Hello, In all my games so far (United Provinces, Poland-Lithuania) i encountered the same problem - even if i manage to unlock all naval techs and build a steam drydock i can't build any ship bigger than a 24pdr frigate. For some reason the admiral 1st rate is unlocked, but all the smaller ships 2nd,3rd,4th rates down to razee are missing.
Here is my steam drydock with all naval techs researched:
And the drydock, for comparison with the ai drydock below:
The AI seems to have all ships properly unlocked and is unaffected by the issue: