***** Announcement and Recruitment - Colonialism 1600 *****

[rohan97]

Some piece of crap was here...

verry unfrienly hinkel

[Primergy]

Husserl is right... the Dutch were the first europeans in "new york"... it was then called new amsterdam.

[Geronimo2006]

Given Portugal was ruled by the Spanish king in 1580-1640 will Portugal be a Protectorate of Spain or an emergent faction?

[husserlTW]

Husserl is right... the Dutch were the first europeans in "new york"... it was then called new amsterdam.

Given Portugal was ruled by the Spanish king in 1580-1640 will Portugal be a Protectorate of Spain or an emergent faction?

I have not researched Portugal yet. What about joining us? I am going to merge Boicote's and Erasmus mods in ours. You could be in charge for that joining some of your work as well (I think that you have worked for both factions making unit packs) along with the research for Denmark and Portugal.

[Dumanthis]

Very interesting. I see if I can do some research for the Indian Theatre to help if necessary

[rohan97]

IS THIS AN AMERICA ONLY CAMPAING

[Demokritos]

IS THIS AN AMERICA ONLY CAMPAING

Please read the OP properly before asking such questions, you might find that the answer is already given there. And we can read your message just fine in lower case letters, too.

[husserlTW]

Team so far: http://www.twcenter.net/forums/showt...74#post9459574

[Geronimo2006]

Here is what I know of Portuguese uniforms after independence from Spain in 1640 but before the 1700s. From the Duke of Schomberg's reforms of 1664 uniforms were mostly in the French style, with blue cassocks. The Terco da Armada marines wore green coats with yellow cuffs with yellow stockings and a broad-brimmed hat at first not turned up. Unlike the 1700's the most common sash-colour for officers was green. There was a green-coated halberdier unit with white lace known as the "Royal Guard of Archers" but unlike in the 18th century it was a combat unit not merely ceremonial. The Campo-Maior infantry wore a blue coat with red cuffs in the late 17th century. This information is from "Them Portuguese Army during the War of the Spanish Succession" (1992). There is also some information in Manuel Ribeiro Rodrigues' book about the Portuguese uniforms in 1660-1960 so I will get back to this thread when I have translated it. It isn't very much though. MRR's book says that in 1664, a Terco (regiment) of Roque da Costa wore blue jackets with red cuffs and lining. The colour of the cuffs was the colour of the coat-linings. The cuffs of uniforms were very large to allow them to be pulled over the hands when it rained, and the pockets were small and had 3 buttons and a flap. The coats were quite loose with lots of folds. Hats were round and felt-black and the ends were either straight or turned-up slightly at the ends.

1660: O habito de uniformizar o grosso do Exercito foi introduzido em portugal pela influencia do Conde de Schomberg, de seu nome Frederico Armando. Este General alemao foi contratado para vir servir no nosso Pais, em 1660, com o posto de Mestre-de-Campo-General; antes ja tinha servido na Suecia e militado no exercito frances. Exerceu uma accao benefica no nosso Exercito, principalemente na reorganizacao e modernizacao dos processos tacticos. Foi devido a accao de Schomberg que vencemos as Batalhas do Amerixial e de montes Claros.

1664: Foi precisamente o Conde de Schoemberg que introduziu o habito de uniformizar e fardar as tropas, isto por influencia dos paises onde tinha militado, lendo-se num manuscrito da epoca que no dia 18 de Fevereiro de 1664 as tropas que embarcaram para Aldeia Galega, que eram os tercos de Infantaria da Armada, vestiam de verde com forro amarelo e as do Terco do Roque da Costa que envergavam casacas azuis com forros encarnados, affirmando "que as casacas eram todas iguais nas cores", tendo talhabito sido introduzido pelo Conde de Schomberg que envergava casaca azul como a tinha o Marechal Turene, por ser a cor do seu rei; e os nossos logo o imitaram. Como estes fardamentos na tinham bandas nem vistas, as cores dos forros viam-se somente nos canhoes das mangas.
Como facilmente se pode verificar estes fardamentos eram praticamente iguais as casacas civis, da epoca, sendo de corte direito e justo ao corpo, embora um pouco mais folgadas devido ao numero de pregas suplementares colocadas lateralmente que facilitavam os movimentos necessarios aos exercicios militares. Os canhoes das mangas eram bastante grandes deixando ficar bem a vista as mangas da camisa. Durante o tempo frio ou chuvoso, as mangas podiam colocar-se para baixo, protegendo as maos. Os bolsos eram pequenos e desenhados no sentido da largura, e tinham uma pequena pestana direita que abotoava por meio de tres botoes pequenos.
A cobertura de cabeca era de feltro preto de formato redondo, com abas direitas ou ligeiramente dobradas nas pontas. Viam-se, por vezes, com fita de cor a volta da copa e os oficiais podiam colocar plumas, seguindo mais ou menos a moda da epoca. Poder-se-ia verificar que com o evoluir do tempo as abas do chapeu iam-se dobrando cada vez mais ate atingir um tricornio perfeito, dando mais tarde origem ao bicorneo, mas toda essa evolucao vai-se verificando vai-se verificando a medida em que os anos e a moda vao avancando.

Translation by Google:

1660: The habit of standardizing the bulk of the army in Portugal was introduced by the influence of the Count of Schomberg, named Frederico Armando. The German General was hired to come and serve in our country in 1660, with the rank of Master-de-Camp General, before he had already served in Sweden and militated in the French army. Has a beneficial effect on our army, especially in the reorganization and modernization of tactical processes. It was due to action of Schomberg who won the Battle of Amerixial and Montes Claros.

1664:
How easily can be seen these uniforms, the coats were practically equal civil, of the time, being cut right and fair to the body, although a little loose due to the number of additional folds placed on the side that facilitated the necessary movements to military exercises. The guns of the sleeves were quite large and the view be leaving the sleeves. During cold weather or rainy, they could cut the sleeves down, protecting the hands. The pockets were small and drawn across the width and had a small flap that buttoned right through three small buttons.
The head cover was black felt round in shape with straight or slightly bent tabs on the ends. There were, sometimes with colored ribbon around the crown and the officers could put feathers, more or less following the fashion of the time. One can see that would evolve with time tabs the hat would be doubling up to increasingly achieve a perfect tricorne, giving rise to later bicorne, but all this evolution will be checking will be checking the extent in the year and will move fashion.

During the Iberian Union (1580-1640) when Portugal was under the Spanish king, Portugal and its colonies were administered separately and had their own separate army and navy. Portugal was forced to participate in the Spanish Armada but received little help against the Dutch in the East Indies. But Spanish assistance helped them defeat the Dutch in Brazil. The Iberian Union started after the death of the childless Cardinal-King of Portugal Henrique. Philip II was a claimant to the throne and sent the Duke of Alva to take Portugal by force. A Cortes (Parliament) dominated by Philip's supporters was summoned and proclaimed Philip king as Philip I of Portugal in return for Portugal keeping its separate colonies, army and navy. The Portuguese people became resentful of the union for a number of reasons. Firstly, whereas Philip II had largely respected Portuguese autonomy, Philip III and IV increasingly appointed Spaniards to administer Portugal. Secondly, Spain was blamed for the loss of Portuguese colonies because it forced Portugal to fight the Dutch and the English.

[husserlTW]

@ Geronimo2006 thanks for the infos! +rep!

Natives tribes and territories are finalised: http://www.twcenter.net/forums/showt...67#post9459567

[Geronimo2006]

17th century Portuguese Azuleijos (tile-pictures):

Reconquest of Luanda (Angola) from Dutch:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Battle of Ameixial (Restoration (independence) War 1640-68 against Spain):

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Battle of Montes Claros (good officer picture (Marques de Marialva) in 2nd picture below):

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17th century engraving of Battle of Ameixial:

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Marques de Marialva (general at battle):

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battle of the Lines of Elvas:

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[Ludicus]

To put it simply, Geronimo´s mod is the most historically accurate mod ever made (regarding uniforms).
No, I am not exxagerating.It was an herculean effort, an outstanding work, and he deserves a prize.

Given Portugal was ruled by the Spanish king in 1580-1640 will Portugal be a Protectorate of Spain or an emergent faction?

It was a dual monarchy. A typical case is a personal union in which the crowns of the separate kingdoms are held by one person.

Portugal and its colonies were administered separately and had their own separate army and navy

Exactly.
There was to be a union of crowns creating a dual monarchy; according to the package of conditions sworn at Tomar, Portugal would retain all its traditional liberties, costumes, uses, and all offices under the Portuguese crown and trade and navigation were to be reserved exclusively for Portuguese; the kingdom would keep its own coinage, the official language remained Portuguese. A council of Portugal comprised exclusively by Portuguese would have be created at court to advise on the kingdom´s affairs. In April 1581 Felipe II of Spain was aclaimed king as Filipe I of Portugal. Two kingdoms, and one king.

Spanish assistance helped them defeat the Dutch in Brazil.

In 1626 the recapture of Bahia from the Dutch by a combined Castilian-Portuguese armada. Both kingdoms, believing their national interests were at stake, strongly supported this expedition: the Castilians feared for silver mines in Peru, while the Portuguese faced the potential loss of all Brasil. Both crowns and nobles contributed to the cost, the duke of Bragança (Dom João, the future Portuguese king) and the marquis of Vila-Real leading the way with 20,000 crusados each. In 1638 João of Bragança was the commander of the Portuguese army.

The Portuguese people became resentful of the union for a number of reasons,Spain was blamed for the loss of Portuguese colonies

Indeed.
In 1640 Olivares requested that Portugal provide troops for deployment in Italy- and against Catalonia, but Portugal refused -the Portuguese had no obligation to fight outside the borders of their own kingdom and empire. On 15 December 1640 the Duke João was proclaimed king João IV of Portugal.
In January 1659 Portugal won the battle of lines of Elvas at which 5,000 of Filipe III´s troops were taken prisioners, the first major war of the Restoration. With Portugal winning a succession of victories from Ameixial to Monte Claros (Geronimo´s last post), the Habsburg hopes faded after this battle.

[Geronimo2006]

Thanks Ludicus. Of course, green was not the only sash colour worne by Portuguese officers after independence but it was the main one. Sr. Rodrigues told me many months ago during our discussion of breastplates in the 18th century that they had been worne in the Restoration War. What I have no information on is the question of whether or not cavalry uniforms were used in Portugal before the 1707 uniform regulations which introduced white-grey (alvadia) as the main colour. According to "The Portuguese Army during the War of the Spanish Succession" (1992), there were no uniforms before 1707 in that war and that they wore diverse colours and looked rather like the cavalry-guerillas of the Peninsular War (1808-14). I also have some sketches from this book of possible battle-flags used by the Portuguese in the 17th century after independence and when I find them I will post them here. It's important though to recognise that green-sashes by officers were worne after independence because it was the colour of the House of Braganza and therefore was only post-independence. For example, the picture below shows Afonso VI wearing a red sash:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

Some flags:

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Joao IV was king in 1640-56. The book describes the third flag as having a green background, with a white cross in the centre of a red Maltese cross. But the Pedro II dates are wrong as Afonso VI was king until 1683 but had no power from 1667 because his brother Pedro II became regent and Afonso was exiled. There is no proof any of these flags were used in the 17th century except for the one with the Maltese cross which was under Joao IV.

This is Pedro II's arquebus armour from 1683:

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

[Dumanthis]

Jahangir: AD 1605-1627

Akbar is succeeded in 1605 by his eldest and only surviving son, Jahangir. Two other sons have died of drink, and Jahangir's effectiveness as a ruler is limited by his own addiction to both alcohol and opium. But the empire is now stable enough for him to preside over it for twenty-two years without much danger of upheaval.

Instead he is able to indulge his curiosity about the natural world (which he records in a diary as vivid as that of his great-grandfather Babur) and his love of painting. Under his keen eye the imperial studio brings the Moghul miniature to a peak of perfection, maintained also during the reign of his son Shah Jahan.

Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb: AD 1627-1707

During the reigns of Shah Jahan and his son Aurangzeb, the policy of religious toleration introduced by Akbar is gradually abandoned. It has been largely followed by Shah Jahan's father, Jahangir - though at the very start of his reign he provides the Sikhs with their first martyr when the guru Arjan is arrested, in 1606, and dies under torture.

In 1632 Shah Jahan signals an abrupt return to a stricter interpretation of Islam when he orders that all recently built Hindu temples shall be destroyed. A Muslim tradition states that unbelievers may keep the shrines which they have when Islam arrives, but not add to their number.

Direct provocation of this kind is untypical of Shah Jahan, but it becomes standard policy during the reign of his son Aurangzeb. His determination to impose strict Islamic rule on India undoes much of what was achieved by Akbar. An attack on Rajput territories in 1679 makes enemies of the Hindu princes; the reimposition of the jizya in the same year ensures resentment among Hindu merchants and peasants.

At the same time Aurangzeb is obsessed with extending Moghul rule into the difficult terrain of southern India. He leaves the empire larger but weaker than he finds it. In his eighties he is still engaged in permanent and futile warfare to hold what he has seized.

In the decades after the death of Aurangzeb, in 1707, the Moghul empire fragments into numerous semi-independent territories - seized by local officials or landowners whose descendants become the rajas and nawabs of more recent times. Moghul emperors continue to rule in name for another century and more, but their prestige is hollow.

Real power has declined gradually and imperceptibly throughout the 17th century, ever since the expansive days of Akbar's empire. Yet it is in the 17th century that news of the wealth, splendour, architectural brilliance and dynastic violence of the Moghul dynasty first impresses the rest of the world.

Europeans become a significant presence in India for the first time during the 17th century. They take home descriptions of the ruler's fabulous wealth, causing him to become known as the Great Moghul. They have a touching tale to tell of Shah Jahan's love for his wife and of the extraordinary building, the Taj Mahal, which he provides for her tomb.

And as Shah Jahan's reign merges into Aurangzeb's, they can astonish their hearers with an oriental melodrama of a kind more often associated with Turkey, telling of how Aurangzeb kills two of his brothers and imprisons his ageing father, Shah Jahan, in the Red Fort at Agra - with the Taj Mahal in his view across the Jumna, from the marble pavilions of his castle prison.

Indian and Japanese castles: 16th - 17th century AD

By a coincidence of history some of the most spectacular castles of the world date from the same period in India and Japan. These buildings of the 16th and 17th century are fortified palaces, with superbly decorated pavilions rising above secure walls.

The Indian tradition develops from the example of Hindu princes and is brought to a peak by the Moghul emperors. The Japanese castles evolve from the small fortresses of local feudal chieftains, which are a practical necessity during the civil wars of the Ashikaga shogunate.

The best early example of an Indian castle is the fortress of Gwalior, built in the early 16th century. The entrance road, climbing a steep hill, makes its way through heavy walls to an elevated plateau and an exquisite palace of carved sandstone and decorative tilework.

The great 17th-century forts of Rajasthan, such as Amber and Jodhpur, follow the same pattern of delicacy within massively strong defences. The theme is taken to its most famous conclusion in the Red Forts of Delhi and Agra, where the Moghul emperors and their harems dwell in white marble pavilions surmounting vast red sandstone walls.

Europeans in India: 16th - 17th century AD

During the first century of the Moghul dynasty three European nations - Portugal, Netherlands, England - gradually establish a strong presence (that of aggressively armed traders) around the coasts of India. The Portuguese are by far the first in the field, with safe ports of call down the west coast of India in the early 16th century and (from 1537) a factory at Hooghly for trading in the Ganges delta.

The Dutch and the English begin to challenge this Portuguese monopoly in the early 17th century. Success depends on maritime strength, and the decisive issue is control of the Indian Ocean.

Until the arrival of the Portuguese the Indian Ocean has been the preserve of Arab ships. Apart from the usual problems of piracy, the Arabs pose no threat to Indian Muslims sailing on pilgrimage to Arabia. But from 1514 the Portuguese control these waters, after seizing and fortifying the island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf.These new masters even have the effrontery to make Muslim pilgrims carry passports printed with images of Jesus and Mary.

Portuguese sea power goes unchallenged for a century - until, in 1612 and again in 1615, English ships defeat the Portuguese in engagements off the west coast of India.

The English victory of 1615 coincides with the arrival of Thomas Roe, England's first official ambassador to India, at the court of Jahangir. He warns the emperor, with some justification, that 'the King my master would be lord of all these seas and ports to the prejudice of his subjects'.

Jahangir's powerful neighbour in Persia, Shah Abbas, uses to his advantage this perceptible change in sea power. With English help, in 1622, he drives the Portuguese from their fortified island of Hormuz. He builds on the mainland a new port named after himself (Bandar Abbas), where he grants special trading privileges to the English East India Company.

Persia, with its relatively short coastline, resists further intrusion by seafaring Europeans. India proves more vulnerable. The English are established in Surat by 1613. They are joined there by the Dutch in 1616 and by the French in 1668 - after the founding of the French East India Company in 1664. By 1690 the French have six settlements round the coast of India, including Pondicherry in the southeast and Chandernagore in the Ganges delta.

The Dutch also have a settlement on the Ganges (at Chinsura, founded in 1653), but their interests are mainly focussed on southeast Asia. By the end of the 17th century the main European rivalry round India's coasts is between the French and English East India Companies.

Surat remains the English headquarters on the west coast until it is gradually replaced, between 1672 and 1687, by Bombay (given to Charles II in 1661 as part of the dowry of his Portuguese bride, Catherine of Braganza, and leased by him to the company in 1668).

Meanwhile the English are establishing secure footholds on the east coast. Fort St George is begun at Madras in 1640 and is completed in 1644. Calcutta is eventually selected, in 1690, as the best site for a trading station in the Ganges delta; it is fortified, as Fort William, in 1696. By the end of the 17th century the three English presidencies of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta are securely established.

Bombay and the Parsees - from the 17th century

When Bombay becomes the seat of government of the East India Company in western India, complete religious toleration is declared to be the policy of the new territory. This immediately attracts the Parsee community of Gujarat, eager to adapt their talents to the entrepreneurial skills of commerce, trade and shipbuilding. They become the leading partners of the British in the development of Bombay.

The city has remained the centre of modern Zoroastrianism. The Zoroastrian rituals of sacred fire are maintained, and until recently the dead have been exposed to vultures in Bombay's famous 'towers of silence'. Source---> http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/...36&gtrack=pthc

Read more: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/...#ixzz1LacImCom

[Geronimo2006]

Good this today from Sr Rodrigues:

it's true during the XVII century the sashes of the officers were green or green and white, because those were the colors of the House of Braganza who was the ruling family and in consequence were the national colors. Only later, in the early eighteenth century, is now getting the red and well into the twentieth century, although the colors of the reigning house have changed at least twice more red remained on the tracks of the officers.

[ket543128]

it was the Dutch who were in New Amsterdam (new York)
Controlled by the Dutch WIC (but they ha a VOC flag)

[Geronimo2006]

Heads of State in 1600:

France: Henri IV.
England: James I
Scotland: James VI (James I in England)
Spain: Philip III
Portugal (Philip II i.e. Philip III of Spain)
Papal states: Clement VIII
Denmark: Christian IV
Sweden: De-facto: Archduke Karl (as regent). De jure: Sigismund (Sigismund was Catholic and also king of Poland and was fighting Karl and the Protestants to regain control of Sweden). Sigismund was supported by most of the nobility and in Finland).
Poland-Lithuania: Sigismund III (also titular king of Sweden until 1604 but only in theory).
Ottoman Empire: Mehmed III
Venice: Marino Grimani
Savoy: Charles Emmanuel I (Carlo Emanuele)
Genoa: Lorenzo Sauli
United Provinces: Maurice of Nassau (Maurits van Nassau)
Persia: Abbas I
Georgia: George X

Administrative divisions of Spanish-Portuguese Empires in 1598:

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[ForteS]

Given Portugal was ruled by the Spanish king in 1580-1640 will Portugal be a Protectorate of Spain or an emergent faction?

Portugal was under the rule of the Spanish King not under the Spanish rule, make them allies would be the best option since Portugal was still a "independent nation". Also the relation between Portugal and Spain shall be low making the alliance be broken sooner or latter, after that the Spanish king shall be banished of Portugal, anyway it would be hard to make all of this work.

[Geronimo2006]

Portugal was under the rule of the Spanish King not under the Spanish rule, make them allies would be the best option since Portugal was still a "independent nation". Also the relation between Portugal and Spain shall be low making the alliance be broken sooner or latter, after that the Spanish king shall be banished of Portugal, anyway it would be hard to make all of this work.

Well I think they should be a Protectorate because Portugal didn't have an independent foreign-policy and was forced to fight the Dutch and English, including in the Spanish Armada of 1588. Part of the reason for the revolt in 1640 was that Spain was appointing Spaniards to administer Portugal and that wouldn't happen in an independent country.

[ForteS]

That's why I've used the "" , officially we were independent but well that was just officially, being obliged to fight the Dutch and the consequent lose of the colonies was the reason that made us expel Philip II.