Roma
Roma Surrectum II
[Research] Collection
Roma
Last edited by Hetairos; September 12, 2014 at 06:12 PM.
Re: [Preview] Roman Overhaul (under construction)
Note: This is a preliminary faction roster for the Romani, it IS subject to change based on any further research and not final. This roster does not include the Auxiliaries but will in future. it will eventually have unit history and ingame shots of the units, if anyone has any input please feel free to post
Faction - Romani
Polybian Period
Republic Romani
Velites - Javelin Skirmishers
Hastati - Swordmen
Principes - Swordmen
Triarii - Spearmen
Rorarii - Light Spearmen
Polybian Socii
Socii Extraordinarii Pedites - Elite Polybian Scouts
Socii Extraordinarii Equites - Consular Body Guard
Socii Velites - Javelin Skirmishers
Socii Hastati - Swordmen
Socii Triarii - Spearmen
Socii Equites - Light Cavalry
Socii Campanii Equites - Heavy Spear Cavalry
Italic Mercenaries
Apulian Extradordinarii - Elite Swordmen
Legio Linteati - Elite Spearmen/Swordmen
Etrurian Hoplites - hoplites
Samnite Infantry - Spearmen
Italic Skirmishers - Light Scout Infantry
Pedites Italiotae - Late Italic Infantry
Italic Cavalry - Light Cavalry
Mistophoroi Tarentinoi - Tarentine Elite Cavalry
Mamertine - Elite Spear/Javelinmen
Marian Reforms
Antesignani - Late Elite Foot Scouts
Cohors Legionaris - Legionary Cohort
Cohors Prima - First Cohort
Cohors Aquilam - Eagle Cohort
Cohors Evocatii - Evocati Cohort
Cohors Praetorianis - Elite Heavy Infantry
Equites Alares - Legionary Cavalry
Equites Praetorianis - Praetorian Cavalry
Cohors Vigiles - Settlement Defence Unit and a unit to sally forth with
Cohors Urbana - Urban Cohort
Arcanii - Stealth Unit
Germani Corporis Custodes - Elite Germanic Body Guard
Equites Singulares - Early General Body Guard
Augustan Period
Equites Singulares Augusti - General Body Guard
Specific Legions
Hey guys, after trawling as many references as I can before I loose love for the Romani I have finally decided the general look of each Legion and location. I have tried to link the armour type to the legions for what part of the world they served in, their recruitment eg augustan legions (newly recruited) would be segmentata because armour was supplied by the state. the type of enemy the legion mostly fought and would of adapted to would have changed armour such as scaled, squamata and other types that have been proven were used by the romans
The deeper variation comes with older units and battle worn legions. I say this as the romans although uniform wernt completely identical. men after battle either stole armour from enemies.
So lets say a legion kitted with lorica hamate fought in Britannia, after the many countless battles a roman soldier may of come across a chainmail better than his own and would use that armour, some legions may of got away with it some may not it was down to how strict the commander was.
This means for the game that say in a battle a lorica hamate legion from gaul may have a few gallic chainmail instead of the hamate, but still with the roman coolus ect. I hope you get the picture
Also Legions named Gemina were called that due to it actually be a legion merged with another, so this mean that possibly ingame however I implement it in the variantmeshdefinition a gemina legion may be wearing lorica segmentata and lorica hamate and there may be 2 different shield patterns to depict that the gemina legion is 2 legions merged
Legio I Germanica
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Legio II Augusta
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Legio III Augusta
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Legio III Gallicia
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Legio III Cyrenacia
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Legio IV Sythica
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Legio IV Macedonia
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Legio V Alaudae
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Legio V Macedonia
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Legio VI Victrix
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Legio VI Ferrata
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Legio VII Claudia Pia Fedelis
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Legio VIII Augusta
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Legio IX Hispania
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Legio X Gemina
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Legio X Firentis
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Legio XI Claudia Pia Fedelis
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Legio XII Fulminata
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Legio XIII Gemina
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Legio XIV Gemina Martia Victrix
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Legio XV Apollinaris
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Legio XVI Gallica
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Legio XVII
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Legio XVIII
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Legio XIX
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Legio XX Valeria Victrix
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Legio XXI Rapax
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Legio XXII Deiiotariana
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Again all subject to change guys and gals
Last edited by Hloeric; June 10, 2014 at 02:18 PM.
Campidoctor
Re: [Preview] Roman Overhaul (under construction)
I assume urban cohorts would be a garrison units, and not recruitable?
modificateurs sans frontières
Developer for Ancient Empires
(scripter, developed tools for music modding, tools to import custom battle maps into campaign)
Lead developer of Attila Citizenship Population Mod
(joint 1st place for Gameplay Mods in 2016 Modding Awards)
Assisted with RMV2 Converter
(2nd place for Warscape Engine Resources in 2016 Modding Awards)
Re: [Preview] Roman Overhaul (under construction)
Yeah that is correct, because of rome 1 people believe urban cohorts were someelite unit you get when the marian reforms happened, it is in fact the opposite, vigiles were essentially thefire department while the urban cohort were actully the kind of police force, not even as armoured as a legionary but well trained
Roma Surrectum II
Re: [Preview] Roman Overhaul (under construction)
I'll be joining the Roman Overhaul, once we are able to release the music mod and go over the roster as well. I am sure Marshall will post some of his ideas, also we need to look at the auxiliaries and the italic mercenaries for foreign factions.
Protector Domesticus
Re: [Preview] Roman Overhaul (under construction)
Although not in full mode for me as of yet, I can say the roster is very authentic, though I am not sure with the Germanic units as of yet. Still a good draft, and I shall contribute my ideas soon after 17th of June though will take some time.
Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster
Are you talking about the Germani Corporis Custodes that your not sure of? The germani corporis custodes was the unit that was lead by arminius that with the germanic tribes slaughtered 3 legions lead by Varus in the tuetoberg forrest :-) julius Ceasar's personall guard unit was a corporis custodes unit but made up of Celtic horsemen. The romans done this because the corporis custodes we made up of men from the provinces that had no diplomatic ideals. They were usually lead by the sons of tribe leaders as rome took then as children and made them as a roman,
Protector Domesticus
Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster
Ah yes, those units. Thanks for clearing them up for me. Though they should only be recruitable in the Northern regions of Gaul And Germainagood to know you have done research; we could work together on this once the exams are over. I will give you research regarding the early republican army ( I want to do it one at an time) and hey Ho let's see where that goes and we will discuss it.
Roma Surrectum II
Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster
We will all work together to make real awesome rosters. Don't get fooled, it will be hard work, but at the end the product will be really exciting and worth it that we put a lot of effort into it. At the moment many people do have their exams. Don't worry about it either, it's just normal. At the moment all my efforts are go to releasing the first music modification. Once it's done, I will join you guys in our research. I finally decided that we will focus on building trees, rosters and reforms first for our factions, because our modelers and texturers are currently on hold. I would like to give them the necessary build-up as soon as possible to get them started as well.
Senator
Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster
i realy like your concept to keep a mod modular, for me a very welcome feature of Rome 2. Most major mods dont do it, have features i like and features wich i dont want to play, in the end i have to look for another mod, even some features of a mod sound great but others are not acceptable for me. Thats very frustrating sometimes.
i would like it, if you could use nearly no variations of shield patterns for roman units. each unit they own pattern of course but for example a premarian legionary cohort maybe only with some light variations of the same pattern, as if 3 different artists painted the same general pattern with tiny differences, or variations of the same pattern with damage to the paint etc.
Some mods use alot variations of shield patterns within a single unit and that looks allways as if you see the remaining survivers of three legions together after a major battle ;D
Last edited by webbird; June 08, 2014 at 06:58 AM.
Roma Surrectum II
Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster
Hi webbird,
I feel honored to see people from the RTR Project over here (at least I am pretty sure I have seen your contributions there). We will definitely follow your advice on that. Especially the Romans should have uniformed shields. I am good with a few slight pattern differences (as you said, different painters) and I am also good with different scars and scuff marks on the shields. It's a bit of a spoiler here, but the same will go for the Greek shield patterns as well. At 217BC and desperate tries for reforms, most of the Greek bands started to use uniformed shield patters as well, for easy recognition. Compared to previous times Greek bands will be less individual and colorful than they were before. We will instead make bands regional, e.g. Messinian Hoplites, Arcadian Skiritai and so on to still have a good variaty of shield patterns, just not in the same unit.
Roma Surrectum II
Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster
Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster
garrison units, and not recruitable?
Roma Surrectum II
Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster
Garrison units are units that come alongside with buildings and do guard a city. You can not use garrison units for campaigns, hence they are not recruitable.
Roma Surrectum II
Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster
Guys, when you work on your unit rosters keep an eye out about how to link units to reforms, technologies, buildings and so on. I'm currently working on the Roman roster and just thought I'll share this with you other guys researching the Romans.
Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster
post #2 has been update with legion recruitment locations and primary armours
Roma Surrectum II
Re: [Collaboration] Development of Roman Buildings & Roster
Roma
Roma 264 - 241 BC: Map
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Roma 241 - 218 BC: Map
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Roma 218 BC: Map
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Roma 217 BC: Map
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Our Grand Campaign begins here: 217 BC
- Rome is a Republic lead by the Senate
- Rome's army is known as the "Manipular", "Polybian" or "Mid-Republican" Army (usually refered to as from ~300 to 88 BC)
- Rome's army is known for maintaining a pure levy system
- Rome's army is known to consist half of Roman levies accompanied by roughly the same number of Socii and Alae levies (allied troops)
Roma Surrectum II Roster: Pre-Marian Romans 217 BC
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Hloeric Presents: The Polybian Romans
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Roma 218 - 168 BC: Map
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148 - 121 BC: Map
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Roma 60 - 53 BC: Map
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Roma 49 - 44 BC: Map
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Roma 43 - 33 BC: Map
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Roma AD 14: Map
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Roma AD 117: Map
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Modding Note: Scope of the Roman Overhaul
Last edited by Hetairos; June 21, 2014 at 06:04 AM.
Roma Surrectum II
[Research] Roman Armies
The Early Roman Army
The Early Republican Army / The Camillan Roman Army (c. 500 – 300 BC)
The early Roman army was based on a compulsory levy from adult male citizens that was held at the start of each campaigning season, in those years that war was declared. There were no standing or professional forces.
The standard levy was probably of 9’000 men, consisting of 6’000 heavily armed infantry (Hoplites), plus 2’400 light-armed infantry (Rorarii, later called Velites) and 600 light cavalry (Equites Celeres).
In 500 BC, when the kings were overthrown, the two annually selected praetors , respectively consuls, each took the command of one legion. The standard levy remained of the same size, but was now divided equally between the praetors, each commanding one legion of 4,500 men. It is likely that the hoplite element was deployed in a Greek-style phalanx formation in large set-piece battles. However, these were relatively rare, with most fighting consisting of small-scale border-raids and skirmishing. In these, the Romans would fight in their basic tactical unit, the centuria of 100 men.
Starting Roster c. 500 – 300 BC:
· Roman Celeres (600 mounts ä 100 mount regiments made of patricians or equestrians)
· Roman Hoplites Centuria: (4'000 men à 100 men centuriae made of first class citizens)
· Roman Light Hoplites Centuria: (1'000 men à 100 men centuriae made of second class citizens)
· Roman Unarmored Hoplites Centuria: (1'000 men à 100 men centuriae made of third class citizens)
· Roman Veles Centuria (600 men à 100 men centuriae made of fourth class citizens)
· Roman Accensi Slingers Centuria (c. 800 men à 100 men centuriae made of fifth class citizens)
· Roman Rorarii Javelinmen Centuria: (c. 1’000 men à 100 men centuriae made of reservists)
(2 Legions)
Equipment:
It has been widely accepted that the main early Roman infantry type was an armoured hoplite. These hoplite would probably have worn bronze helmets, breastplate and greaves and a round leather or large circular bronze-plated wooden shield. They were armed with a spear, sword and dagger. However not all citizens were able to field the first class hoplite equipment. The centuriate classes were as follows:
· 1st class, with 100,000 in asses, infantry self-equipped with helmet, breastplate, greaves, round shield, spear and sword, comprising 40 centuries of seniores, and 40 of iuniores.
· 2nd class, with 75,000 in asses, infantry self-equipped with helmet, various light armor, greaves, oblong shield, spear and sword, comprising 10 centuries of seniores and 10 of iuniores.
· 3rd class: 50,000 in asses, infantry self-equipped with helmet, oblong shield, spear and sword, comprising 10 centuries of seniores and 10 of iuniores.
· 4th class: 25,000 in asses, infantry self-equipped with oblong shield, spear, javelin, and sword comprising 10 centuries of seniores and 10 of iuniores.
· 5th class: 11,000 asses, infantry self-equipped with sling and sling-stones, comprising 15 centuries of seniores and 15 of iuniores.
· Supernumaries: Proletarii (poor citizens, with no estate), 1 century. Military specialists: Equites (cavalry); 18 centuries (Equites: 12 centuries Engineers; 2 centuries. Musicians; 2 centuries)
The Republic, Roman cavalry was originally unarmoured, wearing only a tunic and armed with a light spear and ox-hide shield which were of low quality and quickly deteriorated in action.
Transformation into the Manipular Organization (c. 300 – 264 BC)
From this time onwards, instead of fielding a phalanx for battle, the Romans deployed a series of small tactical units called manipuli (maniples), arrayed in three lines (triplex acies) in a chessboard pattern (quincunx).
The maniples were basically the old centuriae, reconfigured so that those deployed in the front two lines of triplex acies were 20 men larger (120 men) and those in the rear line were reduced to 60 men each. The quincunx offered much greater flexibility and maneuvrability than the large, dense mass of a phalanx. It is believed that the Romans copied the quincunx from their adversaries, the Samnites.
Other major changes occurred around this time. The demands of the struggle with the Samnites led to the doubling of the normal Roman military levy, from two to four legions. In addition, the defunct alliance with the other Latin cities was replaced, probably during this period, by a new military alliance embracing all the states, Latin or non-Latin, that the Romans had subdued by then (called the Socii, or "Allies").
Roster c. 300 – 264 BC:
Requirements: Pax Italiana (Technology), Latin Dominance (Culture), Italian Conquest (Region)
· Early Roman Equites (600 mounts ä 100 mount regiments made of patricians or equestrians)
· Roman Hoplites Manipulus: (c. 8'000 men à 120 manipuli made of first class citizens)
· Roman Light Hoplites Manipulus: (c. 2'000 men à 120 manipuli made of second class citizens)
· Roman Unarmored Hoplites Manipulus: (c. 2'000 men à 120 manipuli made of third class citizens)
· Roman Veles Manipulus (c. 1’200 men à 120 men manipuli made of fourth class citizens)
· Roman Accensi Slingers Manipulus (ca. 1’800 men à 120 men manipuli made of fifth class citizens)
· Roman Rorarii Javelinmen Manipulus: (ca. 2’400 men à 120 men manipuli made of reservists)
(4 Legions)
· Early Allied Equites Extraordinarii (600 mounts à 100 mount regiments made of allied elite patricians or equestrians)
· Early Allied Equites (1’200 mounts ä 100 mount regiments made of allied patricians or equestrians)
· Early Allied Pedites Extraordinarii (c. 800 men à 120 manipuli made of allied elite first class citizens)
· Allied Hoplites Manipulus: (c. 8'000 men à 120 manipuli made of allied first class citizens)
· Allied Light Hoplites Manipulus: (c. 2'000 men à 120 manipuli made of allied second class citizens)
· Allied Unarmored Hoplites Manipulus: (c. 2'000 men à 120 manipuli made of allied third class citizens)
· Allied Veles Manipulus (c. 1’200 men à 120 men manipuli made of allied fourth class citizens)
· Allied Accensi Slingers Manipulus (c. 1’800 men à 120 men manipuli made of allied fifth class citizens)
· Allied Rorarii Javelinmen Manipulus: (c. 2’400 men à 120 men manipuli made of allied reservists)
(4 Legions)
Equipment:
The upcoming period also saw the introduction of new equipment, including armour for the cavalry and chain-mail armor, the gladius (a sword of Spanish design) and the pilum (a heavy javelin) for the infantry. Due to doubling the size of the legions from two to four and the introduction of new equipment it was most likely that the hoplites were now less uniformed, hence the existance of unarmed hoplites, light hoplites and hoplites with new and traditional equipment is to be assumed. However the Roman officers did never adapt to armor reforms and always wore those golden bronze breastplates.
Tactics:
The early Roman army fought in a Greek phalanx formation of a densily packed eight ranks or more deep formation. The equestrians, the highest social class of all, served in mounted units known as equites. The first class of the richest citizens served as heavy infantry with swords and long spears (resembling hoplites), and provided the first line of the battle formation. The second class were armed similarly to the first class, but without a breastplate for protection, and with an oblong rather than a round shield. The second class stood immediately behind the first class when the army was drawn up in battle formation. The third and fourth classes were more lightly armed and carried a thrusting-spear and javelins. The third class stood behind the second class in battle formation, normally providing javelin support. The poorest of the propertied men of the city comprised the fifth class. They were generally too poor to afford much equipment at all and were armed as skirmishers with slings and stones. They were deployed in a screen in front of the main army, covering its approach and masking its manoeuvres.
Last edited by Hetairos; August 05, 2014 at 12:39 PM.
Roma Surrectum II
[Research] Roman Armies
The Mid-Republican Roman Army
The army of the early Republic continued to evolve, and although there was a tendency among Romans to attribute such changes to great reformers, it is more than likely that changes were the product of slow evolution rather than singular and deliberate policy of reform.
During the Republican period, an army formation of around 5,000 men was known as a legion. However, in contrast to later legionary formations of exclusively heavy infantry, the legions of the early and middle Republic consisted of both light and heavy infantry. The term manipular army, an army based on tactical units called maniples (Latin manipulus singular, manipuli plural, from manus, "the hand"), is therefore used to contrast the later legionary army of the Empire that was based around a system of cohort units. The manipular army was based partially upon social class and partially upon age and military experience. It therefore represents a theoretical compromise between the earlier class-based army and the later class-free armies of later years. In practice, even slaves were at one time pressed into the army of the Republic out of necessity. Normally a single legion was raised each year, but in 366 BC two legions were raised in a single year for the first time. Each praetor would take the command of one legion each. In the third century the number of legions raised to even four, which than consisted of Romans and allied troops of equal size. Each praetor would than take command of two legions each.
The Manipular Roman Army / The Polybian Roman Army (c. 264 – 217 BC)
Formation, Equipment & Tactics:
The manipular army got its name from the manner in which its heavy infantry was deployed. Maniples were units of 120 men each drawn from a single infantry class. The maniples were small enough to permit tactical movement of individual infantry units on the battlefield within the framework of the greater army. The maniples were typically deployed into three discrete lines (Latin: triplex acies) based on the three heavy infantry types of Hastati, Principes and Triarii.
Hastati:
The first type, the Hastati, typically formed the first rank in battle formation. They typically wore a chain-mail shirt and brass helmet adorned with three feathers approximately 30 cm (12 in) in height and carried an iron bossed wooden shield, 120 cm (4 ft) tall and a slightly convex oval in shape. Traditionally they were armed with a sword known as a gladius and two throwing spears known as pila: one the heavy pilum of popular imagination and one a slender javelin.
(!) However the exact introduction of the Gladius and the replacement of the spear with the sword as the primary weapon of the Roman Legions is uncertain, and it's possible that the early manipular legions still fought with the Hastati and Principes wielding the Hasta or Spear.
Principes:
The second type, the Principes, typically formed the second rank of soldiers back from the front of a battle line. They were heavy infantry soldiers armed and armoured as per the Hastati.
Triarii:
The Triarii, who typically formed the third rank when the army was arrayed for battle, were the last remnant of Hoplite-style troops in the Roman army. They were armed and armoured as per the principes, with the exception that they carried a pike rather than two pila. A Triarii maniple was divided into two formations each six men across by 10 men deep.
Infantry Numbers:
A manipular legion typically contained 1,200 Hastati, 1,200 Principes and 600 Triarii. The three classes of unit may have retained some slight parallel to social divisions within Roman society, but at least officially the three lines were based upon age and experience rather than social class. Young, unproven men would serve as Hastati, older men with some military experience as Principes, and veteran troops of advanced age and experience as Triarii.
Velites & Equites:
The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry (Latin: velites) and cavalry (Latin: equites) troops, typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion. The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians, but additional cavalry and light infantry were drawn at times from the Socii and Latini of the Italian mainland. The equites were still drawn from the wealthier classes in Roman society.
Accensi, Adscriptii and later Supernumerarii:
There was an additional class of troops (Latin: accensi, also adscripticii and later supernumerarii) who followed the army without specific martial roles and were deployed to the rear of the Triarii. Their role in accompanying the army was primarily to supply any vacancies that might occur in the maniples, but they also seem to have acted occasionally as orderlies to the officers.
Numbers & Equipment:
The light infantry of 1,200 Velites consisted of unarmoured skirmishing troops drawn from the youngest and lower social classes. They were armed with a sword and buckler (90 cm (3 ft) diameter), as well as several light javelins, each with a 90 cm (3 ft) wooden shaft the diameter of a finger, with a c. 25 cm (10 in) narrow metal point. Their numbers were swollen by the addition of allied light infantry and irregular Rorarii.
The Roman levy of 403 BC was the first to be requested to campaign for longer than a single season, and from this point on such a practice became gradually more common, if still not typical.
A small navy had operated at a fairly low level after the Second Samnite War, but it was massively upgraded during this period, expanding from a few primarily river- and coastal-based patrol craft to a full maritime unit. After a period of frenetic construction, the navy mushroomed to a size of more than 400 ships on the Carthaginian pattern. Once completed, it could accommodate up to 100,000 sailors and embarked troops for battle. (!) The navy thereafter declined in size. This was partially because a pacified Roman Mediterranean called for little naval policing, and partially because the Romans chose to rely during this period on ships provided by Greek cities, whose peoples had greater maritime experience.
Starting Roster c. 264 - 217 BC:
Requirments: Manipular Reorganisation (Technology)
· Roman Equites (600 mounts à 150 mount regiments made of patricians or equestrians)
· Early Roman Hastati Manipulus: (4'800 men à 120 men manipuli made of the youngest and unexperienced citizens which were under 25 years old)
· Early Roman Principes Manipulus: (4'800 men à 120 manipuli made of grown and experienced citizens which were 26 - 35 years old)
· Early Roman Triarii Manipulus: (2'400 men à 60 men manipuli made of battle hardend and veteran citizens which were 36 – 46 years old)
· Early Roman Velites Manipulus (4'800 men à 120 men manipuli made of the poorest citizens)
· Roman Rorarii Javelinmen Manipulus: (c. 1’200 men à 120 men manipuli made of irregulars)
(4 Legions: Legio Romana I - IV)
· Allied Equites Extraordinarii (600 mounts à 150 mount regiments made of allied elite patricians or equestrians)
· Allied Equites (1’200 mounts à 150 mount regiments made of allied patricians or equestrians)
· Allied Pedites Extraordinarii (c. 1’800 men à 120 manipuli made of allied elite first class citizens)
· Early Allied Hastati Manipulus: (4'200 men à 120 men manipuli made of the youngest and unexperienced allied citizens)
· Early Allied Principes Manipulus: (4'200 men à 120 manipuli made of grown and experienced allied citizens)
· Early Allied Triarii Manipulus: (1'800 men à 60 men manipuli made of battle hardend and allied veteran citizens)
· Early Allied Velites Manipulus (4'800 men à 120 men manipuli made of the poorest allied citizens)
· Allied Rorarii Javelinmen Manipulus: (c. 1’200 men à 120 men manipuli made of allied irregulars)
(4 Legions: Ala Latina Sinistra I – II, Ala Latina Dextra I - II)
Proletarialisation of the Infantry (217 – 117 BC)
The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both citizens and property owners when slaves were pressed into naval service; around 213 BC, the property requirement was reduced from 11,000 to 4,000 asses. Since the Romans are unlikely to have preferred to employ slaves over poor citizens in their armies, it must be assumed that, at this point, the Proletarii of the poorest citizens must also have been pressed into service despite their lack of legal qualification. By 123 BC, the financial requirement for military service was slashed again from 4,000 asses to just 1,500 asses. By this time, therefore, it is clear that many of the property-less former Proletarii had been nominally admitted into the Adsidui.
During the 2nd century BC, Roman territory saw an overall decline in population, partially due to the huge losses incurred during various wars. This was accompanied by severe social stresses and the greater collapse of the middle classes into lower classes of the census and the Proletarii. As a result, both the Roman society and its military became increasingly proletarianised. The Roman state was forced to arm its soldiers at the expense of the state, since many of the soldiers who made up its lower classes were now impoverished Proletarii in all but name, and were too poor to afford their own equipment.
The distinction between the heavy infantry types of Hastati, Principes and Triarii began to blur, perhaps because the state was now assuming the responsibility of providing standard-issue equipment to all but the first class of troops, who alone were able to afford their own equipment. By the time of Polybius, the Triarii or their successors still represented a distinct heavy infantry type armed with a unique style of cuirass, but the Hastati and Principes had become indistinguishable.
In addition, the shortage of available manpower led to a greater burden being placed upon its allies (socii) for the provision of allied troops. Where accepted allies could not provide the required force types, the Romans were not averse during this period to hiring mercenaries to fight alongside the legions.
1. Proletarisation, because of heavy losses in the 2nd Punic War: around 200 BC
2. Proletarisation, due to lowering property requirements: around 150 BC
3. Proletarisation, due to scrapping property requirments around 107 BC
4. Proletarisation, due to granting citizenship to all Socii: around 90 BC
1. Equipment Change: Using the longer stabbing weapon Gladius of Hispanic design over the shorter italic designed sword of the Romans
2. Equipment Change: The Chain-Mail was introduced in 220 - 180 BC, probably by the conquest of cisalpine gaul, since Noricum had the finest steel and barbarians used the chainmail (by 122 BC all legionaires used the chainmail)
1. Conscription Change: The Romans introduced a standing army from 201 - 200 BC, when they acquired terretories from Carthage and its allies oversees
2. Conscription Change: Since the Proletarisation of the army and the vanishing of a huge part of rich Roman citizens the Roman state, for the first state pays for armor and weapons of their soldiers.
3. Conscription Change: At the end of the Second Punic War Roma kept at least 21 legions in the field at all times, in Italy and overseas.
Polybius estimates Roman citizen iuniores (excluding the Italian allies) at about 231,000 in 225 BC, on the eve of the war. Of these, some 50,000 perished in the great defeats of 218–206 BC. Of the remaining 180,000, the Romans kept at least 100,000 in the field, in Italy and overseas, continuously in the period 214–203 (and 120,000 in the peak year).
Roster c. around 213 BC:
Requirments: Manipular Proletarisation (Technology)
· Roman Equites (600 mounts à 150 mount regiments made of patricians or equestrians)
· Roman Hastati Manipulus: (4'800 men à 120 men manipuli made of the youngest and unexperienced citizens which were under 25 years old)
· Roman Principes Manipulus: (4'800 men à 120 manipuli made of grown and experienced citizens which were 26 - 35 years old)
· Roman Triarii Manipulus: (2'400 men à 60 men manipuli made of battle hardend and veteran citizens which were 36 – 46 years old)
· Roman Velites Manipulus (4'800 men à 120 men manipuli made of the poorest citizens)
· Roman Rorarii Javelinmen Manipulus: (c. 1’200 men à 120 men manipuli made of irregulars)
(10 Legions: Legio Romana I - IV)
· Allied Equites Extraordinarii (600 mounts à 150 mount regiments made of allied elite patricians or equestrians)
· Allied Equites (1’200 mounts à 150 mount regiments made of allied patricians or equestrians)
· Allied Pedites Extraordinarii (c. 1’800 men à 120 manipuli made of allied elite first class citizens)
· Allied Hastati Manipulus: (4'200 men à 120 men manipuli made of the youngest and unexperienced allied citizens)
· Allied Principes Manipulus: (4'200 men à 120 manipuli made of grown and experienced allied citizens)
· Allied Triarii Manipulus: (1'800 men à 60 men manipuli made of battle hardend and allied veteran citizens)
· Allied Velites Manipulus (4'800 men à 120 men manipuli made of the poorest allied citizens)
· Allied Rorarii Javelinmen Manipulus: (c. 1’200 men à 120 men manipuli made of allied irregulars)
(10 Legions: Ala Latina Sinistra I – II, Ala Latina Dextra I - II)
· Numidian Cavalry
· Creten Archers
· Balearic Slingers
(Mercenaries)
· Roman Peregrini (outnumbering the Romans one to four)
(Colonists)
Equipment:
Polybius states that only those soldiers rated over 10,000 drachmae (i.e. the First Class of commoners) wore a mail-shirt, while the rest wore a pectorale, or small, square breastplate designed to protect the heart.
There is no reason to believe that heavy infantry in the alae was equipped any differently from the legions, nor that they fought in a significantly different way.
Tactics:
The allied infantry appears to have been divided into cohortes. The first mention of such units, which were eventually adopted by the legions (after the Social War), is in Livy's account of the Second Punic War. The size of the allied cohorts is uncertain, and may not originally have been standard units at all, but simply a generic term denoting the contingent from each socius. However, Livy's account of Scipio Africanus' operations in Spain during the Second Punic War mentions Italian allied units of 460, 500 and 600 men which he terms cohortes.
A select group of the best Italian allied troops, denoted milites extraordinarii ("special troops"), would be detailed to act as an escort brigade for the Consul. They would normally number one-third of the alae cavalry and one-fifth of the infantry (i.e. in a normal consular army, 600 horse and about 1,800 foot). The extraordinarii were at the immediate disposal of the Consul, and were allocated their own distinct position both in the line-of-march and in the marching-camp (next to the praetorium). However, in battle, there is no evidence that the extraordinarii occupied a special position. Presumably, they fought in their alae, alongside the rest of the socii troops.
The 19 Latin colonies founded in the period 338–263 outnumbered the Roman ones by four to one. This is because they involved a mixed Roman/original Latin/Italian allied population, and so could more easily attract the necessary number of settlers. But because of the mix, the settlers did not hold citizenship (the Romans among them lost their full citizenship). Instead, they were granted the iura Latina ("Latin rights") held by original Latins before their incorporation into the citizen body. In essence, these rights were similar to the civitates sine suffragio, except that the Latin colonists were technically not citizens, but Peregrini ("foreigners"), although they could recover their citizenship by returning to Roman territory.
Roster c. around 200 – 180 BC:
Requirments: Manipular Standardisation (Technology)
· Introduction of standing legions and the chain-mail for all heavy infantry units.
Iuniores (males 16–46 years) fit for service, 225 BC – 180 BC
Contingent Infantry Cavalry Total Romans 213,000 18,000 231,000 Latin colonies 80,000 5,000 85,000 Etruscans 50,000 4,000 54,000 Central Italians 40,000 4,000 44,000 Samnites 70,000 7,000 77,000 Campanians* 37,000 5,000 42,000 Apulians 50,000 6,000 56,000 Greeks 30,000 4,000 34,000 Lucani, Bruttii 45,000 3,000 48,000 Total 615,000 56,000 671,000
Roster c. around 150 BC:
Requirments: Second Proletarisation (Technology)
· Again did the Romans lower the prerequisites to join the legions, which could now reach up to 30 standing legions.
Last edited by Hetairos; June 20, 2014 at 09:01 AM.
Roma Surrectum II
[Research] Roman Armies
Reserved for the Marian Armies
Last edited by Hetairos; June 17, 2014 at 05:07 PM.
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