m said to post this here too
This is just a quick list of colonies that the various nations owned during the period. I'll edit this post as I go along. The colonies were all founded before or during the 1600s. Colonies that were disbanded before 1600 do not count. They are in no particular order. My source is wikipedia. Obviously we won't use all of these. For the sake of simplicity I've grouped together most of the smaller colonies. Let us begin!
Spain/Iberian Union
Viceroyalty of New Spain, founded in 1535
Viceroyalty of Peru, founded in 1542
New Kingdom of Granada, 1549
Spanish East Indies, 1565
Captaincy General of Chile, 1541
Captaincy General of Cuba, 1510
Captaincy General of Guatemala, 1609
Captaincy General of Puerto Rico, 1580
Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, 1493
Captaincy General of Yucatan, 1617
Sao Tome, 1470
Fernando Poo, 1478
Portuguese Gold Coast, 1482
Principe, 1500
Portuguese East Africa, 1501
St. Helena, 1502
Zanzibar, 1503
Portuguese West Africa, 1575
Portuguese Arabia, 1506
Portuguese India, 1505
Portuguese Malacca, 1511
Moluccas, 1512
Portuguese Timor, 1642
Macau, 1553
Brazil, 1500
Barbados, 1536
France
Canada, 1534
Louisiana, 1682
Acadia, 1604
French West Indies, 1635
French Newfoundland, 1655
ST. Domingue, 1625
England
Colony of Virginia, 1609
Province of Maryland, 1632
Province of Massachusetts, 1620
Province of Pennslyvannia, 1681
Province of Carolina, 1663
Colony of Connecticut, 1636
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 1636
British West Indies, 1624
Bahamas, 1666
British Newfoundland, 1610
Rupert's Land, 1670
United Provinces
New Netherland, 1614
Cape Colony, 1652
Dutch India, 1605
Dutch West Indies, 1621
Dutch East Indies, 1605
Dutch Formosa, 1624
Suriname, 1658
Dutch Gold Coast, 1598
Sweden
Swedish Gold Coast, 1650
New Sweden, 1638
Denmark
Dansih India, 1620
Danish West Indies, 1672
Courland
New Courland, 1654
I think that's it.