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Thread: Portugal - Faction Thread.

  1. #121
    Romman's Avatar Tiro
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    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Portuguese Possessions in Africa

    http://www.colonialvoyage.com/PpossAf.html
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    Please do not post entire webpages. Not only is it disrespectful to the person who complied the work, it is also unlawful. Use links instead.
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    Last edited by Empress Meg; September 12, 2008 at 09:49 PM.

    Em seu throno entre o brilho das espheras, com seu manto de noite e solidão, tem aos pés o mar novo e as mortas eras – o unico imperador que tem, deveras, o globo mundo em sua mão.
    On his throne amidst the glint of the spheres, with his mantle of night and solitude, at his feet the new sea and the dead years -the only emperor who truly holds the globe world in his hand.

  2. #122

    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Nice!
    A lot of work, I suspect.
    [SIGPIC][/SIGPIC]
    "Riflllllles! To me!.... Fix Swords!"

  3. #123
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    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Quote Originally Posted by ChaosLondon View Post
    Nice!
    A lot of work, I suspect.
    just to find it

    http://www.colonialvoyage.com/PpossAf.html

    Em seu throno entre o brilho das espheras, com seu manto de noite e solidão, tem aos pés o mar novo e as mortas eras – o unico imperador que tem, deveras, o globo mundo em sua mão.
    On his throne amidst the glint of the spheres, with his mantle of night and solitude, at his feet the new sea and the dead years -the only emperor who truly holds the globe world in his hand.

  4. #124
    Ludicus's Avatar Comes Limitis
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    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Nice work Romman
    Let me guess: East Africa in the next post?

  5. #125
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    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Portuguese as disseminators of plants and seeds (part 1)
    Contribuition to the formation of the modern world


    Portuguese participation in the global trade diaspora (previous posts) should not be permitted to overshadow the importance of the Portuguese in what has, in the long run, been a more lasting contribution to the formation of the modern world: the dissemination of flora and fauna - Portuguese were to play a major role as primary and secondary carriers in the global dissemination of cultivated plants.

    Given the global quality of the Portuguese enterprise, they were the carriers of plants and vegetables from temperate to tropical climes, and vice versa. For the major part, such relocation was by seeds but other possibilities included cuttings or even transporting the whole plant. Many of the regions which were the centre of Portuguese activities, lie in the tropics between 23º 27´ North and 23º 27´ South. In practical terms, the major ports of the Portuguese seaborne empire lay in the tropics, as too did those were they enjoyed trading rights with exception of Nagasaki.
    It was precisely those plants of tropical and semi-tropical regions (as opposed to temperate climes) which comprised the greatest variety of flora carried by the Portuguese between tropical Asia, Africa, and America.
    The Portuguese were intrigued by the new plants with which they came into contact. There are grounds for believing that at an early date the Portuguese did conduct experiments into the adaptation of plants to different zones and climates.

    The loss of Colombo to the Dutch in 1656 not only deprived the Portuguese of access to some spices, especially cinnamon from Ceylon, but placed these resources in Dutch hands. Portugal witnessed a decline in her revenues derived from the spice trade, especially pepper. This spurred the Portuguese crown to action.

    Given the virtually unlimited lands available for cultivation on a plantation scale in Brazil, cheap labour, and a considerable short transit time to European markets, such cultivation in Brazil was quite attractive.
    Keenly conscious of the commercial importance of oriental spices, in 1678 the crown ordered the viceroy in Goa to dispatch plants such as pepper, clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, and ginger, from India to regions more securely under Portuguese control, namely Portuguese America and even metropolitan Portugal and even the Atlantic islands. This was to be done as secretly as possible and the governor-general in Bahia was alerted.
    A memorandum of 1681 and royal order of 1691 recommended that experiments be conducted in areas with differing soil conditions and climates, namely Bahia, Cape Verde, and Portugal. These were implemented immediately.

    The governor-general of Brazil (1690-94) Luís da Câmara Coutinho, actively promoted the cultivation of pepper and cinnamon in regions as diverse as Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco and the Maranhão, as well as the Cape Verde islands. Experts on such areas were dispatched from India to Brazil. During the 17th and 18th centuries, there are numerous references in Brazilian archives to the bringing of seeds and plants from the Orient to Brazil.. Dom João V (1706-1750) took a keen personal interest in the flora of the tropics and ordered the cultivation in West Africa and Brazil of plants from Asia.
    Kings continued to encourage the cultivation of pepper and cinnamon throughout the 18th century. In the 1780s and 1790s governors of Bahia promoted the cultivation of pepper and cinnamon, and a report from the turn of the century referred to a successful cultivation of both pepper and cinnamon in Espírito Santo.
    The Society of Jesus, with missions in Africa, India, Asia, and Brazil, played a prominent role in experimentation, cultivation, and dissemination of tropical plants. Cocoa joined cloves, cinnamon, sarsaparrila and certain drogas do sertão (indigenous plants) as sources of revenue for the Society of Jesus.
    Jesuits also played a major role in the dissemination of plants from Portugal to Brazil and from India to Brazil. Among the former were oranges, and among the later jack-fruit.
    The initiative for the re-introduction (banned since the time of Dom Manuel) of pepper and cinnamon plants from India into Brazil was taken by the Jesuits.
    By 1689 the Jesuits in Portuguese America were cultivating numerous cinnamon trees and pepper shrubs. Cinnamon plants were being transported from Bahia to the Maranhão, in addition to cuttings sent directly from India.
    The Society of Jesus was encouraged by the king, who saw in the cultivation of cinnamon in Brazil a means to undercut the revenues of the Dutch derived from their sales of cinnamon from Ceylon. The Jesuits were successful in cultivating cinnamon commercially but were less successful with pepper.
    Dom João V tried to encourage the cultivation of such plants in Bahia, the sertão, Pernambuco, and in Maranhão, but apparently apart from the Jesuits there were few takers. Such initiatives met with limited success, essentially because of lack of planter interest in the cultivation of such crops, of uncertain financial returns, whereas sugar, tobacco, cotton, and coffee were highly lucrative.

    Such activities were not limited to spices. Cammelia, jack-fruit, rice, coconuts, plantains, mangoes, and citrus plants, all originated in India, the Malay archipelago, Indonesia, or China, were introduced or reintroduced into Africa and Brazil by the Portuguese in the course of three centuries.
    As regards tea, after 1808, when he was residing in Brazil, was Dom João V to be recipient of tea plants, the gift of Emperor of China. These were grown around the Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas in Rio de Janeiro and later transplanted to the botanical gardens in Vila Rica, Minas Gerais.

    One caveat is in order. Whereas I shall be treating the role of the Portuguese as disseminators, it should be stated unequivocally that by so doing I am not claiming (with some exceptions) for the Portuguese the primacy as disseminators of a plant from one region to another.
    There are still problems of differentiating between primary and secondary centres of varietal origin.
    There is widespread disparity in numbers of plants whose places of origin have been attributed to the Old (Africa, Europe, India) and the New Worlds: of 640 of the mot important cultivated plants, only 100 were contributed by the New World and considerably less if each species of the potato is not considered as a separate plant.

    The dispersal of New World plants to sub-Saharan Africa, especially East Africa, and to the bordering regions on the Indian Ocean and Indonesia, may have been attributable to Arab traders as well as to the Portuguese. Two exceptions where the ground is firm are the assertions that the Portuguese introduced manioc to West Africa and were the exclusive carriers of spice plants to Brazil.
    The Portuguese introduced from Europe into Brazil many of those same plants had the Spanish into North and South America and Caribbean: wheat, barley, broad bean, sugar cane, chick-pea, melon, onion, radish, cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce, turnip, cucumber, pumpkin, lentil, mint, parsley, dill, coriander, and other vegetables, citrus, grape vines, fruit trees and bananas. Some were of Indian or Asian origin or from the Indo-Pacific region.

    The Portuguese introduced plantation agriculture and plantation slavery into American continent with the cultivation of sugar by the property lords of Pernambuco and São Vicente in the 1530s.
    In the case of many domesticated animals and fowl, these two had originated in Asia. Long before Columbus’s landfall, many had been introduced by the Portuguese from Europe into the Atlantic islands.

    The Portuguese contributed to the diffusion of plants from Africa.
    Arab control of the trade in the peppers of Guinea and Benin was seriously eroded by the Portuguese in the 15th century and their new dominance gave rise to the name Costa da Malagueta or “Grain Coast” in English, from “grains of paradise”.
    Their adoption in cooking in South America was primarily attributable to the Portuguese, and they probably also carried them to India and China.
    Coffea Arabica ( Ethiopia) was introduced into Caribbean by the French before 1700, and into Portuguese America in 1727, it was to be grown by the Jesuits in Amazonia by the mid-century. Coffee was to be the renaissance of Brazilian agricultural economy in the 19th century.

    It was in east coast of Africa that the Portuguese encountered coconuts (be their origin in the Malay archipelago or India or Melanesia) The Portuguese carried them to West Africa, the Cape Verdes, and thence to Brazil. By 1580s their presence along the shores of South America was such as to be remarked by voyagers.

    Yams were but one crop which people of forest areas in Africa cultivated prior to the arrival of the Portuguese: others included the basic sorghum and millet, the oil palm (elaeis), bananas, and plantains.
    With the exception of the sorghum and millet, the Portuguese carried these across the Atlantic. Other plants of Africa origin introduced into Brazil included bananas, certain gourds and squashes and date-palms.
    In the 16th century, palm-oil oil was being exported to Europe and to America (it was this palm which led the Portuguese to name Cape Palmas at the meeting of the Grain Coast and the Ivory Coast)
    By 1945, Brazil had become the leading American producer of palm-oils.

    Asia was infinitely richer than Africa in the variety of spices and vegetables.The Portuguese also transported plants within Asia: for example, it was the Portuguese who dispersed clove trees more widely in the Moluccas and introduced these into Ambon.

    Ginger came to Brazil via the island of São Tomé in the 15th century and thrived so well that in 1578 the king forbad further exports from Brazil or Africa on the grounds that these could undermine the commerce of this commodity from the East. A royal decree of 1671 encouraged this cultivation and the export of ginger to Portugal, and throughout the 18th century there were regular consignments of ginger cultivated in the Maranhão.
    The Portuguese have been credit with carrying mango seeds to their factories in East Africa and introducing this plant from India into Bahia about 1700, whence the plant was carried to Rio de Janeiro and Barbados.

    As for crops of American origin, the Portuguese were pre-empted by the Spanish in Central America and Andean South America in terms of primacy as disseminators to Europe.

    The Portuguese introduced the plants of American origin (not necessarily Brazilian) to the Atlantic islands and to West Africa in the 16th century: sweet potatoes, peanuts, manioc, maize corn, and possibly capsicums, squashes and pumpkins.
    Before1550, maize of American origin had been introduced in West Africa. By the 17th century, maize of American origin was being cultivated not only in the coastal regions, but inland in the Sudan, Congo, and northern Angola, as well on the coast of Angola and Benguela.
    By 1680s it was cultivated from the present-day Liberia to the Niger delta, but primarily between the Golden Coast and Dahomey.
    I was not pure coincidence that it was precisely these regions which provided substantial numbers of slaves for Brazil.

    Probably it would be fair to say that, directly or indirectly, the Portuguese were agents of introduction of maize to East Africa. There is support for the notion that the Swahili word for maize, mhindi, derives from constantly hearing the Portuguese referring to “milho da India” (“corn of India”)
    Another product of Brazilian-Paraguayan centre of origin was the cultigen manioc (cassava, mandioca, manihot, or yuca in Spanish America)
    There is no problem of dating because manioc was not known in Africa before the voyage of Columbus. It was introduced in Congo and Angola by the Portuguese in the early 16th century and spread throughout Central Africa. Manioc was also introduced to Guinea Coast in the 16th century.

    Manioc grown in Africa provisioned slave ships to Brazil as well as Europe-bound vessels. During the 18th century it was introduced by the Portuguese to Mozambique and to Portuguese enclaves along the coast of East Africa as far north as Mogadishu.
    Whether was the Portuguese who carried it in India, Asia, and as far as Indonesia has not been resolved.

    Peanuts whose origin has been attributed to Brazil, was also introduced from America to Africa and Asia.
    In carrying of plants to Indian and Asia, it is more difficult to pin down any specific date or disseminator. It does seem certain that the peanut was brought to China by sea in the early 16th century.
    The role of the Portuguese is not clear. By the 1530s, peanuts were grown in regions of the lower Yangtze. Their greater dissemination came in the 18th and 19th centuries. Only in the 18th century did maize become the key crop of the inland Yangtze river drenage, and by 1800 the “king of crops” of the Han river drainage.
    Whatever the role of the Portuguese, what is remarkable about these American crops introduced in China in the 16th century was how they contributed to spreading utilization of land and contributed decisively to demographic growth.
    There are doubts about the routes followed by the numerous capsicums and chillies which have become a hallmark of the culinary traditions of India and Sri Lanka, but Capsicum frutescens and Capsicum annuum are both of Central American origin. Their presence was noted in the mid- 16th century Goa as ”Pernambuco peppers”.

    The Portuguese, by the introduction of crops of American origin, did affect changes in Mughal India.
    The pineapple was one such. During the reign of Jahangir the imperial gardens at Agra produced several thousand annually.
    The Portuguese also introduced papayas and cashew nuts from Brazil in the late 16th century. There is little doubt that it was the Portuguese who took pineapples from America to West Africa and further east because there were known throughout Asia by the end of the 16th century. The name by which this fruit was known in Brazil, ananás, was to be taken in Persian and local dialects of India.

    Source, excerpts: The Portuguese Empire, 1415- 1808 A world on the move.
    A.J.R. Russel-Wood.
    Johns Hopkins University.
    Last edited by Ludicus; September 14, 2008 at 07:14 PM.

  6. #126

    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Quote Originally Posted by numerosdecimus View Post
    The faction of Portugal will be discussed in this thread.

    By 1700 Portugal had already lost it's position of comercial monopoly throughout Asia, Africa, Indonesia and the trade between Africa and the Americas. After the Dutch-Portuguese war, which was the first intercontinental war the United Provinces were able to occupy Indonesia, Ceylan, a substancial part of India and monopolize the trade between Japan, although portuguese comercial indentities remained there and were still active. In Africa the Dutch ocupied the region around the cape of of good hope and ocupied Portuguese Ginnea.

    While they had lost their monopoly in Asia and Indonesia, the Portuguese were able to win back South America, most of their previous African territories and they were still present in Asia and Indonesia, more speciffically portuguese India, Macau and the eastern half of Timor. Several archipelagos in the Atlantic and along the coast Africa were also under portuguese control.

    By this time the Empire was practically present in every continent although not as much as it was during the 16th century, still, several expansion policies and economical reforms were made during the 18th century, a century mostly of constant change and evolution for Portugal.


    During the 18th century the inland territories of Brazil were further explored and occupied, the region of Uruguai was in contest with the Spanish and was later on sucessfully under portuguese control.

    Portuguese India, mostly Goa, expanded throughout a substancial part of the 18th century, while still holding other scatered territories India such as Damão, Bacaim, Vasai, Chaul, Korlai and Forte de Corjuem, just to name some.

    In Africa both Angola and Moçambique gradually expanded and occupied further inland territory, there was a short conquest of the province of Mombassa.

    While this century was of change, it was also of great wealth, it was the Portuguese currency at this time that was the main international coin and the one most used in the Americas, it was known as the "moidore", even in England during this time there were entire regions using the portuguese coin, in part because there were several pirate and corsack raids in the port of the city of Porto waiting from the gold shipments from Brasil, and in the other part because of the Meduem treaty.

    It was during this time that the largest gold rush in the Americas and one of the largest in history (if not the largest) occored, the gold rush in the Minas Gerais region is estimated to have been a minimum of 10 to 12 times greater than the Californian Gold Rush, to such a point that most gold in Europe during the 18th century came from Brasil.

    Other main sources of wealth for Portugal during this century were sugar plantations, tobaco plantations(the largest during the 18th century), precious minerals such as diamonds which came from both Africa and Brasil and of course spice exchange and production.

    More will be told shortly after, stay tuned.
    What the Dutch occupied Portuguese Guinnea(Bissau-Guinea)? That is not true!

  7. #127
    Ludicus's Avatar Comes Limitis
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    What the Dutch occupied Portuguese Guinnea...? That is not true!
    Well, numerosdecimus wrote Portuguese Guinea.

    Post 84, African West Coast, Guinea Coast, II - look at the map.

    The trading forts along the western coast of Africa and the Gulf of Guinea were set up first in Arguim (founded in the mid-15th century and gradually fortified) then in São Jorge da Mina (1482), Axim (1503), Sama (1526), and Accra. The early 17th century Dutch conquered the Portuguese trading posts in Gabon, Capa Lobo Gonçalves, Fernando Pó, Rio D´Elrey, Calabar, and Rio Real and later, they went to conquer the forts of Elmina (1637) Arguim (1638) and Axim (1642)

    Guiné - Bissau: post 84, first image:

    The existing fortifications in Cacheu remained in Portuguese hands.The King of Portugal decided in 1680 to build another post/fort on the Gulf of Guinea at Ouidah - São Baptista de Ajudá, built 40 years later. In the meantime, the Portuguese presence in Guinea was reinforced by construction of a fort in Bissau (1687).

    Edit: The Dutch occupied Angola from 1641 to 1648:

    ".......at the same time, Portuguese attempts to use their Imbangala allies to invade Kongo in 1622 led Kongo´s King Pedro II, to write to the States General of the Netherlands and invite them to participate in a land and sea invasion of Angola with the aim of driving the Portuguese. After a false start in 1624, the Dutch managed a successful capture of Luanda and made an alliance not only with Kingo but with Njinga against the Portuguese. However, the Dutch overextended and did relatively little to assist either their allies against the entrenched Portuguese, who had retreated inland to Massangano. It was only when the Portuguese received reinforcements that Njinga and the Dutch made a concerted war against the Portuguese, capturing nearly all their positions in campaigns in 1647-1648. When a second relief expedition, led by Salvador de Sá, arrived from Brazil in 1648, this major phase of Angolan wars came to an end..."
    Source:
    The Portuguese in Africa, John K. Thornton, Boston University.
    Last edited by Ludicus; September 17, 2008 at 06:13 PM.

  8. #128

    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    I didn't know that... intresting
    But in general in the Dutch-Portuguese war the Portuguese beated the Dutch in South America and Africa didn t they?

  9. #129
    Ludicus's Avatar Comes Limitis
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    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Quote Originally Posted by O Conquistador View Post
    I didn't know that... intresting
    But in general in the Dutch-Portuguese war the Portuguese beated the Dutch in South America and Africa didn t they?
    It was in the Atlantic (South America) that the Dutch lost their global war with Portugal. They clearly won in Asia, reaching a stalemate in West Africa.
    Last edited by Ludicus; September 18, 2008 at 03:57 PM.

  10. #130
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    Dissemination of Flora and fauna, part II
    Contribuition to the formation of the modern world


    Rubber was not developed as a plantation economy in colonial Brazil, but in 1755, King D. José I sent several pairs of royal boots to Pará to be coated with latex, as too 2,000 soldier’s haversacks for the same purpose!
    Early travellers to Brazil encountered cotton in both cultivated and wild forms Cotton floss of one species or another ( G: herbaceum or hirsutum) was known in 16th century Europe, and probably the Portuguese carried it beyond the shores of Brazil. It reached India and the Indian and Pacific oceans, date and carrier unknown.
    Within Brazil cotton became important as an export crop in 1770s. The fortuitous combination of the demands of the Industrial Revolution and disruption to world supply caused by Civil War in the United States contributed to Brazil’s leading role as a cotton exporter in the 19th century.
    Indubitably of American provenance, the origins of tobacco have been attributed to Central America and to Andeans of South America. Who first carried it to Europe is not known: seed was in Spain by about 1520. The Portuguese carried the plant to the Persian Gulf and India, and the Bahian export market extended to Africa, Europe, and even north as the St. Lawrence valley.
    Writing in 1711, the Italian Jesuit André Antonil commented that if it had been sugar that had made Brazil known in Europe, it was tobacco which had made Bahia famous “in all the four corners of the world”.
    It could have been Bahian tobacco which was smoked in the Manchu court in Beijing.
    The Portuguese introduced the tobacco plant in the Deccan in the 16th century.
    News reached the Mughal court through pilgrims returning from Mecca.
    In India, its rapid acceptance and cultivation were pronounced in the 17th century. Long before the end of Aurangzeb’s reign (1707) tobacco smoking was a commonplace on the west coast and in northern India. Probably the Portuguese carried it to Malacca and it was from the Portuguese that the Malay’s adopted it into their language.
    The first tobacco arrived in Japan at the end of the 16th century and was being grown in the islands by 1605. The new habit was depicted on the painted Nambam screens (post 62)

    Three fruits of American origins and well known to Brazilians Indians in the colonial era, were all jungle fruits: cashew, the passion-flower and annatto. Cashews were disseminated by the Portuguese and in 16th and 17th centuries carried it ont only to Portugal but to Cape Verde, Africa, Goa, Malacca, and other of their settlements. Passion fruit was cultivated in Europe by the 1730s and by the 19th century was running wild in India, Ceylon, and China.
    The fruit had also been introduced a possibly by the Portuguese, into West Africa.
    Annato was was taken by the Spaniards across the pacific to the Philippines and possibly Moluccas. Its introduction in India was more likely to have been from the West , by the Portuguese, and thence to Java.

    In Portugal, there was a botanical garden in existence at the time of the Marquis of Pombal. This had been created for the specific purpose of studying tropical crops and agronomy. One director was Dr. Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira. He led on of three scientific expeditions to Portuguese colonies in Brazil, Mozambique, and Angola, to collect specimens for the botanical garden and Natural Historian Museum, both of which were in Lisbon.
    Although these expeditions had mixed successes, that of Ferreira was especially productive, resulting in copious reports and watercolours. The overall results were revealing as to the riches of the natural history of Portuguese America and Portuguese Africa. The European scientific community was fascinated to the point of undertaking expeditions to Brazil, especially in the 19th century.
    In all cases, the best of whatever collections had been housed at the Natural History Museum at the Palace of Ajuda were plundered by Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaireand shipped to the Musée d´ Histoire Naturelle in Paris in 1808.
    Not only were the Portuguese the movers of plants and seeds per se, but also vehicles for the tranfer of the requisitive processing knowledge.
    In Brazil, the Portuguese had used Indians to collect drogas do sertão such as cacao, vanilla, sarsaparilla.
    Some of the plants carried by the Portuguese from Brazil to other continents required sophisticated processing which, presumably, the Portuguese had learnt from the Indians. (cocoa, rubber, bitter manioc, vanilla vine, etc)
    Cardim described the flour known in Brazil as “farinha de mandioca” which is prepared by soaking, peeling and scraping freshly dug roots and then grating them into a pulp and passing this through a sieve. This is toasted or dried in the sun and then pounded into powder. It was this technology developed by native Americans which the Portuguese carried to West Africa along with the cassava shrub.
    An extension of such technical knowledge lies in the pharmaceutical applications of flora. The exemplar of this was Dr. Garcia d´Orta who resided in Goa, and authored the ”Coloquios dos simples, e drogas e cousas medicinais da India”. The fifty-seven coloquios are mostly on the pharmaceutical and medical applications of plants.

    A variant on the movement of flora for cultivation and commercial purposes was the need to provided provisions for ship’s complements on the longer routes.
    In the Atlantic the Portuguese turned otherwise uninhabited islands into sources for foodstuffs. One such landfall was Saint Helena some 1,1140 miles west of the coast of southern Angola and 1,800 miles from South America. This was a provisioning point for homeward-bound Indiamen The Portuguese cultivated fruit trees and other vegetables and introduced swine and goats onto the uninhabited island.
    Farther north and west was Stable Island off the coast of Nova Scotia which the Portuguese (possible as early as 1520s by Joao Alvares Fagundes) stocked with swine and cattle in the 16th century and which ran wild. Traditionally, the island of Barbados which was still uninhabited at the beginning of the 17th century, also owed its herds of wild pigs to the Portuguese.

    The ebb and flow of flora was complemented by movement of fauna by the Portuguese. As a regards the introduction of new species of domestic animals, this was only significant from Europe to America, and here the Spaniards took the lead. It was they who introduced animals and fowl (horses, asses, mules, donkeys, cattle, oxen, sheep, pigs, chickens, geese, dogs, and cats) to the Caribbean and to the American continent after Columbus landfall on 1492. The Portuguese were the first to introduce some of the above species to the Atlantic islands – Madeira (1420s ) , Azores ( 1430s) Cape Verde, Azores (1460s) and to Sao Tomé e Principe in the Gulf of Guinea.
    As regards to the American continent, the Portuguese delayed intensive introduction of such species to Brazil until after the establishment of crown government in 1549 could provide the necessary incentives for settlement and a modicum of security.
    With the exception of sheep, which never found in Portuguese America the success they enjoyed in Mexico or Peru, all other species thrived in Brazil (oxen, mules, donkeys, cattle, pigs, horses, etc)

    Another aspect of this movement of animals lay in their quality as exotica or collectables.
    The Portuguese brought to Lisbon from Africa and Brazil, monkeys, humming birds, and parrots. Animals also made good presents. In 1505, a present in form of a caparisoned horse was delivered in the name of Dom Manuel to chief of Ughoton in Benin. In East Asia, Japanese Namban screens ( post 62) depict arrivals of the Portuguese in Nagasaki and the mandatory formal processions by the captain- major to the “daimyo” or even “xogun” which often included horses, hunting hounds, camels, cheetahs, peacocks, and elephants.
    Dom Joao II , “the perfect prince”, was but the first in a long line of Portuguese monarchs to be fascinated by the flora and fauna of Asia, Africa, and America.
    Kings ordered that animals and birds be dispatched to Lisbon. Kings were also recipients of gifts from potentates and emperors as far away as China and the Moluccas.
    Few gifts could match the rinocheros sent in 1513 from Gujarat as a present to Dom Manuel. Working froma sketch, Albrecht Durer immortalised this animal in a somewhat fanciful engraving.

    The first living example in Europe since Roman times:





    An elephant was sent to Portugal from Cananore in 1510. From Cochim, two were sent in 1512, one in 1513, and three in 1515. The exuberance in the 16th century for exotica of Brazil was to give way by the 18th century to requests by King Dom Joao V for the sending of birds from Brazil to Lisbon.
    Special instructions were given to viceroys as to how this could be accomplished with least lost of life, cages were constructed for this purpose, and captains were ordered to take every reasonable measure to ensure tthat their cargoes arrived alive.
    Not surprisingly, in 1782, animals and large number of birds which were consigned from Luanda to Lisbon died during a passage which included stops in Salvador or Pernambuco to unload cargoes of slaves. This was a forceful reminder that those vessels which were critical in the dissemination and dispersal of plants, were also the carriers of people throughout the Portuguese- speaking world.

    Source, excerpts: The Portuguese Empire, 1415- 1808 A world on the move.
    A.J.R. Russel-Wood.
    Johns Hopkins University

  11. #131

    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Quote Originally Posted by O Conquistador View Post
    What the Dutch occupied Portuguese Guinnea(Bissau-Guinea)? That is not true!
    My mistake, I meant the Dutch held regions for some time along the Guinnea coast, same thing for the Portuguese Empire but the only difference is that they maintained most of their previous territories in that region despite losing some to the Dutch.

  12. #132
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    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Portuguese territory in India.




    Somehow the flag doesn't seem quite right, the crest looks green-ish, while it should be more red-ish (right?).


    ^^like this.


  13. #133
    Ludicus's Avatar Comes Limitis
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    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Agreed....oh well, its not easy to see the flag:

    1706:




    Second half of the 18th century:




    1816:



  14. #134

    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    It’s not possible to be sure, but it seems that Portugal begins the game with the flag from 1816 .
    The correct Portuguese flag from 1700 is this one :



    The flag from 1706 would also be a good choice because it covers the entire 18th century.

    About this flag....



    ...it appears in wikipedia, but I never saw this flag before and I can't find any other source about it. In my humble opinion, CA should not use it.
    Last edited by Boicote; September 26, 2008 at 09:26 AM.

  15. #135

    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    In this topic we don’t have many pictures about Portuguese uniform from the early 19th century. Here is a small contribution.

    This picture shows a soldier from the 8th battalion of Caçadores (1808):

    And this one shows a soldier from the 1st battalion of Caçadores (1808):

    I also found 2 images of Portuguese light infantry (1809):
    Last edited by Boicote; September 26, 2008 at 09:27 AM.

  16. #136
    Orko's Avatar Praeses
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    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.


    Quote Originally Posted by Marcus Aurelius
    Live a good life. If there are gods and they are just, then they will not care how devout you have been, but will welcome you based on the virtues you have lived by. If there are gods, but unjust, then you should not want to worship them. If there are no gods, then you will be gone, but will have lived a noble life that will live on in the memories of your loved ones.

  17. #137
    Ludicus's Avatar Comes Limitis
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    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Quote Originally Posted by Boicote View Post
    The correct Portuguese flag from 1700 is this one :



    The flag from 1706 would also be a good choice because it covers the entire 18th century.
    Well yes, that is the royal historical flag from 1667 to 1706.




    The best choice is (probably) the second flag. I agree, it covers the entire period:





    When King João IV inherited the throne, the flag was a white square with the national coat of arms; above it there was the closed with five stems crown which was later the symbol of the restoration of the independence of Portugal. Although during this period, important changes had not been performed, during King João V reign, the Portuguese coat of arms was changed: the inferior board ended in pointy bottom and a red or purple cap was added to the crown
    Last edited by Ludicus; September 26, 2008 at 02:43 PM.

  18. #138

    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Quote Originally Posted by Ludicus View Post
    Well yes, that is the royal historical flag from 1667 to 1706.
    The best choice is (probably) the second flag. I agree, it covers the entire period:
    You are probably right. Perhaps that's the better choice.

    Anyway…did anyone read the recent declarations of Jack Lusted?

    Quote Originally Posted by Jack Lusted View Post
    The factions uniform colours are based on the faction colours we've given them mostly…
    It seems that the Portuguese uniforms will be purple… …like the Byzantines in M2TW
    Last edited by Boicote; September 27, 2008 at 01:26 PM.

  19. #139
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    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Quote Originally Posted by Boicote View Post
    You are probably right. Perhaps that's the better choice.

    Anyway…did anyone read the recent declarations of Jack Lusted?



    It seems that the Portuguese uniforms will be purple… …like the Byzantines in M2TW
    Good god, I am expecting much more form mods that the acctual game

    Em seu throno entre o brilho das espheras, com seu manto de noite e solidão, tem aos pés o mar novo e as mortas eras – o unico imperador que tem, deveras, o globo mundo em sua mão.
    On his throne amidst the glint of the spheres, with his mantle of night and solitude, at his feet the new sea and the dead years -the only emperor who truly holds the globe world in his hand.

  20. #140
    Ludicus's Avatar Comes Limitis
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    Default Re: Portugal - Faction Thread.

    Quote Originally Posted by Romman View Post
    Good god, I am expecting much more form mods that the acctual game
    Really?
    Have you played the game?
    Why is the colour of an uniform so terribly important?
    Frankly, my friend, I don´t give a damn. Gameplay is what really matters.
    I appreciate your interest in maintaining as much historical authenticity as possible, even in the tiniest details - but this is a game.
    Last edited by Ludicus; September 27, 2008 at 05:32 PM.

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