The perpetual virginity of Mary is a Marian doctrine, taught by the Catholic Church and held by a number of groups in Christianity, which asserts that Mary (the mother of Jesus) was "always a virgin, before, during and after the birth of Jesus Christ."[2][3] This doctrine also proclaims that Mary had no marital relations after Jesus' birth nor gave birth to any children other than Jesus.[2]
By the fourth century, the doctrine was widely supported by the Church Fathers, and by the seventh century it had been affirmed in a number of ecumenical councils.[5][6][7] The doctrine is part of the teaching of Catholicism and Anglo-Catholics, as well as Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy, as expressed in their liturgies, in which they repeatedly refer to Mary as "ever virgin" (Greek: ἀειπάρθενος, translit. aeiparthenos).[8][9][10] The Assyrian Church of the East, which is derived from the Church of the East, also accepts the perpetual virginity of Mary by titling her the "Ever Virgin", after the "Second Heaven".[11][12][13]
Martin Luther believed that Mary did not have other children and did not have any marital relations with Joseph. The Latin text of the 1537 Smalcald Articles, written by Martin Luther, used the term "Ever Virgin" to refer to Mary.[77] The perpetual virginity of Mary was Luther's lifelong belief, even after he rejected other Marian doctrines except "Mother of God".[77][80][81][82]
Huldrych Zwingli directly supported perpetual virginity and wrote: "I firmly believe that [Mary], ... forever remained a pure, intact Virgin."[83] Like Zwingli, the English reformers also supported the concept of perpetual virginity, but often varied on their reasons for the support.[78] Luther and Zwingli's support of perpetual virginity was endorsed by Heinrich Bullinger and was included in the 1566 Second Helvetic Confession.[84]
John Calvin "was less clear-cut than Luther on Mary's perpetual virginity but undoubtedly favored it".[78] He cautioned against what he thought as "impious speculation" on the topic.[84]
The Anglican reformers of the 16th and 17th century, such as Hugh Latimer and Thomas Cranmer,[14] supported perpetual virginity "on the basis of ancient Christian authority".[77] In the 18th century, John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism, also supported the doctrine and wrote that Jesus was "born of the blessed Virgin Mary, who, as well after as before she brought Him forth, continued a pure and unspotted virgin."[77][89][90]