In the months preceding the outbreak of violence in the Fourth Silesian War, the Austrian Empire had been caught in a near blind spot. Queen Maria Theresa was dying, and her son Francis II was preparing to take over; word of further hostilities with Prussia seemed to make Maria Theresa deteriorate faster due to stress, and as such Francis II was noticably worried. The Austrian Army, still in half-mobilization from the end of the War of Bavarian Succession, took surprisingly less time than its Prussian counterpart to mobilize just as many men; and so, when Maria Theresa died, Francis II, King of Austria and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, made it known to his remaining loyal subjects in the latter - and all subjects in the former - that the realm was at great risk, and that all good Austrians ought to enlist in the army to repel the Prussian invader. And so it was that, by the time of Zieten's invasion, Austria had amassed some 56,000 Infantry, 9,000 Cavalry, and 210 Guns to contend with Zieten.
The Prussian Army, divided into two Wings*, is small compared to the Austrian Army. The Prussian Right Wing contained 44 Battalions of Infantry, 10 Squadrons of Cavalry, and 108 Guns. The Prussian Left Wing contained 24 Battalions of Infantry, 6 Squadrons of Cavalry, and 60 Guns. The Austrian Army contained 112 Battalions of Infantry, 45 Squadrons of Cavalry, and 210 Guns.
(* = Zieten had taken the other 14 Cavalry Squadrons, a combined total of 2,800 Men, on a raiding party further West, more for the purpose of excitement than any real strategic gain)
In the first weeks of the war, Francis II assumed personal command of his "Army of Bohemia", leading it in a daring maneuver that might throw the Prussians out of Bohemia quickly; he sent one of his Generals - Count Heinrich von Pulnow - with 16,000 Infantry, 2,000 Cavalry, and 84 Guns to block the advance of the small Left wing of the Prussian Army at the town of Olmitz; he established a reserve, under the command of General Jorgen Wörst, of 20,000 Infantry, 4,600 Cavalry, and 22 Guns at Zieteldorf, 15 miles to the West of Olmitz; and finally, he personally led the remainder of his army, comprising 20,000 Infantry, 2,400 Cavalry, and 104 Guns, to block the advance of the larger Prussian Right wing at the crossroads of Telburg.
Map of Movements, 4 June - 11 June 1780 | |
Map of Austrian and Prussian movements, 4 June - 11 June, 1780
The Battle of Olmitz
von Pulnow's men got in place first, allowing them to wait for the Prussians to arrive and assail their positions. While waiting, they prepared light breastworks, strengthened their position via internal roads behind the lines. von Pulnow was no stranger to defensive tactics, and prepared his line well; he deployed his Infantry along a series of sunken roads, massing most of his Artillery - around 70 guns - on a large ridge just behind his front line. He anchored his left flank - 4,000 men and 18 guns, 6 of which were on the ground interspersed with his Infantry - on a 6-way Crossroads, and his right - 5,000 men and 20 guns - along the inside of a V-shaped fork in the road. His right flank was especially important, as he correctly guessed, because his extreme right overlapped the main road that the Prussians were marching down. He knew that his Right would get a hammering, and as such, he deployed his Cavalry - 1,600 men in 8 squadrons - as a reserve, around halfway between his Center and Right, about a mile behind the front line.
On the morning of June 8, 1780, the Austrian army awoke to the sound of Prussian guns, and quickly took positions. And just in time, too, as at 9:30 A.M., the Prussians begin their assault. First to be hit, is the Austrian left at the Crossroads; 7 Prussian Battalions, led by fearsome Grenadiers, converge on the Prussians from two directions. However, the Prussian left flank wanders off, and is chewed to pieces by the combined fire from 10 Guns and 2 Battalions of Austrian Infantry. The other 6 Prussian Battalions, attacking en echelon from left-to-right, comes in piecemeal and is hammered by the Austrian Artillery on the high ground; still, they press on.
They then hit the Austrian line of breastworks and receive a heavy, concentrated volley from 4,000 Austrian Infantry, which tears the leading 2 Battalions up; the next wave, another 2 Battalions, one of them being Grenadiers, surges forward with an animalistic fury and nearly carries the trenches; however, Austrian reinforcements, combined with the Austrian Artillery switching to Double-Canister and driving off the last 2 Prussian Battalions with heavy losses, forces the Grenadiers back, and effectively cripples the Prussian army in this sector. A lengthy Artillery duel ensues, but the Austrians have effectively won here.
The Austrian Left Flank Commander, had, during this assault, sent several messengers to General von Pulnow for reinforcements, stating that his flank would be overrun if he did not have them. Though modern historians debate over whether or not the Prussian assault could have in face done this, they agree that the Austrian left flank could indeed have broken out of fear had it not been for the arrival of 2 reinforcing Infantry Battalions. However, there was another reason that the Austrian commander was reluctant to send reinforcements, and weaken his center; Prussian Cavalry. 800 Prussian Troopers had been sighted only a couple miles away, and they were closing fast towards the Austrian Center. von Pulnow, being the confident general he was, ordered his Infantry not to form squares; rather, he thinned their lines to 3 men deep, and instructed the first rank to kneel, so entire Battalions could fire in one mass volley. He also massed over 30 Guns here, preparing a gauntlet of hot lead for the Prussian Cavalry.
And when the Prussian Cavalry arrived, what a gauntlet it was. Shrapnel, Solid shot, and Canister all flew freely from the Austrian cannon, flying and twirling through the air before killing rank upon rank, file upon file of Prussian Horsemen. However, the Prussians continued on, having been trained by Frederick long ago to dress their ranks at full gallop. And on they came, braving the storm of lead, only to charge toward the Austrian center...and be met with a full broadside volley, 3,000 Austrian Infantry discharging their muskets at once. That did it for the Prussian cavalry, galloping away with less than a third of their number remaining. This gallant, and apparently pointless, charge had baffled von Pulnow; was it a Reconnaissance mission-turned-Suicide charge out of a Horseman's personal honor? Or was it intended, and did it serve a better purpose?
He would find out only ten minutes later, when a sudden assault by 8,000 Prussian Infantry, arrayed in two long lines, one behind the other, slammed into his right flank, which had no geographical features to help it and only was supported by 12 guns in this area; The Prussian Cavalry's charge was to distract his reserves while the Prussian Infantry readied themselves to attack, giving him no time to send men to his Right. The Prussian assault succeeded in pushing them back a mile, nearly folding the Austrian flank in on the Austrian center like a pocket knife closing. However, it was at this time that a bewildered von Pulnow committed his Cavalry reserve, which surged forth through the ranks of the retreating Austrians, into the disorganized Prussians, who had no time to form square; the sudden onslaught of the Austrian horse, combined with the close quarters in which the Prussian Infantry was condensed, led to a near-massacre which sent the Prussians tumbling back in disorder. The battle was over, an Austrian victory, and the Prussians withdrew that night.
Austrian casualties were approx. 1,500 Killed or Wounded, and 200 Captured.
Prussian casualties were approx. 4,000 Killed or Wounded, and 700 Captured.
Battle of Olmitz |
(Light Blue and Pink = Retreats, Blue and Red = Advances) |
Battle of Olmitz, unit actions and deployments, 8 June, 1780 |