It seems that in the sixteenth century, the century of of Spanish preponderance in Europe, public opinion, especially in the many countries dominated by Spain, suspected the people of the Iberian Peninsula of being more or less Jewish.This was particularly true in Italy, whose people had good cause to reach conclusions so wounding to the Spanish pride.
The Italian pamphleteers lamented the fate of the country.
As early as 1500
the epithet was applied to Pope Alexander VI, Rodrigo Borgia, who was of Spanish origin.
The people though that all Spaniards were Jews, just as in the nineteenth century they thought that all Britons were tourists.
But this was not true only for Italy, In the course of the century, Spain became the number-one enemy of France.Innumerable pamphlets appeared, vilifying the overpowerful neighbor.
L'Anti- Espagnol, one of the most popular, inveighed against against the Spaniards as follows; "...cads of Castile, bastard Catholics,half-Jews and half-Moors scarcely removed from the synagogue and the Koran"
As late as 1680 the French dictionary of Pierre Richelet contained the following definition: "Marrano; abusive term which we call the Spaniards"
According to the memoirs of Vincent Carloix, "The Spaniards were marranos before they were Christians!"
"I do not know", wrote Diego de Hermosilla, "why this misfortune has struck Spanish nobility, so highly qualified and held in such wretched esteem, because of the ignominious name of marranos which other nations persist in applying to the Spaniards"
Through the Europe, country by country, it would be easy to find many more examples.