In the name of God, the Merciful, this tale of years was written by Abu Saliha, the Andalusian, in the city of Al-Iskandariyah, to record the deeds of men, both great and foul, so that, God willing, they shall remain forever in writing. This record begins in the month of Sha’ban, in the 464th year since the Hijra of the Prophet Muhammad (may God’s peace be upon him), this being the 37th year of the Imamate of Al-Mustansir of the House of Fatima; it tells the events which occurred throughout the world, in the lands of Islam, but especially in Egypt, and the history of the House of Fatima. All that is contained within, I either witnessed myself, having travelled from Gebel Tariq to the Sea of the Khazars, or heard recounted by trustworthy men.
Before I begin the tale itself, however, it is necessary that even the sons of the sons of our sons know of the misfortunes that befell Egypt and the House of Fatima, so that they understand the state of the country in the first years of my tale. The first tribulations occurred when the one who called himself the Ruler by the Grace of God, Al-Hakim bi Amr Allah, became Khalifa of the Shi’ia while he was still a child. Al-Hakim, may God forgive him, had his tutor put to death and ruled over men as a child ruling over his toys. He persecuted the Nazarenes and the Jews, and even to the Muslims who did not share his persuasions he was cruel. He had many of his guests jump into a pool of water in which he had concealed a sharpened stake, so that they impaled themselves. He forbade women to leave their homes, and once, the great city of Furat having risen against him, he caused this city, the chief city of Egypt, to be burned and many of the inhabitants killed. His greatest sin was to allow a sect, the Druze, to regard him as a prophet. It is also said that he lived chiefly at night. Under his reign, many revolts broke out and the lands towards the setting of the sun were lost to the House of Fatima. Yet, with the aid of Turkish warriors bought with the wealth of Egypt, he also knew victories against the Buyids, and others to whom the Sunni Khalifa had given power.
One day that al-Hakim was wandering the lands alone on a donkey, he was killed by unknown hands. Then his son, al-Zahir being young also, took power away from his aunt and ruled himself. However, he came to rely on his ministers, so that when his vizier was good he reigned well, but let an evil vizier get away with great crimes. Yet in chief his viziers were good; so that the worst excesses of al-Hakim came undone and trade flourished, bringing great wealth to the House of Fatima. The Druze were punished for their heresies and driven into the mountains of Lebnen. However, God visited a plague upon the land and al-Zahir died, having ruled but few years. His son, al-Mustansir, was only a child of six at the time, so that power was held by his mother and his father’s viziers. It was during his reign that the House of Ziri, to whom the Fatimids had entrusted their city of Mahdiya and Ifriqaya, from which they had risen themselves, declared their allegiance to the Abbasid Khalifa, and slaughtered thousands of the Shi’ia who revolted. But in the year 436 after the Hijra, the viziers of al-Mustansir sent against the Zirids the Beni Hilal and other Bedouins. Some of the Zirid soldiers betrayed them and the Bedouins were victorious, after which they ravaged Ifriqaya by the sword, plundered the cities and took Mahdiyah. The Zirids fled to the coast where they held Tunis, and to Kairwouan which they still held; and the House of Hammad, whoa re brothers to the House of Ziri, ruled in Kabylia still, and provided them with aid. However, the Beni Hilal settled themselves down and waged war against thethem. Thus the power of the Zirids was ruined, yet the lands were not regained for the House of Fatima.
The trials of al-Mustansir were only begun. After this, the Abbasids invited Togrul Bey and the Seljuk Turks to make war upon the House of Fatima. The Seljuks captured Baghdad, where they brought back the Khalifa. Then they made themselves rulers over the Khalifa, and attacked the Fatimids in Syria and in Palestine. To fight them, al-Mustansir and his ministers used their vast wealth to hire many Turks. However, the many nations of the army warred against each other, instead of against the enemy, and the pay of the Turks ruined the State, al-Mustansir being forced to sell many jewels and works of art. At length, the Sudanese were defeated and driven from the country, while the Berbers descended upon the land which they devastated, destroying the crops and the works which brought water from the great river of Egypt to the fields. As a result the people starved, although the king of the Rumi sent grain to the government of al-Mustansir. Meanwhile the Turks were masters of the ruler and his court, but fell to quarrelling among themselves, until again there was war in Egypt. In fighting among themselves the Turks first burned Furat, then the faction of them that was the weaker fled to al-Qahira, the citadel of the Fatimids, and the opposing party attacked them there. Being again victorious, they caused much damage to the city and their ruler, who bore the title of Nasir-ud-Dawlah, governed in the name of al-Mustansir, though really he paid no respect to the Khalifa of the House of Fatima. Even his own troops found his rule harsh and oppressive. Turks and Berbers plundered the land, while the Seljuks seized almost the whole of the Levant.
Thus my tale can properly begin. In this 464th year since the Hijra, Nasir-ud-Dawlah was the most powerful man in Egypt, being Grand Vizier and Amir-ul-Umara and other titles besides. He emptied the treasury into his own purse, though he also strove to put an end to private plunder by the soldiers. Al-Mustansir, seeing that he would be made a beggar by his own army, finally attempted to react. Through a trusted nurse he sent word to the Judge of Judges, the Qadi al-Qodat, of Egypt, who although himself a Sunni, did not caution the rule of the Turks, hoping to make an alliance against Nasir-ud-Dawlah. The Judge encouraged the farmers of Lower Egypt to form militias. However, the following year, H.465, Nasir-ud-Dawlah was murdered by his own men, and it seemed the Turks would fall to fighting among themselves again. To prevent this, al-Mustansir gave every mark of honour to Mahmud, known as al-Hakim, a young Turkish warrior of promise, who he named Amir-ul-Umara. He also persuaded Mahmud al-Hakim to send him to al-Iskandariyah, where he was relatively safe from the intrigues of al-Qahira.
Despite this, though the army was increasingly divided and factious. Hearing this, Bedouin leaders in Syria and al-Jawf formed an alliance amongst themselves and rebelled, hoping to seize Dimashq for themselves. The city’s governor made an expedition against them but was defeated and slain, and in the month of Rabi al-Akhir, H.467, the rebels laid siege to Dimashq. However, Salim ibn Abdullah, who was then the most respected alem and prayer leader in Dimashq, went to Mahmud al-Hakim and persuaded him to march to the city’s rescue. The young Amir-ul-Umara set off to assemble the best of the Turkish mercenaries and Ghilman he could find. Unfortunately, he was delayed by fighting with a rival and the difficulty in assembling gold, for the treasury had been left empty by his predecessor, so that it was almost a year before he could relieve the city. Fortunately, the Bedouin know nothing of siegecraft, so that the city still held and he surprised their camp with his cavalry, defeating them soundly and raising the siege.