In the
Abbasid Empire, scholars translated many foreign works into
Arabic and
Persian , built large libraries, and welcomed scholars persecuted by the
Byzantine Empire [1]. There was an imperial library in
Ctesiphon, and works were also translated at the
Academy of Gundishapur. During the
Islamic conquest of Persia and the
Fall of Sassanid dynasty in 651, many works were lost, burnt by the invaders.
In
750, the
Abbasid dynasty replaced the
Umayyad dynasty as head of the Islamic empire, and in
762, the caliph
al-Mansur (reigned 754 - 775) built Baghdad and made it his capital (the previous capital being
Damascus). The Abbasid dynasty had a strong Persian bent, and adopted many practices from the Sassanid empire - among those, that of translating foreign works, except that now works were translated into
Arabic. For this purpose, al-Mansur founded a palace library, modeled after the Sassanid Imperial Library. (The name
Bayt al-Hikma was a translation of the Persian name for the imperial library, which Arab historians also referred to in that name.)
The House of Wisdom was originally concerned with translating and preserving Persian works, first from
Pahlavi (Middle Persian), then from
Syriac and eventually
Greek.
Works on
astrology,
mathematics,
agriculture,
medicine, and
philosophy were thus translated.
The
Barmakids were influential in the ensuing movement of restoring and preserving Persian culture. They are also credited with the founding of the first
paper mill in Baghdad. The secret of
papermaking had been obtained from Chinese prisoners taken at the
Battle of Talas (751). Previously, copyists would used
papyrus (which is fragile) or
parchment (which is expensive). The introduction of paper thus facilitated the multiplication of books and libraries.