[Research] Collection

[Hetairos]

Good stuff. I am out tonight. So will look into it tomorrow. Cheers

[Hloeric]

The armour research of what each legion wore would aid me greatly. The roman texture overhaul is going to be so large that there will be over 8 different segmentata and variation in the other armours will be huge

[The Wandering Storyteller]

No problem, glad you all like it.

Armour/Equipment will be on the top of my list, I can't gurantee I'll do a great job, but it will be a big one. Do not change the Roman textures though Hloeric, they look authentic and awesome.

This will include all the areas of research where I have neglected, so for you texturers, I'll make sure you get a good decent amount of stuff.

Roman navies to be done later.

[Hloeric]

Cheers pal ;-) editing current units to use the correct things is the easy part the specific legions use all new trxtures and need to be made from scratch but will be worth it :-D

[Agrez]

Alec bro and team outstanding work on Romans i am so impressed here to see that this mod made some nice progress alec congratulations bro i will be back and mod all day to make this mod a top and best on the line ogh btw i god a chefs certification here cause im a cook in and commando here keep up bro and if there is anything you would like to ask me tell it to my bro an steam and i will be updated

[Hloeric]

Hey all I have made sense of all the different legions.

Post Marian Reforms - 107BC
Legio I Germanica - (Raised) Julius Caesar 48BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio II Sabina - (Raised) Julius Caesar 43BC - Became Legio II Augusta one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio III Cyrenaica - (Raised) Mark Antony 36BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio III Gallica - (Raised) Julius Caesar 49BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio IV Macedonia - (Raised) Julius Caesar 48BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio IV Sythica - (Raised) Mark Antony 42BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio V Alaudae - (Raised) Julius Caesar 52BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio VI Ferrata - (Raised) Julius Caesar 52BC -Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio VI Victrix - (Raised) Octavian 41BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio VII Claudia Pia Fedelis - (Raised) Julius Caesar 51BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio VIII Augusta -(Raised) Julius Caesar 59BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio IX Hispania Triumphalis - (Raised) Julius Caesar 59BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions - Legio IX Hispania
Legio X Fretensis - was X Equestris before 58BC - (Raised) Julius Caesar - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio XI - (Raised) Julius Caesar 58BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio XII Victrix - (Raised) Julius Caesar 57BC - merged with Legio XII Antiqua to create augustan XII Fulminata one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio XII Antiqua - (Raised) Mark Antony 43BC - merged with Legio XII Victrix to create augustan XII Fulmniata one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio XIII Gemina - (Raised) Julius Caesar 57BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions
Legio XIV Gemina - (Raised) Julius Caesar 57BC - Became one of the 28 Augustan Legions as Leg XIV Gemina Martia Victrix
Legio XVIII Libyca - (Raised) Mark Antony - dispanded 31C
Legio XXX Classica - Naval - (Raised) Julius Caesar - 48bc dispanded

Augustan Reforms - 41 > 40 BC
Legio I Germanica - dispanded 69AD
Legio II Augusta
Legio III Augusta
Legio III Gallicia
Legio III Cyrenacia
Legio IV Sythica
Legio IV Macedonia
Legio V Alaudae
Legio V Macedonia
Legio VI Victrix
Legio VI Ferrata
Legio VII Claudia Pia Fedelis
Legio VIII Augusta
Legio IX Hispania
Legio X Gemina
Legio X Firentis
Legio XI Claudia Pia Fedelis
Legio XII Fulminata
Legio XIII Gemina
Legio XIV Gemina Martia Victrix
Legio XV Apollinaris
Legio XVI Gallica - destroyed 70AD
Legio XVII - destroyed 9AD
Legio XVIII - destroyed 9AD
Legio XIX - destroyed 9AD
Legio XX Valeria Victrix
Legio XXI Rapax
Legio XXII Deiiotariana - heavy losses in 132AD and disbanded

Post Augustan Reforms - 39AD onward
Legio XV Primigenia - (Raised) Gaius 39AD
Legio XXII Primigenia - (Raised) Gaius 39AD
Legio I Adiutrix - (Raised) Nero 66 or 67AD
Legio I Italica - (Raised) Nero 66AD
Legio II Adiutrix - (Raised) Nero 66 or 67AD
Legio VII Hispania later Gemina - (Raised) Galba 68AD
Legio I Macriana Liberatrix - (Raised) L.Clodius Macer 68AD- Destroyed in battle and disbanded as L.Clodius Macer was a rebellious governor and the legion couldn't be trusted
Legio IV Flavia Felix - (Raised) Vespasian 70AD
Legio XVI Flavia Firma - (Reconstituted) Vespasian 71AD - From the remains of Legio XVI Gallica
Legio I Minerva - (Raised) Domitian 83AD
Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix - (Raised) Trajan 105AD
Legio II Trajana Fortis - (Raised) Trajan 105AD
Legio II Italica - (Raised) Marcus Aurelius 165AD
Legio III Italica - (Raised) Marcus Aurelius 165AD
Legio I Parthica - (Raised) Septimius Severus 197AD
Legio II Parthica - (Raised) Septimius Severus 197AD
Legio III Parthica - (Raised) Septimius Severus 197AD

This does make sense as history shows that after the destruction of Legions XVII, XVIII and XIX there were only 25 legions and by the end of Domitians reign the roman legion strength was back up to 33 after the loss of Legio XVI Gallica in 70AD and the disbandment of Legio I Germanica in 69AD this is probably now the most full list of roman legions in order so you can see when they were raised and subsequently disbanded or destroyed.

[The Wandering Storyteller]

Looks awesome! It's an good list.

[Hloeric]

cheers need to find the auxiliaries, we already have a full polybian unit roster, all the legions and the post marian reforms units so now its just the auxiliaries the roster is huge though o.O

[Daruwind]

I have faith in you guys. You can do it!

[Hloeric]

cheers bud ive already found the auxiliaries which I will post then I will merge every roster list we have and that should be every roman unit there was... then comes the job of trying to make a game playable roster

[The Wandering Storyteller]

If the roster is huge, then hopefully we'll have something great - I would like the guys on the battle mechanics to actually implement the list of Roman orders and Roman tactics - from which I have posted in my research.

[Hloeric]

Yeah it is a good thing, the roman army is the easy bit as the known units are roman units. The auxiliaries are going to be the hard bit, there is over 50....so need to figure something out about that unless someone makes all 50and links them.all to specific regions lol

[Hetairos]

I will do it. As soon as I have the actual map... xD Just be patient

[Hloeric]

O.o lol thats a massive job 50 individual aux units and link to individual places lol im glad im texturing :-P

[webbird]

I had a conversation with alecwermuth and i am glad to have permission to post a link to a roman shield thread of mine.
Maybe my designs and thoughts are helpful too.

http://www.twcenter.net/forums/showt...lds-collection

[Hloeric]

Thank you pal, yiur designs are very good maybe we could talk about designs ect, at the moment i have made alot of shields from the designs taken from the trajan collum with a bit of poetic licence but tried to stay as authentic as possible. Take alook in my workshop under the legions :-)

[ABH2]

Authentic Ancient World: Research

Swords/Axes/Misc.

• Gladius Hispaniensis
• Mainz Gladius
• Pompeii Gladius
• Falcatta
• Kopis
• Makhaira/'Chopper'
• Xiphos
• Labrys/Double-sided axe/Battle Axe
• Falx (Short)
• Romphaia

Spears/Javelins

• Hoplite spear/Doru
• Pike/Sarissa
• Pila
• Xyston (Cavalry)
• Spears/Lances (Cavalry, short)
• Spear, infantry (Short)
• Falx/Sickle (Long)
• Celtic Spears
• Javelins

Armor

• Lorica Segmentata (Segmented Plates)
• Lorica Hamata/Mail Armor
• Lorica Squamata/Scale Armor
• Linothorax/Linen Armor
• Thorax/Cuirasses

Shields

• Hoplon
• Scutum
• Celtic/Iberian Scuta
• Caetra
• Pelta
• Pikemen Shield

Swords/Axes/Misc.

Name: Gladius Hispaniensis Used By: Romans Date Used: 3rd-late 1st century BC Dimensions: Blade:45-68cm (18-27in), Total-75-85cm (27-34in), 5cm width Weight: 2 lb's (.8kg) Material: Steel Strengths: -Pointed tip and length well suited for thrusting and penetration. Also, lacked curvature. -Doubled-edges which made it well suited to cutting, as well, when situation called for it. -Thrusts more deadly and likely to kill. -Easier to manufacture as it required a simpler process, and hilt was made of natural materials. Weaknesses: -Somewhat heavier and longer than later versions. -More expensive than later versions to produce. -Excels against infantry, less effective against and for cavalry due to length. Name: Mainz Gladius Used By: Romans Date Used: 1st century BC through time of game. Dimensions: Blade-50-55cm, (20-22in), Total-65-70cm (25-28in), 7cm width Weight: 1.5-2 lb's (.8kg) Material: Steel Strengths: -Pointed tip and length even better suited to thrusting and penetration. -Doubled-edges which made it well suited to cutting, as well, when situation called for it. -Witdth of blade created more deadly thrusts. -Easier to manufacture as it required a simpler process, and hilt was made of natural materials/smaller in size than earlier models. Weaknesses: -Heavier and longer than Pompeii version. -More expensive than Pompeii. -Excels against infantry, less effective against and for cavalry due to length. Name: Pompeii Gladius Used By: Romans Date Used: 1st century BC through time of game. Dimensions: Blade-45-50cm, (17-19in), Total-60-65cm (23-26in), 5cm width Weight: 1.5 lb's (.7kg) Material: Steel Strengths: -Shortest variation of the Gladii, triangular tip ideal for thrusting. -Doubled-edges which made it well suited to cutting, as well, when situation called for it. -Witdth of blade. -Easiest/cheapest to manufacture. -Lightest variation. W eaknesses: - Excels against sword-based infantry, less effective against and for cavalry due to length. Name: Falcata Used By: Iberians/Celts/Gauls D ate Used: Throughout period of game Dimensions: Length: 20in blade, 25in overall, Diameter: 6.5-7cm/2.5-3in Weight: 3lb/1-1.5kg Material: Iron/Steel Strengths: -Very strong steel for the ancient world. -Single, forward-curving blade perfect for cutting blows. -Allowed for the delivery of a very powerful blow that could smash armor and helmets. -Unique grip allows for better handling and a steadier hold of the sword. Weaknesses: -Expensive and time consuming to produce. -Not suited to thrusting blows, leaves user exposed. -Gruesome effect and intimidating. -More effective for cavalry than infantry, cutting less effective with shields. Name: Kopis Used By: Greeks/Persians/Italians Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Length: 20-23in/11-15in Diameter: 6.5-7cm/2.5-3in Weight: 2-3lb Material: Iron Strengths: -Single, forward-curving blade perfect for cutting blows. -Allowed for the delivery of a very powerful blow that could smash armor and helmets. -Well suited for cavalry. Weaknesses: -Expensive and time consuming to produce. -Not suited to thrusting blows, leaves user exposed. -Gruesome effect and intimidating. -More effective for cavalry than infantry, cutting less effective with shields. Name: Makhaira/'Chopper' Used By: Greeks/Persians/Italians Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Length: 20-23in/11-15in Diameter: 6.5-7cm/2.5-3in Weight: 2-3lb Material: Iron Strengths: -Single, forward-curving blade perfect for cutting blows. -Allowed for the delivery of a very powerful blow that could smash armor and helmets. -Well suited for cavalry. Weaknesses: -Expensive and time consuming to produce. -Not suited to thrusting blows, leaves user exposed. -Gruesome effect and intimidating. -More effective for cavalry than infantry, cutting less effective with shields. N ame: Xiphos U sed By : Greeks/Persians/Italians, similar designs throughout other regions. Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Length: 20-23in, some as short as 12in, Diameter: 3in Weight: 3lb Material: Iron Strengths: -Doubled-edged, leaf shaped tip for cutting and thrusting. -Well suited for infantry. Weaknesses: -More time consuming production than Gladius. -Poorer quality iron. Name: Labrys/Double-sided axe/Battle Axe Used By: Everyone, but predominantly Celtic/Thracian/Eastern Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Length: 12+in Weight: varried 1-6lb Material: Iron/bronze Strengths: -Powerful blow -Armor penetrating -Effective in close quarters -Intimidation Weaknesses: -Short range -A hacking weapon not well suited to disciplined fighting Name: Falx, Short Used By: Dacians/Thracians Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Length: approx 16in blade, Total:38+in Weight: varried Material: Iron Strengths: -Armor penetrating - said to have cut through Roman armor and shields -Cutting weapon, could hack off body parts -Intimidation -Reach -Momentum of swing, great deal of force behind it Weaknesses: -Two handed weapon, so prevented use of shield -A hacking weapon not well suited to formation -Slash leaves user vulnerable -One-sided blade with deep curve Name: Rhomphaia Used By: Thracians Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Blade Length: 24-42in, approx 5ft (varried) Weight: varried Material: Iron, wooden shaft Strengths: -Armor penetrating -Could hack off body parts, aided by the hook like blade -Intimidation -Great Reach -Straight blade allowed for thrusting and tighter formations Weaknesses: -Two handed weapon, so prevented use of shield -Straight blade less powerful than curved of the falx. Name: Celtic Longsword Used By: Celts Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Blade Length: 27-31in, Total: 35-38, Diameter: 2in Weight: 2-3lb's Material: Iron/Steel Strengths: -Double-sided blade -Reach -At their best, high quality iron Weaknesses: -Length makes it better suited to cutting, which is how it was typically used. -Variation in quality? Polybius gives accounts of Gallic swords bending on contact. Later studies have shown some of the swords do in fact have some bend if struck hard enough, if not to the extent described by Polybius. Name: Celtic 'Short' Sword Used By: Celts Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Blade Length: approx 23in, Total: 30in, Diameter: 1.5-2in Weight: 2lb's Material: Iron/Steel Strengths: -Double-sided blade -At their best, high quality iron Weaknesses: -Perhaps variation in quality

Spears/Javelins

Name: Hoplite spear/Doru Used By: Greeks, Hellenistic factions, Italians Date Used: 7th-first part of 2nd century Dimensions: Length: 8-14 ft. in length (avg around 8-10), Diameter: 1-2 in Weight: 1-3kg Material: Wooden pole with iron/bronze tip Strengths: -Length and reach. -Used with one hand. -Survivability - if broken, could still be used to effect because of its length. -Width of blade-4.5 cm (nearly as wide as a Gladius) Weaknesses: -Brittle -Lacks ability to penetrate armor, needs a larger opening. -Less maneuverability -Effective in dense formations. Name: Pikes/Sarissa Used By: Greeks, Hellenistic factions Date Used: 4th-2nd century, perhaps limited usage by Mithridates IV in the early 1st century (elites described as Chalkaspides) Dimensions: Length: 14-22 ft. (standard 18) Weight: 5.5-7.5 kg/12-16 pounds Material: Wood with a 10-12 inch iron leaf shaped blade on front, backside had bronze narrower bronze blade. Strengths: -Supreme length and reach/stand-off. -Survivability - if broken, could still be used to effect because of its length and double-sided points. -My opinion - could have been used to break up missile fire. -Allows for looser formation than hoplites due to length. Weaknesses: -Hard to change directions when attacked. -Useless in close quarters fighting. -Killing power -Requires higher level of training and drill than shorter spears. -Two-hands to use. Name: Pila Used By: Romans Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Length of shank: 60cm/24in, diameter of .28in, Total: 6.5ft/2m, Diameter: 7mm Weight: 4.4-11lb (Lighter as time went on) Material: Iron tip, some had hardened staff/others wood Range: Effective: 15-20m/50-70ft, Max: 33m/100ft Strengths: -Soft iron shank would bend in shields, weighing them down (pila unusable after) -Harder tip allowed for armor penetration superior to contemporary javelins -Heavier models could be used as melee weapons/doubled as spears against cavalry -Disrupted enemy formations Weaknesses: -Only two carried into battle -Extra weight for soldiers to carry Name: Xyston (Cavalry) Used By: Greeks/Eastern Cavalry Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Length: 12-14ft ('Sarissa' up to 16ft according to some, debate over the length of cavalry spears) Weight: approx. 3kg/6lb or over Material: Iron/bronze point on both ends Strengths: -Great length -Powerful charging weapon -Double-sided in case broke Weaknesses: -Likely required both arms to wield, or a grip in the middle rendering some of the length useless -Required a handless shield -No effect in close quarters Name: Spears/Lances, Cavalry-Short Used By: Greeks, mid-Republic Romans, Eastern/Germanic cavalry Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Length: 7-10ft Weight: approx. 3-5lb Material: Iron point on both ends Strengths: -Length -Powerful charging weapon -More effective in close quarters -Could be gripped at the lower end adding to its effective length -Double-sided in case it broke Weaknesses: -None really Name: (Short) Spear Used By: Everyone Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Length: 6-7ft Weight: approx. 2kg Material: Iron/bronze point on both ends Strengths: -Length and reach -Anti-cavalry weapon Weaknesses: -Useless in close quarters combat -Shorter spears almost useless against those with longer reach -Requires a formation to maximize effect Name: Falx/Sickle, Long Used By: Dacians/Thracians Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Length: 3ft blade/shaft, Total:6ft Weight: varried Material: Iron, wooden shaft Strengths: -Armor penetrating - said to have cut through Roman armor and shields -Could hack off body parts, aided by the hook like blade -Intimidation -Great Reach -Momentum of swing, great deal of force behind it Weaknesses: -Two handed weapon, so prevented use of shield -A slashing weapon not well suited to formation -Slash leaves user vulnerable -Blade one sided, obviously -Expensive to produce (3 ft of iron), upper class weapon most likely Name: Celtic Spears (applies to javelins, as well) Used By: Celts Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: 6-7 Weight: 3lb's Material: Iron tip, wooden pole Strengths: -Reach Weaknesses: -Leaf shaped points had less penetrating power against armor -More deadly on contact due to shape of point (would break flesh, and when removed enlarge wound) Name: Javelins Used By: Everyone Date Used: Throughout period of game. Dimensions: Length: approx 1m, Weight: 1-2lb Material: Iron/Bronze tip Range: 40-60m (130-200ft), 60-90m (200-300ft) Contested Cavalry Range: 20-40m Strengths: -Range weapon -More power compared to other projectiles -Cheap to produce Weaknesses: -Less effective against armor -Inaccurate, area weapon

Armor

Name: Lorica Segmentata Used By: Romans, possibly both auxilla and Legionaries (hotly contested). Has been found throughout the entirety of the Roman Empire. Date Used: Late 1st century BC on Dimensions: Covers torse, back, sides, and shoulders Weight: approx 20lb Material: Iron interior, steel hardened exterior (higher quality versions) Strengths: -Speed of production - faster and easier to make -Excellent protection of shoulder areas. -Shown to be very effective against missile fire and thrusting/direct blows (less so against cutting) -Weighs less than mail Weaknesses: -Cuts off at the hips leaving abdomen and thighs exposed. Required the use of an under garment - a subarmilis - to offer protection and comfort to the wearer. -Uncomfortable as hell. -While easier to make than other types, more difficult to repair, breaks (straps), and has shorter shelf life. Needs more upkeep. Name: Lorica Hamata/Mail Used By: Romans, Celts. Spread east. Date Used: Late 3rd-early 2nd century BC for Romans, Celts at start of game. Spread east. Dimensions: 2 types-The first has what appears to be a short cape draped around and overhanging the shoulders. A bronze clasp was riveted to the shoulder sections of the mail and hooked together to hold the mail cape in place. The second style had wide straps coming from the back over the shoulders to fasten on the chest with no overhang Weight: up to around 33lb Material: Iron Strengths: -Excellent coverage. Goes down thighs and arms. Roman style doubled protection of shoulders to back in similar fashion to Greek linothorax. -Excels at absorbing blows -Relatively comfortable and fit to wearer. Easier to put on. -Can last for decades -Easy to maintain and repair. Weaknesses: -Expensive and time consuming to produce (about 5 days to make one piece) -Somewhat less effective against direct/thrusting attacks. No clear answer. Name: Lorica Squamata/Scale Armor Used By: Eastern/Scythians, Romans, Hellenistic, Greeks Date Used: Throughout game Dimensions: Varried. Squamata-A shirt of scale armour was shaped in the same way as a mail lorica hamata, mid-thigh length with the shoulder doublings or cape. Weight: Varried. Squamata-Not sure at the moment Material: Iron/Bronze Strengths: -Cheaper and quicker to make than mail. -Good protection against arrows -Effective against 'bludgeoning,' or blunt force. -Flashy/ornate. Weaknesses: -Easier to penetrate -More variance in quality -Tougher to repair -Less flexibility for wearer. Name: Linothorax (Linen Armor) Used By: Greeks, Romans/Italians, Iberians, Easterners D ate Used: Throughout period of game Dimensions: Covered entire torse, flaps to offer protection of groin and thighs, should straps some protection Weight: approx 10lb, varried on thickness, generally 1/3rd weight of metal armors Material: Linen, perhaps leathers would have been used Strengths: -Light weight and form fitting/comfortable -Would have conducted less heat than metal armors -Capable of taking arrow and slashing blows with surprising effectiveness. Surprising protection against arrows. Modern tests have shown that only at 25 feet or under were arrows from lighter bows likely to penetrate through layers. -Cheap and easy to produce -Flexible. Weaknesses: -Two types possibly used - quilted and glued layers. Modern tests have shown quilted offered about 3/4 protection as the lamenated/glued layers. Picture evidence seems to suggest glued was more common among Greeks. -Less useful against thrusting and penentrating shots. -Layers varried. Probably between 11-20. -No protection of arms Name: Thorax (Metal Armor)/Cuirass Used By: Just about everyone Date Used: Throughout period of game Dimensions: Covered torse, could have been plates with shoulder straps, or metal over shoulders. Probably typically included flaps on the bottom to protect groin and thighs. Weight: 25+ lb's Material: Bronze/Iron, cloth/layer of linen underneath, sometimes leather cuirasses (Iberians and Greeks) Strengths: -Durable and sturdy Weaknesses: -Expensive to produce. Some have suggested is as a show piece armor, yet finds indicate it was used in battle by Romans and others. More typical among cavalry. -Cumbersome. -Uncomfortable -Lack of arm and thigh protection without flaps.

Shields

Name: Hoplon Used By: Greeks/Hellenistic, Carthaginians Date Used: Through 3rd century BC Dimensions: 1m+/about 3ft, covered from approx knees to shoulders Weight: 20+ lb's Material: Wood with bronze covered rim Strengths: -Good coverage. -One-handed, support from shoulder -Grip allowed the user to support with shoulder and use it to push against the enemy -Very durable/tough - probably the stronger than the scutum Weaknesses: -Circular shape did leave some vulnerabilities -Heavy -Probably easier to use an overhanded motion with the shield in close quarter combat which would have had less force behind it. -Most effective when interlocked with other shields/in tight formation Name: Scutum Used By: Romans Date Used: Through period of game Dimensions: 1m+/about 42in Weight: approx 20lb's Material: Plywood with metal covered center Strengths: -Almost complete coverage of body of wielder. -Lighter than most hoplon -Made of strong plywood -Could be used for pushing -Ovular/cylinder shape offered superior coverage -Shape and design allowed for walled formations very effective against missile fire. Weaknesses: -Reached its limits against the Falx and Falcatta. Heavy piercing/cutting blows could break through shield -Weight. On the heavier side. Name: Celtic/Iberian oval shield Used By: Celts, Carthaginian mercs, Iberians Date Used: Through much of game's time period, some say Romans adopted Scutum from Celts, others the other way around. Evidence of oval shields pretty early. Dimensions: 1.1m+/about 42in, 1.2cm thick Weight: approx 15lb's Material: Oakwood, sometimes with metal coating on rim, and covered in hide, others may have used iron nailed on top Strengths: -Almost complete coverage of body of wielder. -Lighter than most hoplon -Could be used for pushing -Ovular/cylinder shape offered superior coverage -Shape and design allowed for walled formations very effective against missile fire. -Lighter than scutum Weaknesses: -Flat design compared to curved scutum, not as effective at absorbing blows. -Made from single layer of plywood. Weaker overall. Name: Caetra Used By: Carthaginians, Iberians, similar designs in use by just about everyone Date Used: Throughout game time period Dimensions: Diamater approx. 18in Weight: 5-10 lb's Material: Leather, wood, wicker Strengths: -Light -Well suited to individual combat and for light troops -Could be suspended over shoulder when not in use. -Good shield type to cavalry Weaknesses: -Limited coverage -Some made of weaker materials Name: Pelta Used By: Greeks, Thracians Date Used: 3rd century, crescent shape out of style well before Dimensions: 18in Weight: 5-10lb's Material: Wood/wicker threaded and covered by leather Strengths: -Light and portable Weaknesses: -Small size -Material Name: Pikemen shield Used By: Hellenistic/Greeks, Illyrians Date Used: 3rd century, around start of game through most of time period Dimensions: approx 2ft in diameter (24-30in) Weight: approx 10 lb's Material: Wood/leather interior coated in bronze Strengths: -Light -Strapped to shoulder which allowed use of both hands Weaknesses: -Limited coverage -Relatively ineffective in close quarters infantry fighting

[Hetairos]

Awesome work and delivered just in time. I am very happy to see this high quality work.

I am going to add some additions like the Lorica Plumata and such tomorrow.

[Hetairos]

Oh, btw if you have any pictures per weapon please don't hesitate to color the thread a bit.

[tungri_centurio]

ok i can search for pictures

the 3 types off gladius

falcata ibera


kopis

makhaira(kopis) http://comitatus.net/greekswords.html (verry nice website for info on greek swords)

xiphos

labrys(no fancy pictures found so far)

falx and rhomphaia(3d reconstruction)




mace(used by armenia and parthia)