Preview: Germanic Factions

[il Pitta]

THE WESTERN GERMANS
(Heruskoz, Ermunthuroz, Sweboz, Himroz, Frisa)

The archaeological evidence of the Western German peoples has been identified with the Culture of Jastorf and its successive developments, the Culture of Ripdorf and the Culture of Seedorf.

Actually, these cultures had been deeply influenced by the last phase of the proto-Celtic culture of Hallstatt and the Celtic culture of La Tène.

Actually, a huge part of West Germanic artifacts are bad and poorer copies of Celtic ones, especially in the field of war equipment.

Offensive and defensive weapons of the commoners were often in wood and bone (G. Rosenberg, Hjortspringfundet) with little or no metal parts at all, and probably the most common Germanic weapon was the Framea (Tacitus, De origine et situ Germanorum, 6), a short spear used both as a throwing weapon and for melee, with a small tip, sometimes in metal, sometimes in bone or even simply a sharpened wood shaft.
A good description of a Germanic army is given by Tacitus in the where he states:

“The Germans had no armor or helmet or even shields reinforced with iron or leather, but wicker shields and painted wooden planks.
Only the first line of combat -if you even could call it that way-, was armed with proper spears, the others had short fire-hardened wooden darts"

(Annales, II, 14).


Germanic Skirmishers

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Western Framea Warriors

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Other melee weapon employed were the club, crude but effective, so even the Romans employed Auxiliary Germanic clubmen against heavy armored enemies, as we can see in the depictions on the Trajan Column, and the one handed axe, both a weapon and a tool, whose presence is attested in German warrior graves.

Kessel Lith Axes

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Western Germanic Clubmen

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Swords in earlier Germanic context were very rare, and the few founded were or copies or La Tène celtic swords, or stabbing shortswords of local production.

If armors were even rarer, in the site of Hjortspringm dated III B.C., have been found various fragment of chainmail, probably the panoply of some rich noble.

Hjortspring weapons

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About headgears there is almost no evidence, except for wool caps like the one of the Tollund man, and copies of Negau helmets in wood founded in Uglemose, Denmark (T. Mathaissen, "Traehjelmene fra Uglemosen"), even if the use of metal-reinforced boiled leather caps has been hypothesized.

Wooden helmet from Uglemose

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Western Germanic Warband

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Western Germanic Nobles

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Western Germani Riders

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Western Germanic Noble Horsemen

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In the field of ranged weapons, the hunting longbow had probably an important role, though being normally an hunting tool, experimental archaologist had found that as a weapon it would had been highly effective:
https://www.academia.edu/1479148/Nor...d_perspectives

Germanic Hunters

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Tacitus refers about the Harii tribe, whose warriors went to battle with the bodies and the shields painted black, instilling fear in the enemies (Tacitus, De origine et situ Germanorum, Germany, 45).


Even if Tacitus states that the Harii were a sub-tribe of the celto-germanic federation of the Lugii, according to some historians and anthropologists, more than in one specific tribe, the real Harii should be identified as a military Mannerbunde (Rudolf Simek, Dictionary of Northern Mythology) whose name should be matched to that of the Ein-Herjar of Norse mythology, simply meaning "Warriors" (John Lindow, Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs).


The practice of black war paint, therefore, should not be attributed to a specific tribe or nation, but rather to a particular Germanic warrior brotherhood, linked to the sacral sphere, a sort of Germanic version of the Celtic Gaesatae.

Harjoz

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In the areas were Celtic and Germanic culture merged phisically one another, like in the lands of the Belgae, often arose communities who actually were cletic-speaking, but with a deep germanic heritage of which they were particularly proud

Celtogermanic Warriors

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II-I B.C. troops


During II-I B.C., in the areas were the contacts between Germans and Gauls were more deep, the military equipment of the Germanic peoples became actually even more similar to the Gallic one, virtually indistinguishable, and so their fighting ways.

The Suebi of Ariovistus fighting against Caesar formed a phalanx with long spears “as was their custom” (Caesar, De Bello Gallico, I, 52), and the Cimbrian army shows to employ a synergic infantry and heavy cavalry “anvil and hammer” tactic, common for II-I B.C. Gauls as we can assume from the evolution of military equipment, with heavy longswords for the cavalry and long “bajonet spears” for the infantry.

Actually Isidorus of Seville describes the Teutons to be “armed in the Gallic fashion” (XVIII, 72), and the description of Plutarch of the Cimbrian cavalry, even with unquestionable “Germanic flavor”, reminds a lot II-I B.C. Celtic heavy cavalry, with longswords and chainmails, while normally Germanic peoples lack weapons and armors in iron.


There are several reason for this, that included both the access to more resources (mainly by pillaging), and the recruitment of truly Gallic warriors within the Germanic armies.

For example, Cimbri and Teutons in their wandering thorough Europe had collected various Celtic warbands, especially from the Tigurines Helvetii, and in some cases some of their sub-tribes had likely mixed up (Festus for example called the Ambrones “Gens Gallica”).

Even the name of some Cimbrian warlords are Celtic, like “Gaesorix” (“King of the Iron Javelin”), “Lugos” (“Luminous One”) and “Boiorix” (“Terrible King”).

Moreover, Quintus Sertorius, Caius Marius lieutenant, is reported to went on espionage in the Cimbrian encampment impersonating a Gaul, as proof that Celtic presence within Cimbrian and Teutons was quite normal.

About the reutilization of Celtic weapons by the Germans, the best example is the so called “Helmet of Harigast”, a celtic Negau Helmet, probably pillaged by Cimbroteutons in Alpine-Pannonian context during their invasion of Noricum, that brings the inscription “Harigastitieiva[\\\]ip”, that has been translated as “Harigast of Teiwaz” (T.L. Markey, on Journal of Indo-European Studies, 2001), so bringing a Germanic name and the name of the well known Germanic god of war, Teiwaz (the future norse Tyr).

Celtogermanic Longspears

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Writing about the cavalry of the Cimbrian army, Plutarch states:
"They wore helmets made in the ​​guise of heads and jaws of wild beasts, with feathers attached, making them look even taller.
They had coats of mail and shields bright white.
As each weapon used javelins with tips on both sides, and in melee a heavy long swords"
(Plutarch, Parallel Lives, Life of Marius, 25, 9)

As stated by Ferrario ("Ancients and Modern Customs" p. 319), rather than helmets made ​​in the shape of heads and jaws of wild beasts, probably Plutarch refers to real fur and animal heads wore upon helmets.

Celtogermanic Noble Cavalry

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I B.C. / I A.D. troops


With the constant contacts with Roman culture, Western Germans start to employ roman military equipment, aside with the Gallic one.

Archaeological findings had brought several Roman helmets with sometimes metal parts considered unnecessary (like cheek-guards) removed, and probably used to craft blades and spearheads, due to the well known lack of iron in Germanic context.

Roman helmets in germanic graves

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In a Batavian grave in Nijmegen has been even found a roman parade cavalry helmet with facial mask, that his last Germanic owner had modified with something like a wig in fur and straw (UGH!).

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If in the case of helmets, more than craft local copies it seems actually that the Germans implement spoils of war and result of trades, in the field of weapons we had both authentic roman blades and some local production of gladius-like sword, and even the invention of the angon, a Germanic version of the Roman Pilum.


Late Western Germanic Warband

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Late Western Germanic Nobles

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Western Germanic Cavalry

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[il Pitta]

THE EASTERN GERMANS
(Guthiuda, Rygir)


«Beyond the Lugians, live the Gothones, ruled by a king.

They are more strictly ruled by other Germanic peoples, but not so strict to infringe upon their freedom.
Immediately next to them are the Rugi and the Lemovi, along the ocean shore, and all this peoples share the round shield, the short sword and a monarchic rule»

(Tacitus, De Origine et situ Germanorum, XLIV)


With Eastern Germans we can define all the Germanic tribes that migrated from Norway and Sweden between IV and III B.C., settled on the Baltic shores and from there, during a long period of time, moved into Poland and Ucraina, even reaching the shores of the Black Sea.
A little known people in the first period of their history, they will grow in importance in the III A.D., when they became gradually the main European enemies of the Roman Empire.


Germanic Hunters

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Germanic Skirmishers

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Eastern Framea Warriors

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Eastern Germanic Clubmen

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Eastern Germanic Warband

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Eastern Germanic Riders

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Eastern Germanic Nobles

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Eastern Germanic Noble Horsemen

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Hundingaz


In early Anglosaxon texts (Beowulf and Widsith) there are mentioned the Hundigas (Hound-People), both as a warrior clan and as a monstrous people of dog-headed men.

Paul the Deacon, writing the history of the Lombard people, accounts that they were feared for a supposed presence of dog-headed men (in Latin Cynocephali) in their ranks.


Actually the Lombards seemed to share a particular sacred link with the icon of the hound, with their ancestral king named Lamicho (“The Little Barkerer”), according to the myth son of a she-dog, and even when they arrived in Italy during the Middle Ages, keeping dog names in some of their noble families (“Cangrande” = “Big Dog”, “Molosso”/”Mastino” = “Hound”, “Cagnola”= “Little She-Dog”).


In Northen Italy local populations used to call the Lombard warbands “Latrones”, that if ultimately resulted in the modern Italian word “Ladri”, meaning “Thieves”, in origin meant simply “The Barking Ones” (in old-fashion modern Italian “Latrare” is still “To bark”).


Also, in the Gesta Danorum there is a reference about a specular "Wolf Clan" of the Geats.

All this accounts have been putted together and interpreted as a presence within East Germans of a totemic and shamanic warrior brotherhood linked to the future Berserkir and Ulfhednar of the Norse world, similar to the Western Germanic Harjoz and to the Celtic Gaesatae, but with a totemic animal aspect.

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II-III A.D. TROOPS


On the shores of the Black Sea and in the Russian steppes, East Germans came in contact with steppe cultures like Sarmatians and Alans.
It caused cavalry to became more and more prominent within East Germans, and also the adoption of some armors characteristic of steppe cultures, like scale armors.
(thanks to AOR recruiting system, obviously these troops are not only obtained with long military research during gameplay, to match correct timeframe, but also they can be recruited only in approriate regions)

Late Eastern Germanic Warband

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Late Eastern Germanic Nobles

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Eastern Germanic Heavy Cavalry

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[il Pitta]

CELTOGERMANS
(Bastijanthai, Lougoi)

With the term Celtogermans we can define two distinct realities in Eastern Europe, highly interconnected to each other: the Lugii (Lougoi) and the Bastarnae (Bastijanthai).

The Lugii (possibly meaning "The Bright Ones", from Celtic root) were a powerful confederation of different tribes, located in the area of modern Poland.

Despite the efforts of Polish archaeologists to assign a Proto-Slavic identity to the Lugii during the '30s, by analyzing the archaeological evidence in detail, identifiable in the Przeworsk Culture, the common theory today is that they were a composite reality, dominated by a strong Celtic element but incorporating sacral elements of Germanic martial culture (the Harii brotherhood) and various tribal entities speaking a Germanic language belonging to the West Germanic branch, such as the Elveconi and Buri (cfr.. Carl Waldman e Catherine Mason, Encyclopedia of European People, p. 498).

During the transition between the first century BC and the first century AD, the Germanic influence within the Lugian confederation grew exponentially, due to the overlap of new Germanic elements, this time coming from the eastern branch , until it became an entirely Germanic milieu, eventually giving life to the Vandals .

Przeworsk Culture IV-III B.C. "Celtic" Lugians, Archeological Museum of Krakow, Poland,

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Lugian axe (identical to Lepontic axes) from Ciecierzyn

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Przeworsk Culture II A.D. "Germanic" Vandals, Archeological Museum of Krakow, Poland,

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Late Przeworsk Culture findings

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On the other hand, first infiltrations of East Germans on the Culture of Przeworsk are attested already between the fourth and third century BC, giving birth to the Poienesti - Lukashevka Culture, identified as the material expression of the Bastarnae.

The Bastarnae are actually listed as originating from Silesia, then part of the Culture of Przeworsk , but in the third century BC they migrated, extending over a large area identified with the southern part of Ukraine and Moldova.


Strabo places the Bastarnae "Among the Ister (Danubius) and Borysthenes (Dnepr)"
(Strabo, Geography, VII , 3, 17)

The Bastarnae are actually the first Germanic people we have records of: they are mentioned along with the Sciri in the Protogenes inscription, which describes their unsuccessful attempt to storm the Greek colony of Olbia (on the Black Sea) in the third century BC.
Poienesti-Lukashevka Culture: Gryniv Scabbard
(evident the Thracian influence and similarities with Gundestrup Cauldron)

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It has been postulated that Bastarnae and Sciri do not actually correspond to two different peoples, but rather to two social classes belonging to the same culture, respectively:

- "aristocrats" for the Sciri, literally "the Cleaned/Pure"


- "plebeian" for the Bastarnae, from the Proto- Germanic root *bastjan, literally "Bound", interpreted as "Servile Lineage" and in its broadest sense "Bastardized"

Although the theory that read "Bound " as "Servile" has recently been discarded, the new proposed reading is "Interconnected /Confederate", which would indicate a bunde of different tribes, both Celtic and Germanic.

The Bastarnae were in fact divided into several tribes: the Peucini, the Atmoni, the Sidonians and the Costoboci. (Strabo, VII, 3, 13; Ptolemy III, 5.7)

Bastarnae Rhomphaiophoroi on Adamclisi metope - note Suebian knot

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The Atmoni have been identified as a tribe previously affiliated to the Lugian confederation (a further demonstration of the link between the two Celto-Germanic entities), while the Costoboci (identified with either Lipiţa or Poiana-Răcătău-Tinosul Culture), appeared to be of mixed Celtic and Dacian origin.

Lipiţa Culture / Poiana-Răcătău-Tinosul Culture

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Furthermore, according to Tacitus, the Bastarnae also mixed up also with the Scythians in the eastern area of their domains (Germania, 46), which means they could probably be identified with the “Keltoskythai” that the greek historians placed near the Bosphorus. (cfr --> https://www.academia.edu/4835555/Gallo-Scythians )

Celto-Scythians Montefortino helmets from Russia

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__________________________________________________________________________________________

With all this shown evidences, we decided to depict Celtogermanic Roster with a mix of Eastern and Western Germanic troops, some early Celtic troops and some personal ethnic units, all obviously regulated with AOR recruiting system and researches.


Germanic Hunters
Western Germanic Clubmen
Western Germanic Riders
Harjoz
Eastern Germanic Riders
Eastern Germanic Warband
Celtic Skirmishers
Celtogermanic Warriors
Pannonian Swordsmen
Lougoi Axemen
Keltoskythai Riders
Bastijanthai Rhomphaiophoroi
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II B.C. troops
Costoboki Spearmen
Costoboki Noble Horsemen
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I-II A.D. Troops
Wandili Warriors



Germanic Hunters

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Western Germanic Clubmen

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Western Germanic Riders

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Tacitus refers about the Harii tribe, whose warriors went to battle with the bodies and the shields painted black, instilling fear in the enemies (Tacitus, De origine et situ Germanorum, Germany, 45).


Even if Tacitus states that the Harii were a sub-tribe of the celto-germanic federation of the Lugii, according to some historians and anthropologists, more than in one specific tribe, the real Harii should be identified as a military Mannerbunde (Rudolf Simek, Dictionary of Northern Mythology) whose name should be matched to that of the Ein-Herjar of Norse mythology, simply meaning "Warriors" (John Lindow, Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs).


The practice of black war paint, therefore, should not be attributed to a specific tribe or nation, but rather to a particular Germanic warrior brotherhood, linked to the sacral sphere, a sort of Germanic version of the Celtic Gaesatae.

Harjoz

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Eastern Germanic Warband

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Eastern Germanic Riders

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Celto-Germanic Warriors

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Celtic Skirmishers

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Pannonian Swordsmen

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Lougoi Axemen

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Bastijanthai Rhomphaiophoroi

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Keltoskythai Riders

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___________

II B.C. troops


Costoboki Spearmen

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Costoboki Noble Riders

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I-II A.D. Troops


Wandili Warriors

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[Harðurāðaz]

Great preview!!

[Samraat Mahendra Maurya]

Looks like EB III

[Ambigatos]

Looks great. They look a little sword heavy though. I feel they should have a bigger emphasis on spears. And perhaps more light cavalry rather than heavy. Just my humble opinion, don't mind me much

[Ambigatos]

Love the black paint on the Harjoz! Nice effect

[Dansk viking]

This looks rather interesting. To get Rome II or not to get it, that is the question.

A small note though, maybe refrain from using the Swabian knot hairstyle in the East Germanic roster. As well as it being doubtful that the East Germanic tribes used that specific hairstyle, it would help differentiate the two cultures.

[Maleventum]

Looks great. They look a little sword heavy though. I feel they should have a bigger emphasis on spears. And perhaps more light cavalry rather than heavy. Just my humble opinion, don't mind me much

Totally agree with you, especially the cavalry should have framea/spears instead of swords as primary weapon according with Tacitus: " Rari gladiis aut majoribus lanceis utuntur: hastas, vel ipsorum vocabulo frameas gerunt, angusto et brevi ferro sed ita acri et ad usum habili, ut eodem telo, prout ratio poscit, vel cominus vel eminus pugnent: et eques quidem scuto frameaque contentus est."
As for the other factions I think the Roman auxiliary cavalry should have more spears instead only swords (better the combination of javelins plus spear according to Flavius Joseph and the several graveston depicting Roman cavalry with spears), the Numidian cavalry should have leather shields insted of the wicker ones, and if is possible to add longer frizzy hairs to them insted of turbants !!
Obviously these are only suggestions not critics, your work it's an awesome mod , surely the real heir of RTR or EB for R2TW !!!

[il Pitta]

You're right... actually I missed that pass of Tacitus... I assumed that having a horse they would be richer in equipment, but apparently hasn't...XD
I apologize.
I'll ask Iutland if is possible to implement framea animation for Western Germanic Riders for BETA release.

However... I'll remain a mistery to me how these mounted brutes were so effective against Celtic cavalry, as Caesar reported... apparently, the old thing... "motivation" XD

[Maleventum]

You're right... actually I missed that pass of Tacitus... I assumed that having a horse they would be richer in equipment, but apparently hasn't...XD
I apologize.
I'll ask Iutland if is possible to implement framea animation for Western Germanic Riders for BETA release.

However... I'll remain a mistery to me how these mounted brutes were so effective against Celtic cavalry, as Caesar reported... apparently, the old thing... "motivation" XD

Yes, I agree, it's a mistery also to me, perhaps they offset their lack of equipment with their strenght and furor teutonicus

[Visarion]

with no doubt the best Germanic factions in TWcenter...

[Black9]

il Pitta, I was doing some light reading (hehe) and was wondering why horse-stabbers and horse-hewers weren't included in the roster? They seem to have been spoken of in some detail by at least Caesar, Tacitus, and Plutarch, and were depicted on Trajan's Column.

Also, will any of the unit be receiving the new seax sword models that were added with the August Warriors Free-LC? I think they'd look great on the early warbands and nobles.

[il Pitta]

Hello Black9!

What you mean exactly with Horse-stabbers and Horse-hewers?
Please post the classical quotes here, I'm very curious! Actually I had the idea to make the coupled infantry and horsemen unit wich Caesar spoke about, but it results impossibile.

About the seax, i must see the model... actually that kind of sword is quite "modern" (the "proper" seax are of late roman period-High Middle Ages), but maybe the CA model could fit for the local shortswords.

[Black9]

Hello Black9!

What you mean exactly with Horse-stabbers and Horse-hewers?
Please post the classical quotes here, I'm very curious! Actually I had the idea to make the coupled infantry and horsemen unit wich Caesar spoke about, but it results impossibile.

About the seax, i must see the model... actually that kind of sword is quite "modern" (the "proper" seax are of late roman period-High Middle Ages), but maybe the CA model could fit for the local shortswords.

This book has all the citations at the end: http://worldtracker.org/media/librar...20Warriors.pdf

Selected bits:
The horsemen sent by Caesar…wrought wonders of
bravery. Many slid from their steeds, dove beneath their
foes’ horses, and struck them in the underbelly.
-Plutarch, Crassus

And a picture of a "horse-hewer" he's at the very bottom of the frame. The only difference between the two, from what I can see, is that the hewers used small curved swords or daggers and the stabbers used spears: SPOILER][/SPOILER]

There are 3 seax models, here's one:

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[il Pitta]

WOW! That model is quite perfect! If i recall correctly, those schort-sword with a kopis-like handle were ok with our timeframe! I must to ask Iutland about that.

About the "horse stabbers" ecc., more than a specific warrior corp, I think would be better to identify a particular way of fighting in specific situations, were the "normal" approach was ineffective... as was at Carrae.
But however... the auxilia horsemen that jumped down their horses and slit the parthians' horse bellies were Gauls, not Germans:

"But his struggle was an unequal one both offensively and defensively, for his thrusting was done with small and feeble spears against breastplates of raw hide and steel, whereas the thrusts of the enemy were made with pikes against the lightly equipped and unprotected bodies of the Gauls, since it was upon these that Publius chiefly relied, and with these he did indeed work wonders.
For they laid hold of the long spears of the Parthians, and grappling with the men, pushed them from their horses, hard as it was to move them owing to the weight of their armour; and many of the Gauls forsook their own horses, and crawling under those of the enemy, stabbed them in the belly."

Plutarch, Parallel Lives, Life of Crassus, 25

[Visarion]

For they laid hold of the long spears of the Parthians, and grappling with the men, pushed them from their horses, hard as it was to move them owing to the weight of their armour; and many of the Gauls forsook their own horses, and crawling under those of the enemy, stabbed them in the belly."

Plutarch, Parallel Lives, Life of Crassus, 25

wow, didn t knew about this

[Black9]

WOW! That model is quite perfect! If i recall correctly, those schort-sword with a kopis-like handle were ok with our timeframe! I must to ask Iutland about that.

About the "horse stabbers" ecc., more than a specific warrior corp, I think would be better to identify a particular way of fighting in specific situations, were the "normal" approach was ineffective... as was at Carrae.
But however... the auxilia horsemen that jumped down their horses and slit the parthians' horse bellies were Gauls, not Germans:

"But his struggle was an unequal one both offensively and defensively, for his thrusting was done with small and feeble spears against breastplates of raw hide and steel, whereas the thrusts of the enemy were made with pikes against the lightly equipped and unprotected bodies of the Gauls, since it was upon these that Publius chiefly relied, and with these he did indeed work wonders.
For they laid hold of the long spears of the Parthians, and grappling with the men, pushed them from their horses, hard as it was to move them owing to the weight of their armour; and many of the Gauls forsook their own horses, and crawling under those of the enemy, stabbed them in the belly."

Plutarch, Parallel Lives, Life of Crassus, 25

Okay yeah I suppose that makes sense. Thanks for clearing everything up, that's why I'm not the historian haha!

[il Pitta]

Hi Black9!
Your reference to the new swords was very precious!
Some models f the germanic swords were included in the germanic roster in exchange of the celtic dagger, and moreover, one of the model (the one that resembled mainly a huge knife) was also very useful in replacement of the celtic antropomorph dagger for all the cheap slirmish/archer units of Celtic/Ligurian/Raethian/Dacian/Germans... never been too comfortable with the antropomorphic dagger (something used by the elites) for skirmish units, while the one blade knife is quite a correct weapon! Again thank you!
III b.C. Gaulish war-knife:

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Furthermore, Iutland found the Iberian_Sword models, that actually are Celtiberian Cladios/Antenas Atrofiadas sword, perfect for celtiberian, lusitanian and some carthaginian troops.

Lot of changes have been done, and CAC is becoming more and more historically correct :-)

[Black9]

Hi Black9!
Your reference to the new swords was very precious!
Some models f the germanic swords were included in the germanic roster in exchange of the celtic dagger, and moreover, one of the model (the one that resembled mainly a huge knife) was also very useful in replacement of the celtic antropomorph dagger for all the cheap slirmish/archer units of Celtic/Ligurian/Raethian/Dacian/Germans... never been too comfortable with the antropomorphic dagger (something used by the elites) for skirmish units, while the one blade knife is quite a correct weapon! Again thank you!
III b.C. Gaulish war-knife:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Furthermore, Iutland found the Iberian_Sword models, that actually are Celtiberian Cladios/Antenas Atrofiadas sword, perfect for celtiberian, lusitanian and some carthaginian troops.

Lot of changes have been done, and CAC is becoming more and more historically correct :-)

That's great! Glad I could help in any small way. I'm eagerly awaiting the 0.7 release!