khan-Caesar Terval (26) (702-718) dies, ?.. becomes Khan (718-725).
Orkhon Inscriptions on Tonyukuk slella are created, describing events and providing T?perspective. Inscriptions are bilingual, in Kipchak language in Turkic alphabet, and in Chinese language in Chinese characters. Sources
Khazars invade Azerbaijan.
Gokturk victory over Chinese imperians. Kashmirian Radj is given title Van
Second Khazar - Arab war (722-737) First campaign of Arabian troops led by Zh. Jirrah in Northern Caucasus against Alans and Khazars
Son of Tulge Khagan, Tengru Khan, has 300K army
Khazars lose Balanjar to Arabs, move capital to Samandar
Start of massive Jewish emmigration to Khazaria (723-944)
In Avaria, after about 40 years, i.e., after 720 AD, figures of plants and animals were used more frequently, were cast and decorated. New art shows T?Asian features, probably a new population coming from east took place of earlier one
Second Jirrah's campaign in Northern Caucasus.
Danube Bulgar Khan ..?. (718-725) dies, end of Dulo dynasty. Sevar becomes Khan (725-740). Danube Bulgar Khanate expands.
Khazars invade Azerbaijan. Muslam's raid against Khazars
Khazar's Barjik leads 300K army to raid Azerbaijan (Albania?). At Arbadil, Khazars defeat entire Arab army.
Orkhon Inscriptions on Kul Tegin slella with a large and small inscriptions, and on Tonyukuk slella. Inscriptions are bilingual, in Kipchak language in Turkic alphabet, and in Chinese language in Chinese characters. Sources
Otuz-Tatars moved from Gokturk on Amur-area taiga.
Khazar princess Chichek marries Bysantine emperror Constantine V to become Empress Irene.
Mogilyan Khan (63) poisoned, his son Yollyg-Tegin (Yijan) (65) died, his brother Bilge Kutlug Khan (66) succeeded as Tengri Khagan (66) (734-741).
Fubin annulled statuary. Chinese and foreign (Syanbinian) stratification was fixed and joining Chinese people was impossible. This started a new ethnical substrate. All non-Chinese could only join border army, hated by Chinese element.
Campaign of Arabian military leader Mervan Kru in Alania. Alan king Itaz.
Arabs force conversion to Islam. ?... becomes first Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate to convert to Islam for political reasons (703?-?.).
Khazars loose Samandar to Arabs, move capital to Itil.
Gokturk attack Kucha
Danube Bulgaria Khan Sevar (725-740) dies, Kormisos becomes Khan (740-756)
Ashina Sin is appointed a ruler of ten tribes, sent west and killed. After his death Dumochji, Yabgu of three tribes is appointed Dumochji, Yabgu of three tribes
UYGUR EMPIRE
740 - 1335 A.D
Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan (Bilge Kutlug Tengri Khan)
Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia
END OF GOKTURK EMPIRE
552 - 743 A.D
Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen)
Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
Ozmysh Khagan (68) (742-743) killed by Basmils. Basmils failed to take control of E. Gokt?aganate, and Uygurs, with Karluk help, set Kuli Peilo Khan as Kutlug Bilga Khagan (11) (Tengrida Bolmish El, Qutluq Bilge Qaghan) (742 - 747). Creation of Uygur
Uygurs substituted one T?people for another, closely related, for hegemony of Mongolia, in the next century (744-840)
Khan Marduan of Daghestani Bulgars, Burjans, build a small wooden city, named city Marduan. Khazars called it Mardukan. Present Bulgar (Great Bulgar)
Tatars lose a battle to Uygurs N-W of Selenga. Tatars were caught at Keyre spring and river Tri- birkyu, and lost half of army.
Ay Tengrida Qut Bolmish, Tutmish Bilge Qaghan (11) dies. Bayanchur (12) (747 -759).
Created Shine-usu, Terkhin and Tes inscriptions. Inscriptions are in Old Uygur?? language in T?alphabet. Kagan Bayanchur (747-759) relates 6-th c events with "QSR=QASAR". Sources
Bulgars live along north-western shore of Caspian Sea
After living as neighbors of Chuvash people for over 1,000 years, a part of Hungarians moved south to "Levedia" in approximately 750 AD, while others remained between Itil River and Ural Mountains
Kengeres/Pecheneg/Kangar/Besenyos living west of Uygurs and are hostile with them
Defeat of Chinese armies at Talas river by a combined forces of Gokt?Arabs and Tibetans. End of Chinese control over Turkestan. Paper starts spreading to Arabs and on to Europe
Tatars lived on eastern border of Uygyria.
Ilmish Kutlug Khan is Kara Khan of Gokt?p>
Constantine V (son of Leo III) builds a chain of forts along Bulgarian border. War begins between Danube Bulgars and Byzantines. After initial success, Bulgars are defeated.
Created Orkhon Inscription on Mogilyan Bilge Khan slella. Inscriptions are bilingual, in Kipchak language in T?alphabet, and in Chinese language in Chinese characters. Sources
Danube Bulgaria Khan Kormisos (740-756) dies, Vinekh becomes Khan (756-761)
El Tutmish Alp Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. El Tekin (13) (759 - 779).
Khazar Khagan Boghatur (760?-?)
Bulgar Khan Tat-Ugek renames city Marduan to Bulgar, which becomes a center of small Burjan kingdom.
Khan Vinekh of Danube Bulgaria (756-761) and all his kin assassinated. Teletz of Ugain clan and a leader of conspiracy is elected new Khan (761-763).
Khazars, led by As Tarkhan, invade and re-conquer Cis-Caucasia. 764 Khazars take Tbilisi
Danube Bulgaria Khan Telets seizes southern Thrace. Bulgars loose battle of Anchiel. Khan Telets (761-763) is murdered by hostile Boils for his failure. Umar, then Bayan (763-765) is elected new Khan
Danube Bulgaria Khan Bayan (763-765) is replaced by Toktu, then Magan, then Telerig (c.765-777) assumes Bulgarian Khan-hood.
War between Greeks and Danube Bulgars. Khazaria unites with Alania
Leo IV "Khazar" emperor of Byzantine Empire (775-780)
Danube Bulgaria Khan Telerig (c.765-777) is replaced by Kardam (c.777-c.803)
Alp Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Tonga Bagha (14) (779 - 789).
Leo II, greatson of Khazar Kagan, ruler of Abkhazia. (780-?.)
Khazars help Abkhazia to free from Byzantine, and Abkhazia becomes Khazarian dependency
Tengride Bolmish Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Taras (15) (789 - 790).
Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Aychur (16) (790 - 795).
Shato subordinate to Tibet. Tibetians take Beytin and Kucha (Ansi) 791 Tibetians take Khotan
Franks met resistance on their campaign in area of Austria and Slovenia
Franks met with little resistance on their 2 campaigns in area of Austria and Slovenia because of Avar/Bulgar/Slav draught and famine
Avar leaders fought each other between 792 and 795, but Kaghan and Yugrush, his fellow ruler, were killed by their own men, who blamed them for draught and famine
Tibetians defeat Uygurs 795 Tatabs and Tatars are defeated by Chinese
According to archaeological evidence, Avars populated Banat, Crishana, and parts of Transylvania. Their number in Transylvania is not very high, but this is difficult to estimate. As in other territories, they probably lived together with Slavic tribes
Avars power broken, Franks destroyed residence of Kaganat. Nestor chronicle stipulates that all Avars died, but some retired to east of Tisza. Last reliable mention of Avars is from 822, and in 873 there is a record of uncertain character.
Ay Tengride Ulugh Bolmish Alp Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Qutluq (17) (795 - 805)
Avar Kaghan and his warlords abandoned their capital Rhing before Frankish host reached it in 796, but 90 per cent of Charlemagne's horses that advanced as far as Gy?n 791 also perished of famine
Avar state, weakened by internal dissent, was destroyed by a combined Frankish and Bulgarian Khan Kardam attack in 796.
Danube Bulgaria Khan Kardam (c.777-c.803) is replaced by Krum (38) elected to Bulgarian Khan-hood (803-814). Bulgars under Khagan Krum unite with Franks to crush Avar Khaganate.
Khan Krum's army has 30,000 chain armored heavily armed cavalry, vs. Byzantium's less than 400.
Khan Krum venture to become independent suzerain, lays off federatae status, become Tzar, and absorbs Slavic and Avar territories and populations. Policy program for next half century.
Charlemagne and then Pepin defeat and subjugate Avar Khan in Pannonia, rob 2 centuries of treasuries. In 805 Avar Khagan Zodan baptized with name Theodore. Theodore continued ruling as a subject of Charlemagne
Joint forces of Bulgars and Franks crush and annihilate Avar Khaganate.
End of AVAR EMPIRE in Europe
558-805 AD
Founder - Khan Bayan
Area - Pannonia, Balkans, Bessarabia, N. Pontic steppes to Tanais and Itil (Total Area - 2,500,000 Km2)
Seat of Avar kaghan and his warlords east of Danube in Pannonia, known as Rhing
Ay Tengride Qut Bolmish, Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Unknown (18) (805 - 808).
Manicheans arrive to Chanan from Uygurs
Danube Bulgars and Greeks fight.
Ay Tengride Qut Bolmish, Alp Bilge Qaghan. Unknown (19) (808 - 821).
Bulgars take Adrianopole.
In 813, Krum led a large army of Slavs and Avars against Byzantium and besieged Constantinople without success. He died in following year.
April 13, 814 While preparing another attack against Byzantines, Khagan Krum (38) bursts a blood vessel and dies. Khagan Omurtag (41) assumes Bulgarian Khan-hood (814-814). Boils rule Bulgaria - Chok (?) (?_?).
Khan Ditsen (40) (814-816)
Chok and Boils Danube Bulgars conclude a peace treaty with Byzantines to last thirty years, to be renewed every ten years.
Khan Omurtag (41) (816-831)
Inhabitants of Samandar revolt against attempts by Khazar Khagan Karak introduce Judaism
Manichean missionaries are exiled to Uyguria
Danube Bulgars thrust to north as far as Kiev (818-820).
Kara Bulgarian Khan Aydar (819-855)
Khazars found Sambata (sam = high, bat = stronghold) and Kiev ( kui = low, ev = settlement), settled by Khazars and Magyars.
Preslav is completed - new Bulgarian capital.
Kun Tengride Ulugh Bolmish, Kuch Kuchluk Bilge Qaghan. Unknown (20) (821 - 824).
Tengride Qut Bolmish, Kuch Bilge Qaghan. Hazar Tekin (21) (824 - 832).
Danube Bulgars and Franks fight.
Khazar Khagan Khan-Tuvan (Dyggvi) (830?-?)
Construction of Sarkel fortress by Khazars with Byzantium's help
Khzarian Kabars rebel against Bek (830-862).
First Rus Khaganate is established as ulus by Itil Bulgarian Khan Aydar (819-855)
Danube Bulgaria Khan Malamir (42) (831-837)
Danube Bulgars and Franks sign peace treaty.
Tengride Qut Bolmish, Kuchluk Bilge Qaghan. Kho Tekin (22) (832 - 839).
Khan-Tuvan (Dyggvi) sends an embassy to Byzantine asking to send engineers-fortificators to build fortresses against Rus' attacks.
Danube Bulgar Khan Presijan (43)(836-852)
Magyars crossed Dnieper from east around 837, occupying steppe as far as Danube by year 860
Atelkuzu, largely consisting of Ukraine, Moldavia and Eastern Wallachia, favoured survival at time of warming. As drought spread, it was possible to move flocks up-river to cooler, wooded regions, where fishing provided an extra food for semi-nomads.
Magyar tribes, and chiefly ruling caste, moved up river as far as Kharka, Bashtu, and Galich
Kho Tekin (22) (832 - 839) dies. Kichik Tekin (23) (839 - 840)
Destruction of Uygur Orkhon Empire by Kirgizes. End of Uygur leadership of E. Gokturk Khaganate
E. Gokturk Khaganate Kichik Tekin (23) dies
In about 840-850 AD, Hungarians were forced to move westwards to Atelkuzu (Etelkoz) and they then occupied Carpathian Basin in 896 AD living there to this day
Kyrgyz ambassador arrived in China
Muhamad ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi works in Khazarian Kagan's palace, sent there by Caliph Al-Wathiq.
Bashkorts used prior to 9c antroponym 'Ishtek/Istek' (Asses, Ossian/Yassian people), and from 9 c became known antroponym 'Bashkort' from (according to Arab author Salam Tardjman) Khan Bashgird, whose horde lived in present area.
Khan Presijan (43) (836-852) controls Danube Bulgaria extending from Panonnia, Transilvania, Wallachia, Moldavia, Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia, to Donets ??, with numerous inhabitants (Slavs, Bulgars, Thracians (Vlach, Wallach, Dacian, Get)
Kara Bulgarian Baltavar Khan Aydar (819-855) died, Gabdulla Djilki (Shilki) becomes Khan (855-882)
Khan Shilki lost battle to Khazar Kagan Iskhak at Baltavar (Poltava)
Kara Bulgar Khan Gabdulla Djilki (Shilki) lost Bashtu (Kiev) and Urus (Novgorod) uluses to Khazars. Khazars oganize them as ulus Rus. Khagan Iskhak appoints Norman leader Dir (Bulg. Djir) of Slavic militia in Bashtu a ruler of Rus and Norman Ascold (Bulg. As-Khalib) a Viceregent of Rus
Shilki settles in c. Karadjar (Chernigov) with territory
Shilki's brother Lachyn becomes Khan of remaining Kara Bulgar with a capital in Khorysdan (Putivl)
Kara Bulgar Bashtu becomes Khazarian Kiev
Religious debate in Khazarian court (khazarian Polemic) between Cyril and Methodius, Rabbi Yitzhak Ha Sangari, and Muslem cleric Farabi Ibn Kora.
Khazar Bulan Bek, nobility and some common people convert to Judaism.
Chronist Nestor gives 862 as year of creation of Rus. Ruses are rulers of Slavs. Ruses live in military settlements and "feed" by spoils, a part of which was rendered to Jewish Khazars. Slavs are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Russes are eth
Viking warrior Hrorekr (Riurik) leads expedition to Staraya Lagoda and occupied city in 862
Hrorekr (Riurik) (862-879) takes Novgorod, the other brothers take two other cities. Eventually Riurik gained all three cities. Gradual conquest of surrounding Slavic states, raided as far as Constantinople. At his death, his son Ingvar is too young to ru
Khan Shilki re-unites Bashtu and Karadjar with Kara Bulgar. Knyaz Dir (Bulg Djir) submits to Shilki, Ascold (Bulg As-Khalib) escapes to Galidj (Novgorod? Galich?) Shilki restores himself as Baltavar of Kara Bulgar with capital at Baltavar (Poltava)
Khan Barys of Itil Bulgaria beylyk founded by Tat-Ugek, died, and Shilki, Khan of Kara Bulgar with a capital in Baltavar (Poltava) is proclamed Khan of Itil Bulgaria (865-882).
City Bulgar becomes a capital of Itil Bulgaria.
Shilki proclames Itil Bulgaria an Islamic state, without a Califate recognition
Established Kara Bulgar station Kolyn (Khlynov, Vyatka)
First revolt of T? soldiers against Abbasid Calif al-Mutaawakkil (847-861)
Ahmad ibn Tulun, a T? praetorian of Abbasid Califate, becomes an independent ruler of Egypt and extends his rule to Syria
Khazars built a glass factory in Hrodna (present Belarus)
879-882 Post Riurik (862-879), pre-Olaf period in Rus ulus
Khan Shilki (855-882) died, Bat-Ugyr becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (882-895).
Khan Alabuga of a Baryn line of Sabans starts a city, named later Bilyar.
Olaf (Russ. Oleg) (882-913) First serious Rus expansion. Dominated several E. Slav tribes as tribute states.
After 889, Besenyos break through Khazarian border guards and replace Magyars from Levedia
Catastrophically cold winter of 892-893 froze Itil and Don, made it possible for Besenyos, whom Oguzes attacked, to flee across frozen rivers into Atelkuzu, although some of them were stuck east of Yaik river
Besenyos stop their pusuit of Majars at Dniepr, spend winter near mouth of river Buh
Majar Prince Levente leads Khazar Kabars against Bulgaria
Besenyos in alliance with Bulgars start a second attack of Majars, forcing them to leave Atilkiji (Itil-Kiji, Atelkuzu) for Transylvania and Upper Tisza region
Bat-Ugyr (882-895) abdicates. Baltavar (Elteber) Almush (Almas), eldest son of Shilki, becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria, accclamed in city Bulgar (895-925).
Khan Almush Kara Bulgar census lists 550K, 200K are Saban-speaking Bulgars, 180K-Ars (Udmurts, Finno-Ugors), 170K-Modjars
Alans and Bulgars freed from Khazar power
Some Khazar Kabars settle in Transilvania/Hungary with Majars.
Avaria (Pannonia) is divided between Slavic state of Great Moravia under Svyatopolk, and T?Khanate of Bulgaria. Bulgar Onogundur (or Onogur) settle there, possibly giving name to Hungary.
Ibn Ruste lists three branches of Itil Bulgars: "first branch was called Bersula, second - Esegel, and third - Bolgar".
Varangian Rus mercenaries are mentioned serving in Byzantine naval expedition to Crete. Rus mercenaries also serve Khazars
Olaf (Russ. Oleg), Prince of Kiev (882-916 ), remains a vassal of Avar Khaganate, divided between Bulgarian principalities.(In 859 to Khazars??)
Rus raiders (druzhina) with Varangian (Varyag) allies captures Khazarian fort Abezgun on Caspian Sea
First missions of Christian preachers from Byzantium to Alania. Establishing Alan arch-episcopate. Peter as first arch-bishop of Alania.
Kengeres, once a part of confederation of W. Gokt?Khaganate, were driven toward lower Syr-Darya and Aral Sea by Karluk T? They were grazing their herds between Yaik and Itil rivers.
North of Sea of Azov Kengeres occupied Levedia, taking it from Majars, and then drove them from Atilkiji area between Dniepr and Lower Danube
Ingvar (Russ. Igor) (913-945) re-established control over Eastern Slavs
Khazars demolish Rus marauding expedition fleet
Besenyos appear before Kiev for first time in force. Prince Ingvar (Russ. Igor) signs peace treaty with them establishing a frontier between Don and Dniester
Khazars fight with Burtas (Steppe Alans or Asses), Oguz, Byzantines, Kengeres and Kara Bulgars.
Itil Bulgar Baltavar Almush (Almas) allies with Caliphate as counterbalance to Khazars. Beginnng of minting of Bulgarian dirkhems
Itil Bulgars congress of Bulgarian tribes adopted Islam as state religion, built mosques and schools. Itil Bulgars start transition to Arabic script from T?script
Baltavar Almush takes a title 'Emir' as obligation to rule in accordance with Quran
City Bilyar becomes a province Baityuba capital and a 3rd sized city after Bulgar and Bandja
City Nur-Suvar (922-1246). Present Tatarskiy (Sham-Suar).
Established city Tukhchi, renamed in 1219 Djuketun (Chistopol)
Governor of province Mardan-Ballak Balus starts a city, named later Banja (Banja-Burtas). Present Syzran.
Almush (895-925) died, Khasan becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (925-930). Almush is buried in Fortress Gulistan.
Seljuks are from tribe Kynyk - one of 24 Oguz tribes. Oguzes live between Syr Darya, Caspian and Aral seas. Kynyks live near delta of Syr Darya.
Yabgu rules Oguzes. Leader of Seljuk clan, Temir-Yalyg, nicknamed Dukak (Dokak), has a high position. He objects to a raid by Yabgu against other T?tribes, and sours relations with Yabgu. He and his tribe may be Moslems.
Itil Bulgaria has 30 cities. Khasan built: Matak Nukrat Bandja (Samara ) (Center of Mardan-Bellak ulus) Bulyar (citadel in Bilyar) Kamysh Simbir Gazan-Deber Kashan Tukhcha Tau-Kerman (Sviyajsk) Tash-Bulgar Subash-Simbir Karadjar Djilan
Khasan (925-930) died, Yalkau Michail becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (930-943).
Khazars ally with Alans who adopt Judaism, and arrange a dynastic marriage
KARAHANID (Karahanli, Ilek (ilig)-khanid, al-Hakaniye, el-Haniye, al-Afrasiyab)
932 - 1212 A.D
Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han
Area - All Trans-Oxus area including area between Issyk and Balkash Lakes Initial center in Kashgar
Khazars ally with Oguzes.
Kengeres join in Hungarian invasion of Byzantian Thrace.
Khazar Baliqchi Pesakh defeats Rus
Yalkau Michail died (930-943), Mohammed becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (943-976).
Kengeres join in Prince Ingvar of Kiev raid on Byzantium.
Helga (Russ. Olga) (945-962) is energetic in subjugating Slavs, exacting terrible revenge upon Drevlians, burying alive and burning their most distinguished men alive in a bath in Kiev, massacring 5,000 at her husbands funeral feast, burning Izkorosten with many killed or enslaved
All Gothic cities-colonies are robbed to foundation in raid of Prince Ingvar of Kiev
Start of Itil Bulgar-Turkmen 15 year war
Talib, junior son of Khan Gazan, and grandson of Almush, organizes a regular army in Itil Bulgaria.
There is information about Bashkir Confederation in 9-12c under Masim Khan, starting with Khan Bashkort. Bashkir 'Shejere' listed Khans Muyten Bey and Maiky Bey at approx. 1220, witha list of 10 predesessors covering 9-12c.
Al Mas'udi (died in 956) describes 4 T?peoples: Ydjni, Badjkurt (Maskurts, Masguts, called by Herodotus (5-th c. BC), Strabo (c.64 BC - A.D. 20), and C. Plinius Secundus (62-113 AD) Massagetae Scythians), Badjanak (Besenyos), Nukardi
Conversion of Karakhanids and Uighurs from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955)
Magyars living in Lebedia are vassals of Khazars.
End of Itil Bulgar-Turkmen 15 year war. Chief Turkmen Khan Arslan is beheaded by Bulgar sardar Kukcha Amir.
Besenyos live in Moldova (10th cent.-1171)
?... becomes second Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate to convert to Islam (960?-?.).
Karahanid Satuk's son, Musa (Baytas) defeated eastern Khan Arslan Han and carried off this branch of dynasty. Entire Karahanli State becomes Muslim (960). Afterwards, forced diffusion of Islam among C. Asian T?urned into holy war. First case among T?o abandon tradition of freedom of convitions and to force conversion of subject populations
After Dukak death, Oguz Yabgu appoints Dukak?s son Seljuk Syu-Bashi as head of army. Seljuk evacuates his tribe to Sugura, near Jend (Hojdent), bordering with Moslem countries. Relocation may be caused by Kipchak wictory over Oguz State or shotage of pastures
Seljuks (Salchukiyans, Sakachikas) together with Kynyk clan and other Oguz clans leave winter capital of Oguz State Yenikent (Ruins of present Jankent) between Caspian and Aral, with their cattle of horses, camels, sheep and cows, to Maverannakhr .
M Kashgari: To live with Moslem T?multitudes of Seljuk tribes adopted Islam. Seljuk adopted Islam for political possibilities, and asked neighboring Bukhara and Khorezm to send Moslem scholars. Prior, they were called Turkmens, Karluks and Oguzes
Oguz Yabgu's Oguses arriving in Jend to collect annual taxes are driven out by Seljuks under pretext "We are not paying taxes to infidels", and started juhad war against Oguz State with Seljuk?s title Gazi. Start of independent Seljuk Beylyk in Jend.
Svyatoslav (962-972) first Rus Prince with Slavic name. Numerous campaigns to assert his authority over eastern Slavs. Invaded Khazaria and destroyed its capitl Itil, and its major fortresses Samander and Sarkel. Allied with Constantinople against Danube Bulgars
T?Ghaznavid dynasty is established in Afghanistan
GAZNELI EMPIRE
962 - 1183 A.D
Founder ? Alptekin
Area - from Trans-Oxus to Ganges River, from Caspian to steppes of Pamir (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2)
Kengeres seriously threaten Khazaria
Byzantine governor (strategos) of Chersonesus asks Svyatoslav for aid against Khazars. Svyatoslav campaign to Don. En route he attacks Volga Bulgars. He raids Sarkel, Itil, and Tmutarkhan, also captures Chersonesus
Svyatoslav possibly signed agreement with Besenyos before crossing their territory. He allies with Oguzes. Purpose to gain tribute from Viatchi on Oka by removing their Khazar overlords. He also conquers Yasians and Kasogians in Taman-Kuban area.
Kkazar Kagan temporarily converts to Islam for political reasons
Itil Bulgars gain independence after defeating Khazars.
Bandja (Fanagoria), capital of Great Bulgaria in VII c, destroyed by Kiev Knyaz Svyatoslav. Escaped inhabitants established New Bandja in Jiguli on Itil (Murom setlement).
Khan Mohammed established fort Simbir (Simbirsk)
Knyaz Svyatoslav of Kiev seizes Khazar capital Itil
Khazaria, broken by Svyatoslav (called Barys by Bulgars), is divided between Itil Bulgaria and N. Caucasus Saklans.
Inflow of silver dirhams from Bulgaria and Khazaria stops
Saklans receive territory S. of rivers Sal and Kum, Shir (Don), Kuper-Kubar (Khoper), Boryn-Inesh (Voronej). Khin (Sarkel, Belaya Veja) is a province ruled by Bulgar's vali.
Khan Mohammed established fort Balyn (Suzdal) in Mary land
8 Besenyo (Bedjenek) tribes, under Khan Kura, of Kipchak stock with Oguz element, freed of Khazar dominance, defeat Rus prince Svyatoslav and make a drinking cup of his scull. Bedjenek's continuous figts with Khazars, Byzantines and Russ.
Mohammed died (943-976), Talib becomes Khan of of Itil Bulgaria (976-981).
Itil Bulgaria Khan Talib (976-981) died, Timar becomes Khan (981-1004).
T?Karakhanid and Gaznevit, and Iranian Samanid states surround Seljuk Beylyk. Seljuks fight with Karakhanids and Samanids. Samanids give Karakhanid Yabgu Arslan Israel with Oguzes control of Nur, near Bukhara.
Seljuq T?a ruling tribe of Oguz, move to vicinity of Bukhara.
Khazars present Judaism to Knyaz Voldemir (Russ.Vladimir) of Kiev, Itil Bulgars present Islam.
Voldemir consolidates his possession of conquered city-states through adoption of single state religion. He orders conversion of subject people and launches built-up of Christian churches. Negotiations for military aid with Emperor Basil II end in agreeme
Formation of T?Ghaznavid dynasty in present day Afganistan
Destruction of Persian Samanid dynasty by T?tribes.
Some Khazars in Kievan Rus are Slavicized and adopt East Slavic language (1000-1300).
Itil Bulgaria Khan Timar (981-1004) died, Masgut becomes Khan (1004-1006).
Itil Bulgaria Khan Masgut (1004-1006) died, Ibragim becomes Khan (1006-1025).
Kipchaks are pressed by Kumosi- Kimaks and then by Kidanes and move west
Last Khazar Khagan Georgius Tzul is cuptured by combined army of Byzantine Basil II and Sfengus, brother of Kiev's Grand Prince Voldemir. Khazaria loses last independence and territories of Crimea and Taman.
End of HAZAR EMPIRE
602-1016 A.D
Founder - no historical data for founder, its greatest ruler was Hazar Khagan.
Area - Hazars separated from Gokturks and formed a state from Caucasian Mntns to Danube and N. Pontic area
Kipchaks occupy Middle and Lower Donets basin, lower Don and N.Azov. Earliest Kipchak gravestone monuments are located west of Itil
Lavrentiev Chronicle dates establishment of Suzdal in Merya land
Itil Bulgaria Khan Ibragim (1006-1025) died, Azgar becomes Khan (1025-1028).
One of Seljuk chiefs, Arslan Israil Yabgu, serves as auxiliary to Karakhanid's Ali-Tegin, against Ghazavids.
Kengeres invasion of Byzantium is repulsed by Constantine Diogenes..
Itil Bulgaria Khan Azgar (1025-1028) abdicated, Ashraf becomes Khan (1028-1061).
Kipchaks control steppes from Itil to Irtysh
Torgul-beg , with Daud and Arslan Israil Yabgu, acquires control of E. Iran.
Itil Bulgaria Khan Azgar established fort Khazar (Voronej)
Itil Bulgaria Khan Azgar established city Tyumen, center of Tubdjak ulus (Tyumen)
SELCUK EMPIRE
1040 - 1157 A.D
Founder: Seljuk Khan
Area - East, Balkash and Issyk Lakes and Tarim Derya; West, Aegean and Mediterranean; North, Aral, Caspian Sea, Caucasian and Black Sea; South, area including Arabia (Area - 10,000,000 Km 2)
Kengeres invade Byzantium.
Seljuks, under Tughrul Beg, capture Baghdad, Abbasid capital, from Buwayhids, establish Seljuq Sultanate, and become official protectors of Caliphate.
Rus chronicles record appearance of Guz people, pushed by Kipchaks - a branch of Kimaks of middle Irtysh and of Ob.
Rus claims that majority of Kipchak tribes have crossed Itil and occupy E. Europian steepes.
Ipatian Chronicle reports first arrival of Kipchaks at border of Pereyaslav principality
Yabgu Arslan Israel with Oguzes fights Karakhanids, and withdraw with booty, leaving Samanid heir Ismail El Muntasyr, who loses war with Karakhanids,and dies. Samanid state desintegrates, Karakhanids take over Maverannakhr, and Gazavids take Horasan.
Kipchaks replace Besenyos (Bedjenek) from N Caucasus steppes. Stan of Kipchak Khans is located on river Sunj. N Caucasus steppes is an important component of Deshti-Kipchak.
Beginning of reign of Seljuc Alp Arslan
Kengeres invade Byzantium, across Thrace to gates of Constantinople..
600K Oguzes crossed Danube, devastated Balkans to Thessalonica. Emperor Constantine X Ducas, and then Kengeres and Bulgars, who were ruled at that time from Byzantium, annihilated them. Remains of Oguzes were subjugated, eliminated or assimilated by Kipch
Visit of Alanian king Durguleit Great to Georgian king Bagrat IV in Kutais.
Three T?peoples inhabit steppes N. of Lake Balkhash: Oguz (Ghuz, Torks, Ouzoi, Uzes, T?), Kimaks/Kipchak of middle Enisey of Ob, and Kirghiz. Ogur group is distinguished from Oguz T?people that they had Y mutated to J (DJ).
Prince of Suzdal, Andrei Bogoliubskii, sacked Kiev, then moved seat of Great Prince to Vladimir, capital of Suzdal
Turks in Karahanli State engage in cultural and scientific activities. Turkish written with Uighur and Arabic alphabets becomes literary language and literature spread for the first time. Karahanli people exchange with Gazneli and other state sultans in Turkish written in Uighur letters
Most ancient monument of Islam era in T?is "Kutadgu Blig" written by Yusuf Has Hacib in 1069-1070 in Uighur and Arabic letters about ideal administration system of a state
Kengeres, in service of Byzantium, desert Emperor Romanus Diogenes V (1067-1071) in favor of Oguz Sultan Alp Arslan.
Beginning of reign of Seljuc Malik Shakh.
Marriage of Maria of Alania to Byzantine emperor Michael VII Duca Parapinaces (1071-1078 d. 1078). Marriage of Georgian king George III with Alanian princess Burduhan
Probably grandson of Mohammed b. Yusuf Kadir Han, Great Khan of Eastern Karahanli State, Mahmut Kashgari work, titled "Divan-i Legat it-Turk" written in Baghdad in 1073-1077, gave examples of dialects of various T?peoples ranging from Byzantine borders to borders of China. He wrote about geography of T? cities, political and economical life of T?nd their beliefs, gave examples of literary works and ancient epics and folk literature that did not survive
Itil Bulgaria Khan Akhad (1061-1076) deposed, Adam becomes Khan (1076-1118).
Capital of Itil Bulgaria is transferred from city Bulgar to city Bilyar
HARZEMSHAH
1077 - 1231 A.D
Founder - Anush Tigin Gharchai 1077-1097 (Harzemshah)
Area - Persia, Southern Caucasia, Dagestan, Afghanistan and most of Central Asia. (Total Area - 5,000,000 Km 2)
Daughter of Burduhan and George III is crowned as Queen Tamar on Georgian throne
Kengeres invade Byzantium across Thrace, are driven back, and defeat Alexius Comneus.
Former Khan, Emir Akhad Moskha built in Batyshes' (Russ. Vyatiches) land fort Moskha (Caw), now Moscow (Moskva).
King of Ovs (As, Alans) David Soslan's son marries Queen Tamar
Kipchaks under Togortak and Maniak are allied with Byzantium under Alexius Comnenus, and together crush Kengeres army.
Rabbi Nissim: Seventeen Khazarian communities join nomads (Kengeres, Bulgars, Oguses)
Formation of Karachai-Balkarian (Alan) people completed.
Tatars are beaten by Kerayit T?Khan Torgul, son of Khan Cyriacus(Qurjaquz), son of Marcus(Marguz) Buyiruq
Tatars lived since at least 8th cent. on south bank of Kerulen river near Bor Nor to Khingan range. On north bank of Kerulen to Onon river roved neghbouring Mongols. On west bank of Selenga river to Black Irtysh river roved neighboring Naiman T?/p>
200,000 Kerayit T?Nestorian Christians since 1009, roved neighboring south of Selenga river, on upper Orkhon, to Karakorum. Tatars are confederated as Tokuz Tatars (Nine Tatars) and Otuz Tatars (Thirty Tatars).
Tatars are redoubtable warriors and ranked among fiercest of all people.
Tatars constitute a serious danger to Sino-Tungustic kingdom of Kin. Kin used early Chingiz Khan to attack Tatars from Northwest.
Kipchaks are subdivided into hordes: Dniepr, Don, Lower Itil (Kipchak-Saksin), Eastern (Kipchak).
Established settlement Uchel (Kazan)
W. Kipchaks are raided and defeated on river Suten (Molochnaya) by Voldemir Monomakh and Svyatopolk Izyaslavich of Kiev. 20 Kipchak princes died. Kipchaks retreat from Bug.
Don Kipchaks are invaded and defeated by Rus Princes.
Kipchaks stone monuments spread in Dniepr basin, Crimea, N.Azov, Don, itil, N Caucasus
Don Kipchaks are again invaded and defeated by Rus Princes.
Don Kipchaks are again invaded and defeated by Rus Princes. Cities Sharukhan, Sugrov and Balin with Alano-Bulgar populations are taken.
(1116-1236) End of Russo-Kipchak wars. Kipchaks ally with Rus Principalities and join in in Rus intestine wars. In 120 years Kipchaks participate in 16 Russo-Russo wars, with only 6 Russo-Kipchak invasions and 6 Kipchak-Russo invasions.
Kipchaks under Khan Otrok retreat to N Caucasus steppes. Kipchak Khan Syrchan remains in Don Steppes. Kipchaks under Khan Otrok on way to N Caucasus destroy Sarkel, last known as Itil Bulgarian domain. Its inhabitants with Besenyos (Bedjenek) and Oguz T?
Itil Bulgaria Khan Adam (1076-1118) died, Shamgun (Sain) becomes Khan (1118-1135)
Old capital city Bulgar becomes capital of Itil Bulgaria instead of city Bilyar.
Kipchaks make peace with Alans. Khan Otrak has 40K army and is allied with Georgian King David IV the Builder and participates in war with Seljuks. A number of Kipchaks settle in Georgia.
Capital of Itil Bulgaria is again transferred from city Bulgar to city Bilyar
As-Tarkhan established settlement As-Tarkhan (Astrakhan)
Russes defeat Cumans
Scyths/Besenyos (Bedjenek) reported as really wiped out by Byzantine Emperor John II in 1123.
Formation of Kara Kitai Empire in Transoxania.
1130-1150 Kipchaks participate in intercine wars of Rus principalities.
Itil Bulgaria Khan Shamgun (Sain) (1118-1135) died, Khisam Anbal becomes Khan (1135-1164).
Established station Omek (Omsk)
Established station Kazgyn (Novosibirsk)
Bulgars had their own scientists and poets. Jakub ibn-Nogman who wrote "History of Bulgaria" lived in first half of XII century. Scholar Burchan ibn-Bulgari wrote book on rhetoric and medicine.
Kipchak lands are defined in Ipatievsk Chronicle and Chronicle of Igor. Itil, N Black Sea, Sula, Crimea (Suroj and Korsun (Kerch), Tmutarkhan (NW Fore-Caucusus)
Tatars capture Mongol Qutula Khagan's brother Okin-barqaq and cousin Ambaqai and deliver them to Kin, who executed them by nailing to a wooden donkey.
Tatars, allied with Kin, defeat Mongols at Bor Nor, in retaliation for Mongol Qutula Khagan raids, plunder of Kin. First Mongolian royalty is destroyed, Qutula Khagan's sons Jochi and Altan don't have titles, and people reverted to old tribal order.
Once victory made Tatars masters of Eastern Gobi, they incessantly harassed frontiers of Kin.
Itil Bulgaria Khan Khisam Anbal (1135-1164) is captured, Otyak becomes Khan (1164-1178).
Tatars poisoned baghatur Yesugei, father of Chingiz Khan and a chief of Mongolian Kiyat clan, at a friendly meal in steppe. Chingiz Khan is born about 1167 on right bank of Onon, in region of Dulun-Boldaq (Russia).
Besenyos lose control of Moldova to Cumans (1171-1241)
Kipchaks consolidate into 2 confederated hordes, Dniepr and Don. Al Mansuri and An Nuvayri mention Burjogly and Toksoba confederations.
Itil Bulgaria Khan Otyak (1164-1178) died, Gabdulla Chelbir becomes Khan (1178-1225).
GAZNELI EMPIRE
962 - 1183 A.D
Founder - Alp Tekin
Area - from Trans-Oxus to Ganges River, from Caspian to steppes of Pamir (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2)
Dniepr Kipchaks are again attacked and their Khan Kobyak is captured. Kobyak is from line Toglyy/Izay/Osoluk/Kobyak
Don Kipchaks are again attacked, unsuccessfully, by Igor Svyatoslavich of Novgorod-Severskiy.
A number of Kipchaks, in 10's K, settle in Georgia in times of George III (1152-1184) and Quinn Tamara (1184-1214).
1195- Kipchaks participate in intercine wars of Rus principalities.
Kin re-oriented and allied with Kerayit Khan Torgul. Torgul, accompanied by Chingiz Khan, attacked from northwest, and Kin from southeast, and defeated Tatars at Bor Nor. Torgul, with Chingiz Khan, chase Tatar chief Megujin SeUltu along Ulja river.
Tatars join anti-Wamg-Khan an Chingiz Khan coalition that included 8 Mongol clans, and T?Markit, Oirat, Naiman.
After subjugating Mongolian clan Tayichi'ut, Chingiz Khan turns to Chaghan Tatars and Alchi Tatars. Tatars vanquished and were massacred and were distributed among Mongol tribes. Chingiz Khan choosed two beautiful Tatar women, Yesui and Yesugan.
Further east, Solons, of river Nonni, acknowledge Chingiz Khan as tributaries.
Chingiz Khan is in control of eastern Mongolia. Naimans under Khan Tayang remain in control of western Mongolia.
T?tribes Markit, Oirat, Tatars, with rebel Mongolian clans, unite against Chingiz Khan, but he is warned about war by Ongut-T? Alaqush-tegin, invited into alliance to outflank Chingiz Khan.
Chingiz Khan calls quriltai and starts a war against Naimans and allies.
Chingiz Khan calls quriltai and is proclaimed Khagan of all Turco-Mongol peoples.
Khazar Jews are reported to use a form of Cyrillic script.
Uighurs, under Barchuq, submit to Mongol rule
End of KARAHANID Empire
932 ? 1212A.D
Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han
Area - All Trans-Oxus area including area between Issyk and Balkash Lakes
Chingiz Khan starts western campaign.
Chingiz Khan grants Muyten Bey yarlik for Bashkir? Kipchak? Ulus from Yaik and Agizel (Belaya), tributary of Kama, to Irtish.
Chingiz Khan conquest of Bukhara, Samarkand, Tirmidh and Gurganj
Uchel (Kazan) renamed Gazan
Rus Knyaz George II of Vladimir raids Itil Bulgars, captures Oshel and other cities along Kama. Bilyar city was saved by paying rich ransome
Chingiz Khan conquest of Balkh, Merv, Heart and Nishapur.
Defeat of Alans and Kipchaks in first fight against Mongol-Tatars. Mongol-Tatars seizing capital of Alania Magas (Meget).
Itil Bulgaria Khan Gabdulla Chelbir makes a deal with Juchi to help him in taking Khwarezm, Persia and Caucasus in exchange of not attacking Itil Bulgaria
An important Russo-Kipchak force was defeated on , at battle of Kalka.
War councel in Kiev: Kipchak Khan Kotyak Galicia Knyaz Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloy (Brave) Kiev Knyaz Mstislav Romanovich Chernigov Knyaz Mstislav Svyatoslavich Volyn Knyaz Daniil Kursk Knyaz Oleg Smolensk Knyaz Vladimir Former Novgorod Knyaz Vsevolod
80K Russo-Kipchak force was defeated by 20K, 3 tumen force of Subetai on June 16, (May 31?) 1223, at battle of Kalka.
Gabdulla Chelbir collects 24K army, of 5K Kursybays, 3K militia of Dair Tetush, 6K Kazanchies, 10K Bashkorts. Staged at Kermek, NW of Mardan-Sember (Simbirsk), Left bank of Itil. Subetai had 20K Tataro-Mongols, and 50K Turkmen and Kumans.
Second son of Subetai Uran Kytai led a battle at Kermek and ordered a surrender to Gabdulla Chelbir of 38K surviving troops. Subetai lost 4K dead, and ransomed captured in exchange for sheep.
Chingiz Khan army penetration as far as Novgorod.
Itil Bulgaria Khan Gabdulla Chelbir (1178-1225) dies, ?? becomes Khan ()
Juchi dies, Batu becomes Ulus Juchi (Kipchak) Khan (1227-1255)
Cuman prince Barc and 15,000 of his people baptized in Transylvania.
First bishopric of Cumania established in Transylvania and King B鬡 IV of Hungary assumed title ?king of Cumania?
Itil Bulgaria Khan ?? died, Gazi Baradj becomes Khan (1229-1246)
Chingiz Khan dies in 1229, Ogodei becomes Khan (1229-1241).
Eastern Desht-I Kipchak from Altai to Idel are included in Tataro-Mongol Empire Kipchak Kaganaate
5 November 1236 Capital of Itil Bulgaria Bilyar is taken by Batu
Capture of Bulgar city and Voronej by Batu Tataro-Mongols, and subjugation of Bulgar population
Batu founded his capital, Sarai Batu, in city Saksin-Bolgar on lower stretch of Itil. Capital was later moved upstream to Sarai Berke, which at its peak held perhaps 600,000 inhabitants.
Batu Khan becomes ruler of Kipchak Kaganate (Altyn Urdu)
Batu army invades Asses and Kipchaks in N.W. Caspian and N. Caucasus. Leading Kipchak warrior Bachman killed, Khan Kotyan retreat beyond Tanais. Batu starts encircling maneuver going through Burtases, Erzya, Moksha, and Rus.
KIPCHAK KHANATE (ALTYN URDU) (GOLDEN HORDE)
1224 - 1502 A.D
Founder - Batur Han
Area - Eastern Europe, Western Ural Area, Crimea and area to north of Itil
Capture of Moscow, Vladimir and Suzdal.
King B鬡 IV of Hungary granted asylum to Cumans and their prince Kuthen, who had earlier unsuccessfully tried organize Rus resistance to Mongols
Assimilation of Alania into Ulus Juchi
Batu Khan controls Kipchak, Bulgar, Rus Principalities
Batu Khan sack and burn city of Kiev in 1241, and subjugate S.Slavic population
T?tribes concentrated on animal husbandry in steppes, while their subject peoples, Russ, Mordvinians, Greeks, Georgians, and Armenians, contributed tribute
Cumans' leader Kuthen, considered a dangerous alien, is murdered. Cumans left Hungary but resettled there by B鬡 IV in 1245.
Death of Ogodei (1229-1241), Shiramon becomes Khan (1241-1242), then Toragana (Regent) (1242-1246)
Mongols defeat Hungarians and European knights.
Cumans lose control of Moldova to Mongols (1241-1286 )
End of Daghestani Khazar kingdom.
Great Prince Yaroslav II of Vladimir calls a meeting of Rus princes, suggests recognizing Khan Batu as Tsar, and concluding a treaty with Bordjugins clan of Batu, to find a protection from conquering by Teutons and Lithuania.
City Saksin-Bolgar is renamed Sarai Batu
MONGOL EMPIRE
1229 ? 1405A.D
Founder - Chingiz Khan
Area ? From Mideterranian to Pacific, from Baltic to Indian Ocean
Gu?omes Mongol Khan (1246-1248), then Oghul Ghaimish (Regent) (1248-1251)
Itil Bulgaria Khan Gazi Baradj (1229-1246) died.
City Nur-Suvar destroyed (922-1246). Present name Tatarskiy (Sham-Suar).
Appointment of metropolitan for Khanbalik (Peking)
Establishment of Kipchak T?Mamluk dynasty in Egypt.
1249-1345 Date of inscriptions on Nestorian gravestones near Bishkek
City Bolgary became most important trade and craft center of Kipchak Khanate
Kipchaks spoke a T?language whose most important surviving record is Codex Cumanicus, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak, Latin, and Persian, compiled by Christian missionaries
Presence in Egypt of Kipchak-speaking Mamluks also stimulated compilation of Kipchak-Arabic dictionaries and grammars written in Egypt and Syria
B鬡 IV's son, future Stephen V, married Cuman princess, and, under rule of their son (Ladislas IV [Lᳺl��1272?90), Cuman influence in Hungarian affairs was great
Cumans did not completely assimilate into Hungarian society for centuries
Bulgars had their own scientists and poets. Poem by Kul-Gali "Tale about Yusuf" (13-th century) was well known far from Bulgaria and greatly influenced development of Bulgarian and Tatar literature
Alexander Nevsky comes to Sarai Batu, befriended and bebrothered Sartaq, become his anda, and an adopted son of Khan Batu. Aleksnder returns with Tatar army that defeats Teutons. Aleksander receives yarlyk for Rus' Great Prince, in vassalage of Kipchak Khanate
Rus is allied with Kipchak Khanate as an autonomous vassal without loss of culture or religion. Rus' principalities refusing protection of Tatars are eventually captured by Lithuania
Vassalage tax paid by Rus is 5,000 R a year to XV c and 7,000 R after XV c, or 1.6 kg of grain per person in a country of 5 mln.
Mongke becomes Mongol Khan (1251-1258)
Hulegu recaptures Samarkand
First Buddhist-Taoist debate in Karakorum
Kipchak Khan Batu dies (1227-1255), Sartaq the Christian becomes Khan (1255-1257), then Ulagchi the Child (1257-1257)
Kipchak Khan Ulagchi the Child dies (1257-1257), Berke the Moslem becomes Khan (1257-1266)
After Mongke (1251-1258) Ariq-Buqa (1258-1260) becomes Mongol Khan
Second Buddhist-Taoist debate in Karakorum.
Crusader offensive by Ariq-Buqa Khan on Jerusalem. In Ain-Djalud battle noyon Kit-Buga is defeated by Mamluk army
After Ariq-Buqa (1258-1260) Kublai becomes Mongol Khan (1260-1294)
Kipchak Khan Berke exchanges ambassadors with Mamluk Egypt
First war between Kipchak Kaganate and Il Khans
Kipchak Khan Berke alliance with Mamluk Egypt
Kipchak Khanate carried on an extensive trade with Mediterranean peoples, particularly their allies in Mamluk Egypt and Genoese
20,000 horsemen against Byzantium
Kipchak Khan Berke the Moslem dies (1257-1266), Mangu Timur becomes Khan (1266-1280)
50,000 horsemen to help Qaidu
Mongol-Tatars and Rus allies seize Alanian town Dediakov.
Kipchak Khanate Khan Mangu Timur installed Kipchak (Cuman) George Terter I Khan of Danube Bulgaria (1280-1292)
Kipchak Khanate Khan Mangu Timur (1266-1280) dies, Tode Mangu the Moslem becomes Khan (1280-1287)
War between Mamluks and Mongols. Destruction of Mongol fleet off Japanese coast
Mongols lose control of Moldova to Lithuania (1241-1286 )
Kipchak Khanate Khan Tode Mangu the Moslem (1280-1287) dies, Tole Buqa becomes Khan (1287-1290)
Kipchak Khanate Khan Tole Buqa (1287-1290) dies, Tokhtaga becomes Kipchak Khan (1290-1312)
Accession of Ghazan to Il Khanid throne. June 19: Public conversion of Ghazan to Islam.
Adoption by Il Khanid Ghazan of Islamic state symbols.
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1299 - 1922 A.D
Founder - Osman Bey
Area - Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Anatolia, Caucasia, Crimea, Bessarabia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, Sudan?Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea were for a time T? Lakes (Total Area - 20,000,000 Km 2)
Descendants of Jewish Khazars in Eastern Europe adopt Yiddish language (1300-1500).
Kipchaks live east of Itil and in southern Urals
Kipchaks who settled from Itil to Lower Ilek rivers left modest earthen kurgans with rectangular burials facing east, with a hide or a mummy of harnessed and saddled horse.
Kipchak men grave goods have bark quivers with cut arrows, knifes, flints, and women have bronze or silver earrings, rings, pendants, scissors, bronze mirrors and headdress ornaments (bark tubes "bokks")
Mamluks stop last Mongolian invasion of Syria
Khan Tokhtaga summons Rus princes for meeting in Pereyaslavl to stop feudal infighting and swear allegiance to Kipchak Khan
Hungarian Christian clergy edicts that Catholics cannot marry "Khazars".
After Kipchak Khan Tokhtaga (1290-1312), his nephew Giazetdin-Sultan Mukhammed-Uzbek (ֺbeg) (1312-1341) becomes Khan. He gives yarlyks to Rus princes to collect taxes instead of former Tatar baskaks
Kipchak Khan Uzbek summons Prince Yuri III (1303-1325) of Moscow to Sarai Berke. Yuri marries Usbek's sister Konchaka (Russ. Agrafia), becoming brother-in law of Khan Uzbek, and lives 2 years in Sarai Berke
Kipchak Khan Uzbek gives princess (Tughay? D. 1348) to Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad of Bahri Mamluk dynasty (1293-1341) as wife
Lithuanian Duke Gedemin defeats coalition of Kipchak Rus vassal princes and captures Kiev, leaving his vassal prince as governor
Lithuanian Duke Gedemin annexes all Black Rus (Ukraine) and Podlyakhia into his Lithuanian domains
Kipchak Khan Uzbek sent 50,000 horsemen against Prince Ivan I Kalita (Moneybag) (1328-1340) of Moscow
Ivan I Kalita with Tatar help subdued anti-Mongol uprising in Tver. Thousands of Tverians were sent to China to join Rus volunteer recruits, conscripts, and captured prisoners serving as special guards for Mongol Emperor
Partition of Chagatai Khaganate
End of UIGUR EMPIRE
740 - 1335 A.D
Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan
Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia
Birth of Timurlan
Join campaign of Ivan I Kalita and Khan Uzbek to take Smolensk.
Kipchak Khanate is gradually Islamized
Grand Prince Ivan I Kalita with all Rus princes called to gather in Sarai Berke. Khan Uzbeg approves Ivan?s son as next Rus Grand Prince
After Kipchak Khan Uzbek (1312-1341), Tini Beg is murdered (1341-1341), Jani Beg I becomes Kipchak Khan (1341-1356)
Dmitry (future Donskoi), Great Prince of Vladimir and Moscow, son of Ivan I Kalita, mints ?denga? coins with "Es-Soltan-El-Egzem" on one side and Seal Of Great Prince Dm on another side
Black Death struck in 1346-47
Black Death struck in 1349. Beetwen 1364 and 1425. Rus looses 1/3 of population
Hungarian Jews, partly of Khazar origin, resettle in Poland and Austria.
Black Death struck in 1352-1353
Kipchak Khan Jani Beg I (1341-1356), last member of House of Juchi to rule over Kipchak Kaganate, dies, Berdi Beg becomes Khan (1356-1359)
Kipchak Khan Berdi Beg (1356-1359) dies, Qulpa becomes Khan (1359-1360)
Kipchak Khan Qulpa (1359-1360) dies, Nauruz Beg becomes Khan (1360)
Kipchak Khan Nauruz Beg (1359-1360) dies, Hizr becomes Khan (1360-1361). General Khan Mamai controls western half of Kipchak Khanate
Black Death struck in 1360
City Bolgary was destroyed by Ak Urdu Khan Bulak-Timur.
Kipchak Khan Hizr (Ak Urdu - White Horde) dies, Temur Hoja becomes Khan (1361-1362)
Gazan (Kazan) renamed Bolgar-al-Djadid (New Bolgar)
Kipchak Khan Temur Hoja (1361-1362) dies, Murad becomes Khan. He gives yarlyk to Dmitri of Moscow (future Donskoi), who is also a favorite of rebellious Khan Mamai
After Kipchak Khan Murad (1362-1364), Abdullah (1364 d1370) becomes Khan, civil war and multiple khans following him
Black Death struck in 1364-1366
After Kipchak Khan Abdullah (1362 d1370), Jani Beg II becomes Khan (1369-1370)
EMPIRE OF TIMUR KHAN
1369 - 1501 A.D
Founder - Timur Gurgani
Area - West, Balkans; North, Volga, South, Indian Ocean; East, Central Asia
After Kipchak Khan Jani Beg II (1369-1370) dies, Mohammed Buluq-Khan becomes Khan (1370 d)
Mohammed Buluq-Khan (1370 d) dies, Tulun Beg-Khanum (fem) becomes Khan (1370-1373)
Grand Prince Mikhail again goes and obtains yarlyk from pretender Khan Mamai, while Dmitri obtains competing Grand Prince yarlyk from Khanum Tulun Beg at Sarai Berke
1372-75 Renewal of war between Tver, joined with Lithuania allied with Khan Mamai, and Moscow, allied with Sarai Berke Tatars. Dmitry of Moscow concludes separatist peace with Lithuania. Pretender Khan Mamai sacks Riazan in revenge (1373)
Tulun Beg-Khanum (fem) (1370-1373) dies, Ai Beg becomes Kipchak Khan (1373 d 1376)
Dmitry of Moscow repulsed Khan Mamai punitive incursion
Black Death struck in 1374
Kipchak Khan Ai Beg (1373 d 1376) dies, Hajji Cherkes (in Sarai Berke) becomes Khan (1375-1376)
Dmitrii Donskoi of Moscow open campaign against Kazan
Hajji Cherkes (in Sarai Berke) (1375-1376) dies, Urus-Khan becomes Kipchak Khan (1376-1378)
Khan of Ak Urdu Tokhtamysh assumes control of Kipchak Kaganate.
Urus-Khan (1376-1378) dies, Arab Shaykh (restored)(in Sarai Berke) becomes Kipchak Khan (1378-1379)
Arab Shaykh (restored)(in Sarai Berke) dies, Mamai becomes Kipchak Khan (1379-1380)
Dmitrii Donskoi of Moscow and Rus princes in 1380 won a signal victory over Kipchak Army under rebelious general Mamai at Battle of Kulikovo
Tokhtamish, son of a minor Tatar prince, won fight with Mamai and ascended throne of Kipchak Khaganate. Mamai dies, Tokhtamish becomes Kipchak Khan (1380-1397)
Tokhtamish sack Moscow, restored Rus vassalage
Tamerlane (1336 - 1405) assumes title of Sultan
Tamerlane captures Baghdad and Shiraz.
Tamerlane defeated Tokhtamish, demolished Tana, Hajji-tarkhan (Astrakhan) and burnt Sarai Berke. He systematically annihilated Sarai Berke, Azov, and Kaffa.
Tamerlane, who invaded Horde's territory in 1395, destroyed Sarai Berke, and deported most of region's skilled craftsmen to Central Asia, thus depriving Horde of its technological edge over resurgent Moscovy. Ak Horde never recovered.
Tamerlane defeats Tokhtamysh. T? Emir Edigu takes over control of Kipchak Kaganate.
Tamerlane army invasion in Northern Caucasus, mass murder of Alanian population
Black Death struck in 1396
Emergence of Great Nogay Horde of Ak Urdu's Temnik Nogay, inbetween Itil and Yaik rivers
After Kipchak Khan Tokhtamish (1380-1397) dies, Temur Qutlugh becomes Khan (1398-1400)
Lithuania fought and lost a major battle against Golden Horde in Crimea in 1399
After Kipchak Khan Temur Qutlugh (1398-1400) dies, Shadi Beg becomes Kipchak Khan (1400-1407)
Tamerlane defeats Mamlukes in Syria
War between Tamerlane and Ottoman Empire.
Death of Tamerlane (1336 - 1405), Shah Rukh becomes Turkestan Khan(1405-1447)
Shadi Beg (1400-1407) dies, Pulad becomes Kipchak Khan (1407-1412)
After Kipchak Khan Pulad (1407-1412) dies, Jalal Al-Din becomes Khan (1412-1413)
After Kipchak Khan Jalal Al-Din (1412-1413) dies, Karim Berdi becomes Kipchak Khan (1413-1414)
After Kipchak Khan Karim Berdi (1413-1414) dies, Kebek becomes Kipchak Khan (1414-1417)
After Kipchak Khan Kebek (1414-1417) dies, Jabbar Berdi becomes Kipchak Khan (1417-1419)
After Kipchak Khan Jabbar Berdi dies, Ulugh Mehmed becomes Kipchak Khan (1419-1420 d 1434)
Death of Edigu. Beginning of civil war in Kipchak Kaganate
After Kipchak Khan Ulugh Mehmed dies, Devlat Berdi becomes Kipchak Khan (1420-1421)
After Kipchak Khan Devlat Berdi dies, Baraq becomes Kipchak Khan (1421-1428)
Crimean Khaganate separates from Kipchak Khaganate under Khan Mengli Girei
After Kipchak Khan Baraq dies, Kuchuk Mehmed becomes Kipchak Khan (1423(36?)-1459)
After Kipchak Khan Kuchuk Mehmed dies, Ulugh Mehmed (restored) becomes Kipchak Khan (1428-1434)
Kazan Khaganate separates from Kipchak Khaganate.
Hajji Girei formed Crimean Khaganate
Bolgar-al-Djadid (Kazan) renamed Kazan
After Kipchak Khan Ulugh Mehmed (restored) dies, Sayyid Ahmad I becomes Kipchak Khan (1434-1436)
Kipchak Khan Ulugh Mehmed's envoy enthroned Vasili II on throne of Moscow instead of Vladimir. This is last time that Tatar envoy participated in coronation of Grand Prince of Russia
Formation of Khanate of Kazan
?... died, Ulugh Mohammed becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1438-1446 )
Ulugh Beg (1393-1449), a preeminent astronomer and mathematician of fifteenth century, published a new star catalog, correcting many errors in Ptolemy's work
Formation of Crimean Khanate
After Kipchak Khan Ulugh Mohammed died, Mahmudek becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1446-1466)
Shah Rukh dies (1405-1447), Tamerlane grandson Ulugh Beg becomes Turkestan Khan (1447-1449)
After Kipchak Khan Sayyid Ahmad I dies, Mahmud becomes Kipchak Khan (1459-1466)
Mahmudek died, Khalil becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1466-1467 )
After Kipchak Khan Mahmud dies, Ahmad becomes Kipchak Khan (1466-1481)
Formation of Astrakhan Khanate
Khalil died, Ibrahim becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1467-1479)
Kazan Khanate becomes a Rus vassal
Struck last bilingual Tatar-Russian coins
Ibrahim died, Ilham becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1479-1485 d. 1487 )
Ivan III of Moscow "liberates" Russia by refusing to pay tribute to Kipchak Khan, but continues collecting trubute taxes
Ahmad dies, Sayyid Ahmad II becomes Kipchak Khan (1481-1502)
Ilham replaced, Mohammed Amin becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1485-1486 d. 1518 )
Mohammed Amin replaced, Ilham (restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1486-1487 )
Ilham (restored) died, Mohammed Amin (restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1487-1496 d. 1518 )
Kazakh Empire is established in Central Asian steppes
Mohammed Amin (restored) died, Mamuk becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1496-1497 )
Mamuk died, Abdul-Latif becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1497-1502 )
End of EMPIRE OF TIMUR KHAN
1369 - 1501 A.D
Founder - Timur Gurgani
Area - West, Balkans; North, Volga, South, Indian Ocean; East, Central Asia
Abdul-Latif died, Mohammed Amin (re-restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1502-1518 )
Mengli Girei of Crimea destroyed Kipchak Kaganate capital Sarai Berke. Crimean Khanate seizes leadership of Kipchak Kaganate as a successor of Sarai Berke, starting a disintegration spiral
End of KIPCHAK KHANATE (ALTYN URDU) (GOLDEN HORDE)
1224 - 1502 A.D
Founder - Batur Han
Area - Eastern Europe, Western Ural Area, Crimea and area to north of Itil
Kazan Khanate threw off Rus subjugation
Mohammed Amin (re-restored) died, Shah 'Ali (see Kasimov) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1518-1521 d. 1567 )
Shah 'Ali (see Kasimov) died, Sahib Girai becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1521-1525 )
Sahib Girai died, Safa Girai becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1525-1532 d. 1549 )
EMPIRE OF BABUR
1526 - 1858 A.D
Founder - Babur Shah
Area - Afghanistan and India (Total Area - 2,700,000 Km 2)
Safa Girai replaced by Jan 'Ali (see Kasimov) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1532-1535 )
Jan 'Ali (see Kasimov) died, Safa Girai (restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1535-1546 d. 1549 )
Shah 'Ali (restored) died, Safa Girai (re-restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1546-1549 )
Safa Girai (restored) died, Shah 'Ali (restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1546 d. 1567 )
Safa Girai (re-restored) died, Utemish Girai becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1549-1551 )
Utemish Girai died, Shah 'Ali (re-restored)(see Kasimov) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1551-1552 d. 1567 )
Shah 'Ali (re-restored) (1551-1552 d. 1567 ) captured, Yadiger Mohammed becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1552)
Rus Ivan IV of Moscow conquers Kazan Khanate and subjugates T?population.
Capture of Astrakhan Khanate by Russ and subjugation of T?population. Start of methodical destruction of Sarai-Batu city
Beginning of "Friendship" treaties between Moscow and Great Nogay horde turning horde into a mercenary (Kazak) state.
Be祮s (Be祮/Becen "Pe祮ek") are still living in same area in 16th c, river Kama [branch of Volga] is called Vachen, live in wilderness without house or habitation
Beginning of Russian penetration of Central Asia.
1563-98 reign of last Shaybanid ruler of Siberian Khanate, Kuchum Khan
Crimean Tatars sack Moscow
Ivan IV (1576-1584 ) mints bilingual Tatar-Russian coins, struck at a time of no Tatar vassalage
Kazakh Empire divides into three hordes: Great Horde (east), Middle Horde (center), and Lesser Horde(west).
1st half 17 century Balkarians and Karachais first mentioned in Russian documents.
Bashkir revolt of Sary Mergen against Russian domination (1662-1664).
Bashkir revolt of Seit against Russian domination(1681-1684).
1680-1718 Rule of Khan Teuke over reunited Kazakh hordes
End of use in Hungary of T?32 character alphabet with 4 suplemental letters a,f,h,l from Greek.
2nd half 17 - beg. 18 century Kabardins populate plains of Alania
Bashkir revolt of Aldar and Kus?inst Russian domination (1704-1711).
Bashkir revolt of Kilmyak, Akai and Yusup against Russian domination(1735-1736).
Bashkir revolt of T?ur, Bepen, Kusyap and Seit-bey against Russian domination(1737-1738).
Bashkir revolt of Karasakal, Allanziangul and Mandar against Russian domination(1739-1740).
Refer to Bashkir Encyclopedia for multiple Bashkir revolts, including Pugachev.
Rissian army destroys Sich of Zaporozhian Cossaks on an Island on Dniepr
Catherine I of Rissia deports Tatar speaking Crimean Goths to Azov area. They establish Mariupol (akin to Mariampol near Bakhchisarai)
9 May 1804 Kabardins, Balkarians, Karachais and Ossetians battle with troops of general G. I. Glazenap on river Chegem.
Kabardins and Balkarians encounter with troops of general Bulgakov.
General A. P. Ermolov's raid in canyons of Balkaria.
20 October 1822 Karachais battle with troops of general G. A. Emanuel at Hasauk. Karachai included in Russia.
End of EMPIRE OF BABUR
1526 - 1858 A.D
Founder - Babur Shah
Area - Afghanistan and India (Total Area - 2,700,000 Km 2)
B. Tomsen, dean of comparative linguistics at Cponhagen University deciphers Orkhon Inscriptions
End of OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1299 - 1922 A.D
Founder - Osman Bey
Area - Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea were for a time T? Lakes. (Total Area - 20,000,000 Km 2)
Notes.
1. One of Chinese derogatory monikers for Huns, with a meaning ?ferocious slaves?. There were more respectful names for Huns in Chinese, like ?western nomads?, etc. Chinese also had plenty of derogatory terms for themselves, but, unlike ?Hsiung-nu?, these terms are not used to designate Chinese in the scientific literature.
2. One of a number of versions that can be found in the literature.
3. This is a nice pearl of the racial attitude found in a multitude of scientific works. Romans, Goths, and Persians are beautiful and merciful blessings, and Huns, Avars, and Tatars are ugly and cruel menace. That did not prevent multitudes on both sides from marrying each other and producing mixed populations, including attractive offsprings to become Caesars, Basileuses, Kings, Tsars, Khans and Sultans. The speculation on 'bulgha' is an another example of a scientific pearl, not unlike the Chinese? selection of the hieroglyphs to denote a negative attitude. But in this scientific thought we go a step further, proclaiming a negative meaning for a self-ethnonym.
4. Otrok (Russ. "son, boy?) could be a Rus' nickname for the young Kipchak Khan, or a semantical distortion. Other sources give his name as Khan Otrak.
October 27, 2007, 12:54 PM
/ Faction Thread- Bulgars
