Originally Posted by
Roma_Victrix
I think you're underestimating the importance of both shock cavalry and well-armored knights in the era before gunpowder weaponry, where crossbow bolts and artillery bolts were by far the best option you had to take down a heavily-armed opponent if you weren't also a heavily-armored, mounted knight yourself. Look what happened to the lightly-armored Muslim armies once they encountered the Crusader knights in the 11th-13th centuries. They got mauled, at least in the earlier engagements before the master of logistics and psychological warfare Saladin entered the fray. When the Saracen armies tried to fire arrows at well-armored European knights, even simple coats of chain mail armor were enough to deflect most arrows (although the neck and face were in danger of being exposed if a knight wasn't wearing a proper helmet, just a hood with chain mail).
There were really only a handful of battles where missile power played a critical role, and contrary to your beliefs they didn't cause that many casualties and were used more for frustrating and distracting one's enemy. In both ancient and medieval times, the most casualties occurred during the end of a battle when an enemy tried to flee and were consequentially cut down. At the 1097 AD Battle of Dorylaeum, for instance, the Seljuk Sultanate used arrows from composite bows to kill unarmored horses and unarmored/lightly armored soldiers on the Crusaders' side, but the knights themselves were hardly affected on account of their armor. It caused a lot of disorientation for the Crusaders, but they ended up winning that battle anyway. At the 1415 AD Battle of Agincourt, which you have cited, it wasn't the arrows of the English longbows that killed most of the French heavily-armored knights; it was the crushing weight and suffocation of the human stampede towards the end of the battle. The longbows were necessary in killing off lightly-armored French troops and generally causing the enemy to panic and angrily drive harder towards the English, which was typical for missile weapons in many contemporary field battles.
I'll also point to two ancient Roman examples against the Parthian Empire: the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC and the Battle of Mount Gindarus in 38 BC. The Romans lost at Carrhae mainly due to Crassus' stupid decision to march out into the arid, flat terrain of what is now southeastern Turkey, without much logistical support. Crassus also led his army against a foe that not only used horse archers and missiles effectively to harass the big solid blob of Roman infantry (supported by only a small amount of Gallic cavalry auxiliaries), but lured some of his separated, dispatched troops into traps where they were flanked by Parthian heavy cataphract cavalry. Does that perhaps remind you of something I said above about the Mongols? In either case, the Romans also lost that battle due to the demoralization of Crassus basically breaking down after learning that his son Publius was killed in the melee after sending him out with a contingent to drive the Parthians away from the main body of troops. As for the Battle of Mount Gindarus, the Romans won simply by taking a defensive hill with hastily-made blockades and fortifications that made the Parthian cavalry pretty useless, especially with slingers on the Roman side raining rocks down onto them. Missiles were fairly important here, but most of the casualties were actually caused by the Parthian cavalry attempting to fight the Romans uphill and in tight quarters, and when they attempted to flee and crashed into their own troops behind them, stampeding and crushing them. Sound familiar to another battle I just mentioned?
Want non-European and non-Islamic examples? Try the Battle of Mobei in 119 BC, a fight between the Chinese Han Dynasty and the nomadic Xiongnu confederation in the Orkhon Valley of Mongolia. The Chinese made use of both archers and crossbowmen to great effect when it came to shorter-range engagements around makeshift fortifications (a solid ring of war chariots propped up like a defensive wall), but the real winner of this battle was the use of cavalry fighting melees and flanking the Xiongnu, almost half of whom were mounted. In fact, it was a sandstorm that allowed the Han Chinese to surprise their nomadic enemies and rout most of them as they fled. Again, sound familiar to something I said above? The Han Chinese also weren't very impressed by the standard Xiongnu bow; the previous Imperial Councilor Chao Cuo (200-154 BC) said that it had its uses, but had limited use against heavy armor and was ultimately inferior to the punch and puncturing power of the improved, long-range Chinese crossbow.